History of the Metropolitan Police

The history of the Metropolitan Police in London is long and complex, with many different events taking place between its inception in 1829 and the present day.

Pre-1829 London policing

 

Caricature of Bow Street Magistrates' Court by Thomas Rowlandson, 1808

Before the passing of the Metropolitan Police Act 1829, law enforcement among the general population in England was carried out by unpaid parish constables who were elected, and later appointed by the local justice of the peace. In certain circumstances, such as serious public disorder, the army would intervene to support the local authorities; yeomanry were extensively used for this purpose before police forces developed. Because this system of policing was largely unorganised and lacked a criminal investigation capability, the novelist Henry Fielding (who had been appointed a Magistrate in 1748) introduced the first detective force, known as the Bow Street Runners, in 1753. Fielding's house at 4 Bow Street had been established as a courtroom by the previous owner, in 1739.

Fielding's force was made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes handed over to them by the volunteer constables and watchmen. Runners were identified by carrying a tipstaff with the Royal Crown on it, which had a compartment inside to store official identification and documents. In 1805 the Bow Street Horse Patrol, the first form of uniformed policing seen in the capital, was established alongside the Runners, later amalgamating into the Metropolitan Police in 1837.^[1] Unofficial "thief-takers" operated independently from the Bow Street Runners, being employed by fee-paying members of the public to catch criminals and present them before a magistrate.^[2]

By 1798, the year the Marine Police Force was established, salaried constables were being paid by local magistrates. The Marine Police was initially made up of 220 Constables assisted by 1,000 registered dock workers, and was responsible for preventing the theft of cargo on and around the River Thames. The London Marine Police Force is widely regarded^[3] as being the first modern police force in the world, in the sense that they were not government controlled and were responsible for the prevention of crime. In its first year of operation 2,000 offenders were found guilty of theft from the docks. This success led to the enacting of the Marine Police Bill, which made it the first publicly funded preventive police force in the history of English policing.

The new police

See also: Peelian principles

 

Carved whale bone whistle dated 1821 and reportedly later used by a Metropolitan Police "Peeler". 8 cm long.

During the late 18th and early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution witnessed an exponential expansion in London's size and economic importance.^[4] It became clear that the locally maintained system of volunteer constables and "watchmen" was disorganised and inefficient in the deterrence, detection and prevention of crime. As a result, a parliamentary committee was appointed to investigate the current system of policing. Upon Sir Robert Peel being appointed as Home Secretary in 1822, he established a second and more effective committee, and acted upon its findings. Believing that the way to standardise the police was to make it an official paid profession, to organise it in a civilian fashion, and to make it answerable to the public, Peel put a bill before Parliament, which passed as the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829, given Royal Assent on 19 June 1829.^[5] placing the policing arrangements for the capital directly under the control of Sir Robert Peel.^[5][6]

 

A 1930s American police rattle of the type used by the early Metropolitan Police

Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Charles Rowan and Sir Richard Mayne were appointed the new force's first Commissioners and this has remained its highest rank, unlike other modern British police forces, which are led by Chief Constables. The two Commissioners' original headquarters was near Government, at 4 Whitehall Place,^{[citation needed]} with a back entrance on Great Scotland Yard. Scotland Yard soon became established as a name for the force itself.^[7] Once formed, the force became the third official non-paramilitary city police force in the world, after the City of Glasgow Police and the Paris Police. Due to public fears concerning the deployment of the military in domestic matters, Robert Peel organised the force along civilian lines, rather than paramilitary. To appear neutral, the uniform was deliberately manufactured in blue, rather than red which was then a military colour, along with the officers being armed only with a wooden truncheon and a rattle to signal the need for assistance. Until 1864, police officers also wore top hats, to complete the civilian look.^[8] Along with this, police ranks did not include military titles, with the exception of Sergeant.^[9] The original standard wage for a Constable was one guinea (£1.05) a week. Recruitment criteria required applicants to be under the age of 35, in good health, and to be at least 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m). Working shifts lasted 12 hours, 6 days a week, with Sunday as a rest day. Until 1897, Metropolitan Police officers did not receive a boot allowance.

 

Joseph Sadler Thomas in uniform as first Superintendent of the Metropolitan Police's F (Covent Garden) Division between 1829 and 1833. Previously a parish constable for St Paul's, Covent Garden, he later became Deputy Constable of Manchester City Police (1833–1839).

The civilian ethos also meant that the force did not routinely carry firearms, although Sir Robert Peel authorised the Commissioners to purchase fifty flintlock pocket pistols for use in exceptional circumstances, such as those which involved the use of firearms. At the time, burglary (or "house breaking" as it was then called) was a common problem for police. "House breakers" were usually armed. It was then also legal (under the Bill of Rights 1689) for members of the public who were Protestants, as most were, to own and use firearms.^[10]

19th century

1829–1859

Metropolitan Police patrols took to the streets on 29 September 1829, despite resistance from certain elements of the community who saw them to be a threat to civil liberties.^[11] The initial force consisted of two Commissioners, eight Superintendents, 20 Inspectors, 88 Sergeants and 895 Constables.^[12] Patrolling the streets within a seven-mile (11 km) radius of Charing Cross, in order to prevent crime and pursue offenders.^[13]

Between 1829 and 1830, 17 local divisions each with a central police station were established, with each division assigned a letter.^[14] These divisions were:^[15][16]

• A (Whitehall)
• B (Westminster^[a])
• C (St James's)
• D (Marylebone)
• E (Holborn)
• F (Covent Garden)
• G (Finsbury)
• H (Whitechapel)
• K (Stepney^[b])
• L (Lambeth)
• M (Southwark)
• N (Islington)
• P (Camberwell)
• R (Greenwich)
• S (Hampstead)
• T (Kensington^[c])
• V (Wandsworth)

 

Flyer for the Chartist demonstration on Kennington Common, 1848

On 28 June 1830, Constable Joseph Grantham became the first member of the force to be killed in the line of duty, an incident described by the Coroner's Inquest as "justifiable homicide".^[17] Other indications of the Constabulary's unpopularity of the time, were such nicknames as 'Raw Lobsters', 'Blue Devils' and 'Peel's Bloody Gang'. Officers were physically assaulted, others impaled, blinded, and on one occasion held down while a vehicle was driven over them.

