They were enslaved in the 18th century,[2] after which they have tried to avoid contact. A temporary coexistence with westernized society in the 19th century in the state of Goiás,[3] was followed by withdrawal to Mato Grosso (between 1830 and 1860). They were "re-discovered" during the 1930s. From 1946 to 1957, they were brought under Getúlio Vargas’ National Integration Program, but still experienced massacres and disease. Due to this history, they have a distrust of non-Xavante people. Today they are still wary of any approach of non-Xavante, called "waradzu".
The Xavante leader Mário Juruna was the first indigenous Brazilian to become a federal representative.
The Xavante, like other indigenous tribes, were treated badly by the government beginning in the 1960s, the Xavante were moved from their homeland in Mato Grosso to a southern, malnourished area of Brazil. There, thousands of natives died due to disease, famine and warfare. Within the last decade, the Xavante have been relocated back to their original lands. Unfortunately, due to landgrabbing and squatters, the land was destroyed. Lush forest was burned to create sparse wasteland and pasture.[citation needed]
Genetic origins
A 2015 genetic study reached a surprising conclusion about the origins of the Xavante people. Unlike other Native American peoples, the Paiter-Surui, Karitiana, and Xavante have an ancestry partially related to indigenous Australasian populations of the Andaman Islands, New Guinea, and Australia. Scientists speculate that the relationship derives from an earlier people, called "Population Y", in East Asia from whence both groups diverged 15,000 to 30,000 years ago, the future Australasians migrating south and the remote ancestors of the Xavante northward finding their way to the New World and to the interior Amazon Basin.[4][5]
Culture
The people may be most famous for their dualistic societal structure. Two clans, the Âwawẽ and Po'reza'õno compose the culture, and marriage is not allowed between members of the same clan. An example of inter-clan relationships are the traditional log races, where the two clans compete in a race to carry palm tree trunks weighing as much as 80 kg to a defined point.
The Xavante are also known for their complex initiation rituals for young males, such as when small wooden sticks are inserted in the earlobes at the age of fourteen. As time passes, the size of these adornments is increased for the rest of their lives.
In 1996 the Brazilian heavy metal band Sepultura stayed and recorded with the Xavante people, who are featured on their album Roots. A small number of Xavante even travelled to São Paulo to partake in Sepultura's Barulho Contra Fome (Noise Against Hunger) concert in 1998 that marked the start of their tour for their follow-up album, Against, where their presence was featured in the music video for the song "Choke".
Further reading
Seth Garfield, Indigenous Struggle at the Heart of Brazil: State Policy, Frontier Expansion, and the Xavante Indians, 1937–1988, Duke University Press, 2001: ISBN0-8223-2665-5
D.G.Fabré, Beyond the River of the Dead, Robert Hale Limited, London, 1963
^ ab"Localização e população atual". socioambiental.org.
^Giccaria, Bartolomeu. Xavante: Povo Autêntico. Editora Salesiana Dom Bosco, 1984, p. 29
^Giccaria, Bartolomeu. Xavante: Povo Autêntico. Editora Salesiana Dom Bosco, 1984, p. 35
^Skoglund, P.; Mallick, S.; Bortolini, M.C.; Chennagiri, N.; Hünemeier, T.; Petzl-Erler, M.L.; Salzano, F.M.; Patterson, N.; Reich, D. (21 July 2015). "Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas". Nature. 525 (7567): 104–8. Bibcode:2015Natur.525..104S. doi:10.1038/nature14895. PMC4982469. PMID 26196601.
^Skoglund, P.; Reich, D. (2016). "A genomic view of the peopling of the Americas". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 41: 27–35. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2016.06.016. PMC5161672. PMID 27507099.