One of the Metropolitan Police's priorities from the outset was maintaining public order, particularly the Chartist demonstrations in 1839, 1842 and 1848, a role in which they were supplemented by Special Constables, first introduced by the Special Constables Act 1831, empowering Magistrates to appoint ordinary citizens as temporary police officers in times of emergency.^[18] In 1834, the Act was extended to allow citizens appointed as Specials to act outside of their Parish area.^[18] They supplemented the regular Metropolitan Police in maintaining public order, particularly against the final Chartist demonstrations in 1848, when 150,000 Specials were sworn in to assist regular officers in preventing Chartists from reaching Kennington and then marching to Westminster.^[18]

In 1839, the MPD was expanded to a 15-mile radius from Charing Cross and the Bow Street Runners, the Foot Patrol and the Horse Patrol were amalgamated with the Metropolitan Police. 60 police officers were dispatched to Birmingham in July of that year where they were involved in the suppression of Chartist meetings leading to the Bull Ring Riots.^[19] Also the City of London Police (CoLP), was founded as an independent force, something which has remained to this day. The River Police was also merged into the Metropolitan Police that year and renamed Thames Division, expanding from its origins in London's commercial docks to cover the whole section of the River Thames within the MPD - this included the stretch along the south bank of the City of London (since CoLP did not maintain its own river police) and originally stretched from Brentford to Blackwall before later being extended eastwards to the Thames-Darent confluence.^[20]

The Metropolitan Police was formed without detectives since that role had previously been undertaken by the Runners, but in 1842 it formed a new investigative force named the "Detective Branch". It initially consisted of two Inspectors, six Sergeants and a number of Constables.^[21] One of its first cases was the Bermondsey Horror of 1849, in which a married couple, Frederick and Marie Manning, murdered Patrick O'Connor and buried his body under the kitchen floor. After going on the run they were tracked down by Detective Sergeants Thornton and Langley and publicly hanged outside Horsemonger Gaol in Southwark.^[22]

 

An 1850s Metropolitan Police 'Peeler'

When Sir Charles Rowan died, another army officer, William Hay, was drafted in to jointly run the force with Mayne. However, tensions between them meant that on Hay's death in 1855 a new system of a single Commissioner and two Assistant Commissioners was established. In 1857 Matne was paid a salary of £1,883 (roughly equivalent to £191,100 in 2021),^[23] and his two Assistant Commissioners were paid salaries £800 each,^[24] approximately £81,190 in 2021.^[23]

1860–1899

In 1860, the Metropolitan Police also took on responsibility for the policing of the Royal Dockyards and other royal naval bases between 1860 until 1934, including Portsmouth, Chatham, Devonport, Royal Naval Air Station Pembroke, and the Royal Woolwich Arsenal. It took some time to establish the standards of discipline expected today from a police force. In 1863, 215 officers were arrested for being intoxicated while on duty,^[24] In 1872 there was a police strike, and during 1877 three high ranking detectives were tried for corruption.^[25] Due to this latter scandal the Detective Branch was re-organised in 1878 by C. E. Howard Vincent, and renamed the Criminal Investigation Department (CID). This was separated from the uniformed branch, and its head had direct access to the Home Secretary, by-passing the Commissioner.^[21]

 

Beaument Adams Revolver

 

Webley "Bulldog" Revolver

Following the deaths of officers by firearms on the outer districts of the metropolis, and public debate on arming the force, the Commissioner applied to the Home Secretary^[when?] for authorisation to supply officers on the outer districts with revolvers. The authorisation was issued on the condition that revolvers would only be issued if, in the opinion of the senior officer, the officer could be trusted to use it safely and with discretion. From then, officers could be armed. The vast majority of this system had been phased out by the end of the 19th century, though the practice only wholly ceased in 1936 with the revocation of authorisation to carry revolvers on outer districts. The 1860s also saw the decommissioning of the flintlock pistols purchased in 1829. They were superseded by 622 Beaumont–Adams revolvers firing the .450 cartridge, which were loaned to the police by the Army after the Clerkenwell bombing. In 1883, officers were surveyed as to whether they wished to be armed. 4,430 out of 6,325 officers serving on outer divisions requested to the issue revolvers. The now obsolete Beaumont-Adams revolver was returned to stores for emergencies, and the Bulldog 'Metropolitan Police' revolver was issued to officers on the outer districts who felt the need to be armed.

In 1865 three more divisions were created: W (Clapham), X (Willesden), and Y (Highgate^[d]). F Division was abolished by the late 1860s and its territory merged into E Division. From 1869 onwards the Met's Divisions were grouped as Districts, each initially headed by a District Superintendent:^[e]

• No. 1 District - G, H, K, N, and Thames Divisions^[f][g]
• No. 2 District - D, E, S, X, and Y Divisions^[h]
• No. 3 District - A, B, C, T, and V Divisions^[i][j]
• No. 4 District - L, M, P, R, and W Divisions^[k]

In March 1883, the MPS formed the Special Irish Branch to combat the threat of Irish terrorism. The "Irish" sobriquet was dropped in 1888 as the department remit was extended to cover other threats, and became known simply as Special Branch.^[26][27] In 1884, the MPS replaced the hand rattles used by officers to signal for assistance since 1829 with "police whistles". J.Hudson & Company of Birmingham supplied 7,175 whistles at the price of 11d each.

At the same time, the Metropolitan Police also replaced its police truncheons. In 1886, in quelling a riot between warring working parties in Hyde Park, many truncheons were damaged or broken. Ross & Company supplied them with lignum vitae truncheons. Samples were sent off to be tested by the Royal Army Clothing Department, at a cost of 16 shillings per day. The lignum vitae truncheons were found unsuitable and so in October 1886 the Metropolitan Police purchased £900 worth of lancewood and cocuswood for new truncheons. Important criminal investigations of the period included the Whitechapel murders (1888) and the Cleveland Street scandal (1889).^[28]

 

A contemporary engraving from The Illustrated London News of Bloody Sunday in 1887

1886 also saw the creation of a new J (Bethnal Green^[l]) and F (Paddington) Divisions.^[29] On the night of 18 February 1887, PC 52206 Henry Owen became the first Metropolitan Police officer to fire a revolver while on duty, doing so after he was unable to alert the owners of premises on fire. The Metropolitan Police also continued policing demonstrations such as that by the unemployed in Trafalgar Square in 1887 which came to be known as Bloody Sunday.^[30] Officers on duty during the jubilee celebrations the same year were eligible for the Queen Victoria Police Jubilee Medal, with similar police-specific medals following for the jubilee of 1897 and the coronations in 1902 and 1911.^[31]

20th century

1900–1918

By 1900, the service had grown to nearly 16,000 officers, organised into 21 divisions, responsible for law enforcement within an area of nearly 1,800 km².^[21] Detection of crimes was much improved when Sir Edward Henry, Commissioner from 1903 to 1918, set up a Fingerprint Bureau at Scotland Yard in 1901, building on Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose's work with him in India.^[32] A landmark case for the Met in forensic investigation was the Stratton Brothers case of 1905, concerning a double murder in Deptford, committed by Alfred and Albert Stratton, the first murder conviction in the UK secured by fingerprint evidence.^[33] Another important investigation of this period was that into the murderer Hawley Harvey Crippen in 1910.^[32]

 

The Daily Mirror front page reporting the funeral of PC William Tyler, the Metropolitan Police officer killed during the Tottenham Outrage, 1909

 

Sergeants Tucker and Bentley and Constable Choate, murdered while on duty on 16 December 1910

Two robberies by Latvian anarchists reopened the debate over arming the Metropolitan and City police forces. The first in 1909 led to the pursuit known as the Tottenham Outrage, in which officers borrowed bystanders' guns and one officer was fatally shot by the robbers. The second in Houndsditch on 16 December 1910 led to the murder of three City of London Police constables and the Siege of Sidney Street by the Metropolitan and City police forces. In this siege the two forces were supplemented by a detachment of Scots Guards from the Tower of London, authorised by Home Secretary Winston Churchill who had come to see the siege in person.^[34] The gang members were killed on 2 January 1911 and in the wake of the incident one thousand self-loading Webley & Scott pistols were purchased by the Metropolitan Police. In 1914 the Bulldogs were withdrawn from service after thirty-one years' service and returned to stores. The Specials were also reorganised in 1912, scrapping the old system of anyone being liable to be appointed, instead they had to volunteer.^[18]

During World War One the Women's Police Service (WPS) and National Union of Women Workers (NUWW) ran voluntary patrols to assist county and city police forces such as the Metropolitan Police, though they were not formally parts of these forces and had no power of arrest.^[35] Policing of Rosyth Dockyard was added to the Metropolitan Police's remit in 1916, a role they held until 1926. Concerns over worsening pay and conditions led almost all Met officers to join a strike in 1918 and 1156 officers to join another in August the following year.

1919–1929

Female full police officers first joined the Metropolitan Police in February 1919, although the then Commissioner, Sir Nevil Macready, insisted he did not want any “vinegary spinsters” or “blighted middle-aged fanatics” in its ranks.^[35] The female police officers were distinguished from their male counterparts, who had wider authority, by the prefix 'woman' before their rank, such as "Woman Police Constable" and "Woman Police Sergeant". They were headed by Sofia Stanley, who also designed the first women's police uniform, known as the Stanley uniform.^{[citation needed]} Initial duties of female police officers included patrolling areas frequented by prostitutes, along with care and observation of female and juvenile detainees, deterring prostitution, helping prevent the deceitful practice of fortune telling, and looking after women attempting to commit suicide.^[35] Female officers were allowed to go into brothels, nightclubs, and betting houses to observe and gather evidence of untoward behaviour, but at the first sign of crime being committed, they had to call in male colleagues. They were also not allowed to carry handcuffs unless instructed to by a senior officer.^[36]

 

Sofia Stanley in NUWW patrol officer uniform - from 1919 to 1923 she led the Met's first official female patrols

1921 saw the addition of a new Z (Croydon) Division, carved out of parts of W Division, but the following year the post-war budget cutbacks known as the Geddes Axe led the Met to begin phasing out its dockyard divisions in 1923 (a process finally completed in 1934) and attempt to abolish its female officers after only four years.^[37] Though it lost her her job, Sofia Stanley successfully fought this attempt and instead a cadre of twenty female officers was allowed to continue as a seed-bed for future growth. In the wake of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 they were granted the power of arrest for the first time and posted to various areas of the Met, with Louise Pelling attached to Special Branch and Lilian Wyles joining the Criminal Investigation Department as a statement-taker for sexual-offence cases, the CID's first attested female officer.^[38] They worked early and late shifts, each of 7.5 hours, but until 1973 only one week of night shifts in contrast to three consecutive weeks of night shifts for men.^[39] A policy was introduced in 1927 requiring women to leave the Metropolitan Police if they got married.

1930s

In 1931, Marshal of the Royal Air Force The 1st Baron Trenchard was appointed as Police Commissioner.^[40] Lord Trenchard served as head of the Metropolitan Police until 1935 and during his tenure he instigated several changes. These included limiting membership of the Police Federation, introducing limited terms of employment^[41] and the short-lived creation of separate career paths for the lower and higher ranks akin to the military system of officer and non-commissioned career streams. Perhaps Trenchard's most well known achievement during his time as Commissioner was the establishment of the Hendon Police College which originally was the institution from which Trenchard's junior station inspectors graduated before following a career in the higher ranks.^[42]

Trenchard gave the special constables their current name of the Metropolitan Special Constabulary (MSC) in 1934.^[18] For a short period of time after the MSC was formed, Specials did not receive uniforms like that of a full-time policeman. Instead, they were issued with armbands which identified them as Special Constables, along with being issued a truncheon and a whistle. Trenchard also standardised the issue of pistols among divisions with the division size determining the number of firearms (with thirty-two rounds per pistol) issued: ten pistols with 320 rounds of ammunition were issued to each divisional station; six pistols with 192 rounds to each sub-divisional station; three pistols with 96 rounds to each section station. In 1936, just after his term as Commissioner, the authorisation to carry revolvers on outer districts was revoked, and at the same time Canadian Ross rifles were purchased in the prelude to the Second World War. In 1937 female Met officers were for the first time authorised to take fingerprints.^{[citation needed]}

1939–1945

When Great Britain entered the Second World War on 3 September 1939, the strength of the Metropolitan Police stood at 18,428, which was 900 officers short of full strength. Due to the increased responsibilities of the police during war-time, three reserve groups were mobilised. The first consisted of 2,737 ex-police pensioners who were re-engaged, a second of 5,380 Special Constables serving on a full-time basis for the duration of the war, and the third being 18,868 War Reserve Constables employed on the same basis as the Special Constables. After having remained stable for decades, crime rates in London soared during the war, posing a new challenge to police. The chaotic conditions of the City under aerial attack were followed by crime, such as looting, and theft of goods and foodstuffs for illicit sales as black market rationed goods. This also fuelled the activities of criminal gangs who continued and expanded their activities after the war.

16 Met detectives were transferred to the Army to form its new Special Investigation Branch. As the Battle of Dunkirk raged, Scotland Yard issued a memorandum detailing the police use of firearms in wartime. The memorandum detailed the planned training for all officers in the use of pistols and revolvers, as despite the police being a non-combatant force, while the war was in progress they would be responsible for providing armed protection at premises deemed at risk from enemy sabotage and would assist the British Armed Forces in the event of an invasion. Owing to these added roles, on 1 June 1940, 3,500 Canadian Ross Rifles and 72,384 rounds of .303 ammunition were received from the military and distributed among divisions. Thames Division were allocated the smallest number of 61 rifles, and "S" Division the largest with 190. Fifty rifles were also issued to the London Fire Brigade and the Port of London Authority Police.