https://archive.org/details/WAIA_Part2_J_2004 Rites of the Xavante
August 23, 2023
xavante, other, uses, disambiguation, also, shavante, chavante, akuen, akwe, awen, akwen, indigenous, people, comprising, about, individuals, within, territory, eastern, mato, grosso, state, brazil, they, speak, language, part, language, family, total, populat. For other uses see Xavante disambiguation The Xavante also Shavante Chavante Akuen A uwe Akwe Awen or Akwen are an indigenous people comprising about 30 000 individuals 1 within the territory of eastern Mato Grosso state in Brazil They speak the Xavante language part of the Je language family XavanteTotal population30 000 1 Regions with significant populationsBrazilLanguagesXavante language Contents 1 History 2 Genetic origins 3 Culture 4 Further reading 5 References 6 External linksHistory EditThey were enslaved in the 18th century 2 after which they have tried to avoid contact A temporary coexistence with westernized society in the 19th century in the state of Goias 3 was followed by withdrawal to Mato Grosso between 1830 and 1860 They were re discovered during the 1930s From 1946 to 1957 they were brought under Getulio Vargas National Integration Program but still experienced massacres and disease Due to this history they have a distrust of non Xavante people Today they are still wary of any approach of non Xavante called waradzu The Xavante leader Mario Juruna was the first indigenous Brazilian to become a federal representative The Xavante like other indigenous tribes were treated badly by the government beginning in the 1960s the Xavante were moved from their homeland in Mato Grosso to a southern malnourished area of Brazil There thousands of natives died due to disease famine and warfare Within the last decade the Xavante have been relocated back to their original lands Unfortunately due to landgrabbing and squatters the land was destroyed Lush forest was burned to create sparse wasteland and pasture citation needed Genetic origins EditA 2015 genetic study reached a surprising conclusion about the origins of the Xavante people Unlike other Native American peoples the Paiter Surui Karitiana and Xavante have an ancestry partially related to indigenous Australasian populations of the Andaman Islands New Guinea and Australia Scientists speculate that the relationship derives from an earlier people called Population Y in East Asia from whence both groups diverged 15 000 to 30 000 years ago the future Australasians migrating south and the remote ancestors of the Xavante northward finding their way to the New World and to the interior Amazon Basin 4 5 Culture EditThe people may be most famous for their dualistic societal structure Two clans the Awawẽ and Po reza ono compose the culture and marriage is not allowed between members of the same clan An example of inter clan relationships are the traditional log races where the two clans compete in a race to carry palm tree trunks weighing as much as 80 kg to a defined point The Xavante are also known for their complex initiation rituals for young males such as when small wooden sticks are inserted in the earlobes at the age of fourteen As time passes the size of these adornments is increased for the rest of their lives In 1996 the Brazilian heavy metal band Sepultura stayed and recorded with the Xavante people who are featured on their album Roots A small number of Xavante even travelled to Sao Paulo to partake in Sepultura s Barulho Contra Fome Noise Against Hunger concert in 1998 that marked the start of their tour for their follow up album Against where their presence was featured in the music video for the song Choke Further reading EditSeth Garfield Indigenous Struggle at the Heart of Brazil State Policy Frontier Expansion and the Xavante Indians 1937 1988 Duke University Press 2001 ISBN 0 8223 2665 5 D G Fabre Beyond the River of the Dead Robert Hale Limited London 1963 Roots Sepultura album the Xavante tribe can be heard singing in the song Itsari References Edit a b Localizacao e populacao atual socioambiental org Giccaria Bartolomeu Xavante Povo Autentico Editora Salesiana Dom Bosco 1984 p 29 Giccaria Bartolomeu Xavante Povo Autentico Editora Salesiana Dom Bosco 1984 p 35 Skoglund P Mallick S Bortolini M C Chennagiri N Hunemeier T Petzl Erler M L Salzano F M Patterson N Reich D 21 July 2015 Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas Nature 525 7567 104 8 Bibcode 2015Natur 525 104S doi 10 1038 nature14895 PMC 4982469 PMID 26196601 Skoglund P Reich D 2016 A genomic view of the peopling of the Americas Current Opinion in Genetics amp Development 41 27 35 doi 10 1016 j gde 2016 06 016 PMC 5161672 PMID 27507099 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Xavantes Instituto Socioambiental Encyclopedia of Indigenous Peoples of Brazil Xavante entry at SIL International Great Web of Percy Harrison Fawcett Cultural Survival David Maybury Lewis Xavante Archive Documents Vital Culture Laura Graham Effects of Modernization on the Xavante https archive org details WAIA Part2 J 2004 Rites of the Xavante Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Xavante amp oldid 1171190143, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