1945–1959

The rise in criminality continued in the post-war period - by 1948 the number of recorded crimes in London had risen tenfold from the 1920s, to more than 126,000. By 1959 they had reached 160,000.^[43] Having been waived during the war, the marriage bar on female officers was permanently abolished in 1946 and two years later the Police Federation, the rank-and-file staff association, opened its membership to women.^[35]

On the night of 2 November 1952, Derek Bentley and Christopher Craig set out to break into the confectionery manufacturers Barlow & Parker in Croydon. Bentley and Craig were spotted climbing up a drain pipe to gain access to the roof by a member of the public, who called the police. The first officer to arrive on scene was Detective Sergeant Frederick Fairfax; by this time both Bentley and Craig had hidden behind the lift shaft. DS Fairfax gained entry to the roof and apprehended Bentley, but while doing so was shot in the shoulder by Craig. Upon armed uniformed officers arriving, Constable Sidney Miles was shot dead by Craig. After trial, Bentley was sentenced to death and hanged on 28 January 1953, whilst Craig was remanded at Her Majesty's Pleasure and released from prison in 1963.

DS Fairfax, PC Norman Harrison and PC James McDonald were all awarded the George Cross for their roles in the incident, whilst Constable Robert Jaggs was awarded the British Empire Medal and Sidney Miles a posthumous Queen's Police Medal for Gallantry. In the aftermath of the shooting, 15% of firearms in service with the Metropolitan Police were found to be defective, leading to Special Branch and Royalty Protection Officers being armed with an early version of the Beretta automatic pistol. The 1950s also saw the Metropolitan Police's first women officers to receive George Medals for courage, Sergeant Ethel Bush and Kathleen Parrott, who had been separately attacked by a sex offender they were on a decoy duty in 1955.^{[citation needed]}

Since 1951, in common with all members of U.K. police forces, officers can receive the Police Long Service and Good Conduct Medal after 20 (formerly 22) years of duty.^[44]

1960–1978

Before the 1970s, police forces often called for assistance from the Metropolitan Police because of their detective experience. The last case of this kind was when the now defunct Buckinghamshire Constabulary called upon the MPS to help in the investigation of the Great Train Robbery.^[45] In 1965 the last of the Met's territorial divisions was formed and named Q (Wembley^[m]) in 1965, formed out of part of X Division.^[46] In 1966 three male Metropolitan Police officers were murdered on Braybrook Street by Harry Roberts and two other occupants of a vehicle who had been stopped for questioning. The force enlisted Norwell Roberts (its first Windrush generation black officer) in 1967, followed by its first black female officer Sislin Fay Allen the following year.^[35] 1968 saw the abolition of the groupings of divisions known as Districts, ninety-nine years after their formation.^[47] The end of the 1960s also saw the Met's old alphabetical Divisions renamed Districts and Sub-Divisions renamed Divisions.^[14]

 

Metropolitan Police Officers in Hyde Park, 1976

London saw many protests during the 1950s and 1960s, turning violent on more than one occasion, with police clashing with violent protesters and making newspaper headlines. The Metropolitan Police realised it needed a unit specifically trained for public order duties and in 1965 formed the Special Patrol Group (SPG), whose officers received higher training in public order policing than ordinary officers on the beat. From 1973 until the 1990s the Metropolitan Police also faced the London facet of the Provisional IRA bombing campaign, involving a large number of bombings.^[48] This also included the Balcombe Street Siege from 6 to 12 December 1975, in which Provisional IRA members took a couple hostage in their home, while on the run from police.^[49]

On 1 February 1971, Karpal Kaur Sandhu, born in Zanzibar but of Indian heritage, joined the Metropolitan Police and thus became the Metropolitan Police's (and Britain's) first female Asian police officer.^[50] This was before India itself had female police officers (the first female police officer in India was Kiran Bedi in 1972).^[50] In 1973, the separate Women's Department was fully integrated into the Metropolitan Police.^[35] Female police officers did not get equal pay with male police officers until 1974.^{[citation needed]}

Twelve officers in the Obscene Publications Branch were imprisoned for corruption in connection with bribes paid by James Humphreys (pornographer).^[51]

In the Spaghetti House siege on 18 September 1975 alleged members of the Black Liberation Army attempted to commit an armed robbery at the Spaghetti House restaurant to gain publicity for their cause. However, the robbery was discovered by the Metropolitan Police, and the would-be robbers initiated a siege by taking hostages.^[52] In 1976 the first Woman Chief Superintendent was appointed to take charge of a subdivision.^[53] In 1977 Dee O’Donoghue became the first female traffic officer.^[53]

 

Met Police officer in 1974 wearing a blue shirt which was phased out in the 1980s.

The 1970s also saw frequent allegations of institutional racism against the Metropolitan Police, such as the case of the Mangrove Nine in 1970 and the Notting Hill Carnival disturbances on 30 August 1976, triggered by Metropolitan Police officers attempting to arrest an alleged pickpocket at the Carnival and leading to over 100 officers admitted to hospital.^[54] The late 1970s also saw Operation Countryman investigate allegations of endemic corruption in the 1960s and 1970s. It concluded that there had been corruption at many levels. Only eight prosecutions were brought but several hundred officers retired or resigned as a result.

1979–1985

 

Brixton Riot 1981

Teacher Blair Peach was knocked unconscious in April 1979 during a demonstration in Southall by the Anti-Nazi League against a National Front election meeting taking place in the town hall, dying the next day in hospital. Police brutality was never proven to be a contributory factor in his death, but it was claimed that he had fallen to a blow from a rubberised police radio belonging to the Met's Special Patrol Group, one of many accusations of brutality which ultimately led to its disbandment and replacement by the Territorial Support Group in 1986.^[55][56] In 2010, a police report was disclosed that stated that it was likely a Metropolitan Police officer "struck the fatal blow" and attributed "grave suspicion" to one unnamed officer, who it says may also have been involved in a cover-up along with two colleagues.^[57]

1979 also saw Nicola Grey became the Met's first female dog handler.^[53] Prior to this, women were prohibited from being dog handlers since rules stated that an officer should have a wife who could look after a puppy while the officer went to work.^{[citation needed]} The Met was heavily involved in negotiations during the 1980 Iranian Embassy siege, though these were terminated after six days and the British Army's Special Air Service (SAS) stormed the building.^[58] A 1985 reorganisation established eight Areas made up of a total of 67 Divisions and Sub-Divisions, reduced to 62 spread over five Areas in 1995.^[14][59]

During the early 1980s, the Met began Operation Swamp which was implemented to cut street crime by the use of the sus law which legally allowed officers to stop people on the suspicion of wrongdoing. Tensions rose within the black community after a black youth was stabbed, leading to severe rioting on 11 April 1981.^[60] Later that year a report issued by Lord Scarman stated that the Metropolitan Police were having problems regarding racial discrimination.^[61]

In 1983, Metropolitan officers arrested serial killer Dennis Nilsen.^[62] The following year WPC Yvonne Fletcher was murdered outside the Libyan Embassy. Rioting erupted again in Brixton on 28 September 1985, sparked by the shooting of Dorothy Groce by police seeking her son Michael Groce, who was believed to be hiding in his mother's home, in relation to a suspected firearms offence. He was not there at the time, and Groce was part-paralysed by the bullet.^[63] A week later, while tensions among the black community were still high, riots broke out at the Broadwater Farm estate in Tottenham, north London, after the mother of a black man whose house was being searched died of a heart attack during the operation. During the riot, PC Keith Blakelock was murdered. Blakelock's murder remains unsolved.^[64]

1986–1992

Metropolitan Police officers worked with the British Transport Police and neighbouring forces to arrest and convict John Duffy and David Mulcahy, for 18 rapes of women and young girls at or near railway stations in London and South East England and murdering three of their victims between 1982 and 1986.^[65] In 1986 Met officers also secured the conviction of Kenneth Erskine for a series of attacks in Stockwell on elderly men and women, breaking into their homes and strangling them to death.^[66] In March 1987 private investigator Daniel Morgan was murdered in Sydenham (south east London), in March 1987. He was said to have been close to exposing police corruption, or involved with Maltese drug dealers. Morgan's death has been the subject of several failed police inquiries, and in 2011 it was at the centre of allegations concerning the suspect conduct of journalists with the British tabloid News of the World. This unsolved murder has been described as a reminder of the culture of corruption and unaccountability within the Metropolitan Police Service^[who?]. An independent enquiry in 2021 concluded that the Metropolitan Police were "institutionally corrupt" in its handling of the investigation into the murder of Daniel Morgan and that the force had placed protecting its reputation above the investigation.

Metropolitan Police officers assisted the British Transport Police during the 1987 King's Cross fire^[67] and the 1988 Clapham Junction rail crash.^[68]

 

Poll Tax Riot, 1990

The official title was changed from "Metropolitan Police" to "Metropolitan Police Service" as part of the "PLUS Programme" in 1989, under the then Commissioner Sir Peter Imbert, following the presentation of a report entitled "A Service for Change: Report on the Corporate Identity of the Metropolitan Police" to the service's Policy Committee by Wolff Olins corporate identity consultants in August 1988.^[69] The Metropolitan Police Marine Policing Unit assisted in the aftermath of the 1989 Marchioness disaster,^[70] whilst in 1990 the Service was faced with the Poll tax riots.^[71] There was a great deal of media coverage of the 1992 killing of Rachel Nickell, after which a police sting operation against innocent prime suspect Colin Stagg was criticised as entrapment. Robert Napper, who committed a double murder in 1993, was convicted of the manslaughter of Nickell in 2008.

1993–1999

From 1993, a series of operations failed to convict the murderers of Stephen Lawrence, despite substantial evidence. The resulting MacPherson inquiry found that the Met was "institutionally racist".^[72] Tensions with the Black community also led to a third Brixton riot in 1995, arising from a large protest outside Brixton police station over the death of a local man in police custody - three police officers were injured and a two-mile exclusion zone was set up around Brixton. Later reports showed that the male in custody died of heart failure, said to be brought on because of difficulties restraining him.^[73]

1999 was a full year for the service, including the murder of Jill Dando, the 1999 London nail bombings,^[74] the fatal shooting of Harry Stanley 100 yards from his home by Metropolitan police officers in contentious circumstances, the dropping of the prefix "Woman" from female officers' ranks and the Macpherson Report, which stated that institutional racism existed in the service.^[75] In the two decades before 2010, over 50 serving MPS officers died in service, with eight being murdered or fatally injured by an assailant.^[76]

1999 was also the year in which the Metropolitan Police District was finally made coterminous with Greater London and the old system of areas and divisions gave way to a system of one Borough Operational Command Unit (BOCU) for each of the thirty-two post-1965 London boroughs, each commanded by a Chief Superintendent (or a Commander for the City of Westminster), an arrangement which lasted until 2018.^[77][78]

21st century

2000–2009

 

Metropolitan Police Service officers in Soho, London, 2007

The service continued to be overseen directly by the Home Secretary until 2000, when the newly created Greater London Authority was given responsibility to oversee the force, through the Metropolitan Police Authority. The MPA is made up of members appointed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly, and several independent members. Parts of the Met district outside Greater London, such as Ewell, Loughton and Waltham Cross. were removed and added to the forces of surrounding counties. The Metropolitan Police Commissioner is still appointed by the Home Secretary.^[79] Thames Division was renamed the Marine Support Unit in 2001 and then the Marine Policing Unit in 2008.^[80]

In an attempt to control crowds during the 2001 May Day protest, the service employed the tactic of "kettling", and were criticised for detaining bystanders for long periods of time.^[81] That year, the dismembered body of a young boy believed to have been between the ages of four and seven was found floating in the River Thames, and named by police as Adam in the absence of a confirmed identity. During the investigation, a police commander and a detective chief inspector met with Nelson Mandela.^[82] The case was never solved.^[83] An internal report in 2002 arising from Operation Tiberius found that "Organised criminals were able to infiltrate Scotland Yard at will by bribing corrupt officers". Demonstrators protesting against the Hunting Act 2004 outside the Palace of Westminster in 2004 were involved in violent confrontations with Metropolitan Police officers.^[84]

The Metropolitan Police worked to a major incident plan to provide co-ordination, control and forensic and investigative resources after the 7 July 2005 bombings in 2005,^[85] though in the aftermath of multiple attempted attacks two weeks later officers mistook Jean Charles de Menezes for a suspected terrorist as he boarded a train and shot him dead in a deployment of Operation Kratos.^[86] In 2006, officers from the Met and other forces foiled a Transatlantic aircraft bomb plot,^[87][88] whilst Operation Trident officers also made the Met's largest ever seizure of firearms after a series of raids in Dartford, Kent named Operation Mokpo.^[89] Met bomb disposal officers defused a two car bombs in central London in 2007, with the perpetrators subsequently investigated and convicted. A 2007 cold case review of Stephen Lawrence's murder found a tiny speck of Lawrence's blood on a jacket belonging to Dobson and one of Lawrence's hairs on trousers belonging to Norris, leading to the conviction of Gary Dobson and David Norris on 3 January 2012.^[90] The pair were sentenced to life imprisonment, with a minimum term of 15 years 2 months for Dobson and 14 years 3 months for Norris.^[91]

 

The Met deployed some of their specialist riot vehicles, similar to this one pictured, to the 2009 G-20 protests

Following high-profile controversies involving high-ranking black officers, including allegations of racism made by Tarique Ghaffur – the highest ranking Asian officer in the Met – against commissioner Ian Blair, the National Black Police Association boycotted the Met in 2008 for racial discrimination. The Met once again used the "kettling" technique to contain large numbers of demonstrators during the 2009 G20 London summit protests. A bystander named Ian Tomlinson died from internal bleeding after he was hit with a baton and pushed to the ground by an officer of the Territorial Support Group.^[92] The jury at the inquest into Tomlinson's death returned a verdict of unlawful killing and the officer who pushed Tomlinson was later acquitted of manslaughter. Following a separate incident, a sergeant in the Territorial Support Group was suspended after being filmed striking a woman's face with his hand and her leg with a baton, but he was later cleared of any wrongdoing.^[93]

2010–2014

 

Metropolitan Police officers overseeing the "Protest the Pope" rally on 18 September 2010

The Met oversaw preparations for Pope Benedict XVI's 2010 visit, the first state visit to the UK by a pope.^[94] 201 people were arrested during the 2011 London anti-cuts protest, and 66 were injured, including 31 police officers, as up to 500,000 people demonstrated in central London against planned public spending cuts. It was described as the largest protest in the United Kingdom since the 15 February 2003 anti-war protests and the largest union-organised rally in London since the Second World War. The Met's Operation Minstead concluded after 12 years on 24 March 2011 with the conviction of the Night Stalker. Delroy Grant raped and assaulted elderly victims over a period of 17 years from 1992 to 2009 across south London, Kent and Surrey. He was found guilty of 29 charges, including burglaries, rapes and sexual assaults, but officers linked him to over 200 different offences during the 1990s and 2000s.^[95] Grant was given four life sentences and ordered to serve a minimum of 27 years in prison.^[96] The 2006–2011 News International phone hacking scandal partly revolved around allegations that some Met officers accepted payment from journalists in exchange for information.^[97]

Around 5,000 Metropolitan Police officers were deployed to police the wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton at Westminster Abbey on 29 April 2011. In advance of the event, assistant commissioner Lynne Owens said: "People who want to come to London to peacefully protest can do that but they must remember that it is a day of national celebration". Approximately one hundred people were pre-emptively arrested in advance of the wedding and were detained without charge for the duration of the wedding, with the apparent aim of suppressing protest. Other protestors were arrested on the day of the wedding; some were detained at railway stations on arrival. The Metropolitan Police said that one million people were present in London to watch the wedding procession.^[98] On 4 August the same year, Mark Duggan was shot by Metropolitan Police Service officers,^[99] triggering a series of public disturbances, initially in the Tottenham but spreading into many other areas of London and including instances of arson and looting. Dozens of officers were injured and the Met launched Operation Withern to investigate the disturbances.^[100] Also in 2011 the Home Office asked the Met to support the Portuguese Police with a review and subsequent investigation into the disappearance of Madeleine McCann in Portugal four years earlier, which became Operation Grange.^[101] Home office provide special funding for the operation which up until September 2017 cost £11.1 million.^[102]

The 2012 Summer Olympics were the largest ever police deployment in the UK, including up to 10,500 Met officers deployed during the busiest days.^[103] The Met also established Operation Yewtree that year to investigate allegations against Jimmy Savile; in 2013 their findings on Savile were published in a joint report with National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children called Giving Victims a Voice.^[104] Yewtree expanded to investigate allegations of sexual abuse unrelated to Savile and led to the convictions of Max Clifford and Rolf Harris, amongst others.^[105] Other celebrities were arrested and repeatedly bailed for months before being told they would not be charged. As a result, then-Home Secretary Theresa May proposed that bail time be limited to 28 days.^[106] The 28-day limit came into effect in April 2017.^[107]

In June 2013, the Met were exposed for sending an undercover officer to smear the friends and family of Stephen Lawrence.^[108] The following year it was revealed more than 4,600 children had been strip searched by the Metropolitan Police in the preceding five years, with the youngest being ten years old. This was out of a total of 134,000 strip-searched. A charity described the number of younger children searched in this way as being "disturbing".^[109] In October 2013 the Met, English Transport Police, City of London Police, and Transport for London jointly launched Project Guardian to reduce sexual harassment on public transport and increase reporting of sexual offences.^[110] The following month officers from the Met's human trafficking unit arrested two suspects in Lambeth who were alleged to have enslaved three women in a house for over 30 years.^[111]

In September 2014 it launched the largest investigation since the 2005 bombings and attempted bombings after the disappearance of Alice Gross.^[112] That year it also launched Operation Midland after Carl Beech, then known publicly under the pseudonym "Nick", alleged that he had been the victim of a VIP paedophile ring and that he had witnessed them murder three boys decades earlier. Detective Superintendent Kenny McDonald issued a statement in which he said that they believed Beech's allegations were "credible and true" but the probe was closed after 16 months when no evidence was found to corroborate the claims.^[113] A report by Richard Henriques detailed numerous failings by the Met and found that those accused were victims of false allegations, prompting then-Commissioner Bernard Hogan-Howe to apologise to them.^[114] Hogan-Howe called for the Met to change their approach to such allegations and no longer automatically believe complainants.^[115] Beech was convicted of charges related to lying to the police in July 2019 and was sentenced to 18 years in jail.^[115]

2015–2019

In 2015, former Metropolitan Police Special Branch officer Peter Francis revealed that the MPS has spied on several former and serving Labour MPs including Harriet Harman, Peter Hain, Jack Straw, Diane Abbott, Jeremy Corbyn, Bernie Grant, Ken Livingstone, Tony Benn, Joan Ruddock and Dennis Skinner. In response, Peter Hain stated: "That the special branch had a file on me dating back 40 years ago to anti-apartheid and anti-Nazi League activist days is hardly revelatory. That these files were still active for at least 10 years while I was an MP certainly is and raises fundamental questions about parliamentary sovereignty."^[116]

 

Met Police at a protest, 2018

In 2017, the Metropolitan Police stated that they would not investigate low level crimes and crimes where finding a suspect was unlikely, though serious crimes like violent offences would still be investigated. The Metropolitan Police justified this due to recent budget cuts under the United Kingdom government austerity programme, but it was criticised in the press as giving the "green light" to thieves.^[117] 2017 also saw Cressida Dick became the first female Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police Service, a position often described in the media as the most senior police officer in the country,^[35] and New Scotland Yard reopen in its new site at the Curtis Green Building.^[118]

2017 also found the Met involved in countering and investigating terror attacks in Westminster (in which PC Keith Palmer was killed)^[119] and on London Bridge and Borough Market, as well as its officers using riot shields to protect firefighters from falling debris during the Grenfell Tower fire.^[120] The devastating fire led to an extensive forensic and criminal investigation involving around 250 Met officers.^[121] Commander Stuart Cundy said "I would like to reassure everybody that we will be looking at all criminal offences that might have been committed by any individual or any organisation."^[122] In 2018, its Counter Terrorism Command led the investigation into a chemical agent incident in Salisbury, Wiltshire, in which two couples were hospitalised over the course of three months.^{[citation needed]}

2020–present

On 3 March 2021, Sarah Everard disappeared in South London. On 10 March, she was found dead in Kent. On 12 March, Met PC Wayne Couzens was charged with kidnapping and murdering her. On 13 March, he was remanded in custody and - pleading guilty - was sentenced on 30 September the same year.^[123] The Met were criticised for their reaction to a vigil-turned-protest for Everard which were held on 13 and 14 March.^[124] The vigils - in which hundreds of people gathered in close proximity - were illegal due to laws implemented to reduce the spread of COVID-19.^[124] The actions of the police were supported by Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (HMICFRS), who had been asked to investigate the actions of the police. Their review, published on 30 March, found that the police had "reacted appropriately and were not heavy handed" and were "justified" in their stance with respect to the Covid regulations, saying that the risks of transmission were "too great to ignore".^[125]

The HMICFRS report also said "Condemnation of the Met’s actions within mere hours of the vigil – including from people in positions of responsibility – was unwarranted, showed a lack of respect for public servants facing a complex situation, and undermined public confidence in policing based on very limited evidence."^[126] They also said that the police response was a "public relations disaster" with a "materially adverse effect on public confidence in policing"; the review added, "We acknowledge that a more conciliatory response might have served the force's interests better."^{[127][128][129][130]} HMICFRS also concluded that the Met had incorrectly interpreted coronavirus-related restrictions due to legal confusion, and that not all demonstrations during a Tier 4 lockdown are unlawful.^[127][128] A whistleblower alleged that the reviewers had demonstrated a pro-police and anti-protestor bias while compiling the report, with the reviewing panel composed almost entirely of police officers.^[131] Four members of Reclaim These Streets took legal action against the Metropolitan Police, claiming that their human rights to freedom of speech and assembly had been breached in connection with their attempt to organise the vigil. The case was heard in January 2022, and a judgment delivered on 11 March 2022 said that the Met's decisions in the run-up to the event were "not in accordance with the law".^[132] The Met has said it will appeal against the judgment.^[133]

In March 2021, PC Ben Hannam was found guilty of belonging to neo-Nazi group National Action.^[134] In June 2021, an independent panel inquiring into the 1987 murder of Daniel Morgan released their report. The report branded the Metropolitan Police "institutionally corrupt" and personally censured its current Commissioner, Cressida Dick, for obstruction of the investigation, leading to calls for her resignation.^[135]

In March 2022, Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services issued a report which was critical of the Met in respect of the measures it takes to tackle corruption. The report included the comment: "Its [the Met’s] apparent tolerance of the shortcomings we describe in this report suggests a degree of indifference to the risk of corruption."^[136]

Officers convicted of criminal offences

Date	Officer Responsible	Offence (legislation)	Conviction	Summary
Between February and March 2023	PC Gerrard Kennedy	Stalking (Protection from Harassment Act 1997)	Six-and-a-half-years imprisonment £228 victim surcharge Indefinite restraining order	PC Gerrard Kennedy followed a woman, taking photos of her, all without her knowing. He was convicted at Northampton Crown Court.^[137]^[138]^[139]
2 December 2022	PC Sam Grigg	False imprisonment (common law) Assault occasioning actual bodily harm (s47 Offences against the Person Act 1861)	4-and-a-half-years-imprisonment Extended two year license	PC Sam Grigg attacked his housemate, where he bent her over a sofa, tying her ankles together and taping over her mouth, before he then taped her wrists. This caused the victim to feel as if he was going to rape her. Asking him to untie her, PC Grigg did, however, nicked her ankle and wrist in doing so. Asking him to avoid cutting her again, PC Grigg replied: "What will you do if I do?...Who are you going to tell? I am the police." A search of his bedroom revealed cable ties, several handcuffs, bundles of rope, a gaga and ball and four silk cloths, revealing what was later described by the trial judge as PC Grigg's "obsession" with BDSM. An ex-girlfriend recounted to the court how he had mentioned his police handcuffs "had come in useful". He was sentenced at Kingston Crown Court.^[140]
13 November 2022	PC Jonathan Marsh	Common assault (s39 Criminal Justice Act 1988)	Not yet convicted	PC Jonathan Marsh attended a report of a man making threats to kill and causing criminal damage to a shop in Atlanta Boulevard, Romford, east London. On arrival, he mistakenly arrested the man who had called 999, Rasike Attanayake, after PC Marsh pulled him to the floor, swore at him and punched him in the back of the head. The IOPC investigated the incident, where PC Marsh was charge. At City of London magistrates court, PC Marsh denied assaulting Attanayake, however, he was found guilty. He was due to be sentenced on 29 February 2024, however, there has been no news as to this occurring.^[141]
July 2022	PC Thomas Andrews	Actual Bodily Harm (ABH) (s47 Offences against the Person Act 1847)	16-months-imprisonment Indefinite restraining order	PC Thomas Andrews assaulted a woman whilst off duty, at her home in Brockley Rise in Honor Oak, causing her to suffer grazing, after he pushed her to the ground. He was sentenced at Woolwich Crown Court.^[142]^[143]
Between 15 and 28 October 2021	DC Francois Olwage	Corruption or other improper exercise of police powers and privileges (s26 Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015) Attempting to engage in sexual communication with a child (Criminal Attempts Act 1981 of s15A Sexual Offences Act 2003) Attempting to cause/incite a girl aged 13 to 15 to engage in sexual activity (Criminal Attempts Act 1981 of s10 Sexual Offences Act 2003) Meeting a girl under 16 years of age following grooming (s15 Sexual Offences Act 2003)	Five-and-a-half-years imprisonment Sex offenders register indefinitely Sexual Harm Prevention Order (SHPO)	DC Francois Olwage used a chat room to speak to a profile with who he thought was a 13-year-old girl, but was in fact an undercover officer. Over two weeks, the tone of the conversation increased in sexualisation. Having arranged to meet the child in his home town of Basingstoke, DC Olwage was arrested. He was charged, appearing at Winchester Crown Court, where he pleaded guilty to a charge of corruption, but not guilty to the sexual offences. He was found guilty of all offences and jailed.^[144]
July 2021	PS Laurence Knight	Sexual assault (s3 Sexual Offences Act 2003)	2-years-imprisonment Indefinite restraining order	PS Laurence Knight was in Brighton for his stag do, being visited by strippers at the AirBnB him and friends were at, before going to some bars. Whilst in the city centre, he met a woman, who PS Knight persuaded to go into the sea with him. The pair went into the sea, where PS Knight sexually assaulted her. The victim continuously asked him what he was doing, telling him to stop, but PS Knight didn't. She reported the incident to police the same day, with PS Knight attempting to contact the victim over Facebook a few days later, however, deleted the message due to being worried his fiancée would see the message. At trial, PS Knight was found not guilty of rape, but guilty of sexual assault. He was sentenced at Southwark Crown Court.^[145]^[146]
9 June 2021	PC Nadeem Patel	Death by dangerous driving (s1 Road Traffic Act 1988)	3-years-imprisonment Disqualified from driving for 54 months	PC Nadeem Patel was driving a marked police vehicle, responding to an emergency call, driving in convoy with a colleague. He was driving behind PC Gary Thomson in another marked police vehicle. As they were driving along Stockwell Road in Brixton, PC Patel reached up to 83.7mph, in a 30mph speed limit. He was driving with the vehicle's front blue lights switched off, approximately four seconds behind his colleagues vehicle. As he was driving along the road, at 23:20 BST, he struck female pedestrian, Shante Daniel-Folkes, near to a pedestrian crossing next to a shop. PC Patel had attempted to steer away from her, however, collided with her at approximately 55mph. Despite first aid, she died at the scene. PC Patel was convicted at the Old Bailey.^[147]^[148]
9 June 2021	PC Gary Thomson	Carless driving (s3 Road Traffic Act 1988)	£500 fine (plus court costs) 5 penalty points on driving license	PC Gary Thomson was driving a marked police vehicle, responding to an emergency call, in convoy with a colleague in another marked police vehicle, PC Nadeem Patel, who was driving behind him. PC Thomson reached speeds of 79mph whilst on Stockwell Road, Brixton. As his vehicle passed a pedestrian crossing, female pedestrian Shante Daniel-Folkes, began to cross the road. However, PC Patel, attempting to steer away from her, collided with her at 55mph, causing her to die from her injuries at the scene. PC Thomson was convicted at the Old Bailey.^[147]^[148]
May - July 2021	PS Syed Ali	Harassment without violence (s2 Protection from Harassment Act 1997)	6-weeks-imprisonment, suspended for 18 months 200 hours of community service 3 year restraining order	PS Syed Ali sent nearly 500 messages, as well as images, of a sexual nature to a woman he met in 2015, when she had reported a crime. Despite asking him to stop contacting her, PS Ali continued, sending 450 texts between 13 and 23 July, before he was arrested.^[149]
Between 18 March and 21 March 2021	PC Jamie Rayner	Assault causing actual bodily harm (s47 Offences against the Person Act 1847) Engaging in controlling and coercive behaviour (s76 Serious Crime Act 2015)	2-years-and-three-months-imprisonment	PC Jamie Rayner repeatedly assaulted his then-partner, a fellow police officer. This included pinning her down and throttling her, to the point where she struggled to breathe. During another incident, PC Rayner pinned the victim down, stamping on he stomach, where he then grabbed her phone. Repeatedly punching her in the thigh and hitting her arm, he then trapped her with the door of the bathroom as she attempted to get her phone. This caused her bruising and a bloodied lip, as well as leaving her slumped on the floor crying. His partner told colleagues about the abuse she faced and when PC Rayner found out, he stated he'd acted in self-defence and threatened to make false allegations up about her. He suggested she blame the injuries he'd caused her on "rough sex". He was on trial and sentenced at Croydon Crown Court.^[150]^[151]
3 March 2021	PC Wayne Couzens	Kidnap (common law) Rape (s1 Sexual Offences Act 2003) Murder (common law)	Whole-life order	PC Wayne Couzens kidnapped 33-year-old Sarah Everard as she was walking home to the Brixton Hill area from a friend's house near Clapham Common. She was stopped by PC Couzens, who identified himself as a police officer, handcuffed her, and placed her in his car before driving her to near Dover where he raped and strangled her, before burning her body and disposing of her remains in a nearby pond. On 8 June 2021, Couzens pleaded guilty to Everard's kidnapping and rape, and admitted responsibility for her death. On 9 July, he pleaded guilty to her murder. He was sentenced to life imprisonment with a whole life order on 30 September 2021.^[152]^[153]^[154]^[155]^[156]^[157]
On or before 3 February 2021	PC Will Scott-Barrett	Sexual communication with a child (s15A Sexual Offences Act 2003)	9-months-imprisonment, suspended for 12 months 40 days rehabilitation Sexual Harm Prevention Order (SHPO) May be subject to an order from the Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS), depending if they think it is appropriate	PC Will Scott-Barrett was in contact from April 2020 with a 15-year-old boy using Snapchat and Discord. PC Scott-Barrett sent graphic sexual images and videos, as well as messages to the victim, whilst off duty.^[158]^[159]
2021	PC Tom Phillips	Sending grossly offensive messages of an indecent, obscene or menacing character (s127 Communications Act 2003)	71-days-imprisonment 2 year restraining order banning direct contact with the victims	PC Tom Phillips was in a relationship with another colleague from 2017, where, in 2021, it broke down. He sent racial slurs to his ex-partner about her new boyfriend, who was also a police officer, as well as using misogynistic language. When interviewed, he denied the offences, attempting to suggest that it was his partner who had written the messages and her partner had doctored screenshots. He was sentenced at Westminster Magistrates' Court.^[160]
4 December 2020	PC Archit Sharma	Sexual assault (s3 Sexual Offences Act 2003)	16-months-imprisonment Sex Offenders Register for ten years Restraining order for ten years Victim surcharge of £156	PC Archit Sharma was on duty when he sexually assaulted a female colleague, causing the victim to feel 'very anxious and scared'.He was sentenced at Wood Green Crown Court.^[161]^[162]
7 June 2020	PC Deniz Jaffer PC Jamie Lewis	Misconduct in public office (common law)	Two-years-and-nine-months imprisonment	PC Deniz Jaffer, 48, and PC Jamie Lewis, 33, were charged with misconduct for sharing "inappropriate" photographs^[163] at the scene of the murders of sisters Bibaa Henry and Nicole Smallman, causing distress to the family and general public.^[164]^[165] In December 2021, the two officers were each sentenced to two years and nine months in jail. The officers had taken selfies next to the sisters' dead bodies. The Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC) launched an inquiry into the behaviour of the police officers. Images had been shared on a WhatsApp group and a further six officers were investigated for failing to either challenge or report this.^[166] The IOPC reported that: "The investigation has also uncovered further alleged misconduct breaches of the standards of professional behaviour for a small number of officers which include honesty and integrity, and equality and diversity".^[164] The two officers pleaded guilty to misconduct in public office.^[167] Lewis was dismissed from the police, while Jaffer had already resigned.^[168]Mina Smallman, mother of Bibaa and Nicole, has since worked to raise awareness of the misconduct of the police^[169] and failures in the investigation of her daughters' deaths.^[170]^[171]
March 2020	PC Darren Hourigan	3 counts of possession of indecent images (s160 Criminal Justice Act 1980)	10-months-imprisonment, suspended for 1 year	PC Darren Hourigan, using two email addresses, accessed a portal of 3,490 videos and 295 still images indecent images. After his arrest, he told officers he had no idea about the images, before stating that he may have been hacked. He later admitted his offending. He was sentenced at Kingston upon Thames Crown Court.^[172]
2020	PC Dean Cupit	s2A Protection from Harassment Act 1997	18-month community order Rehabilitation activity requirement Unpaid work requirement £500 court costs £90 victim surcharge	^[173]^[174]
2020	SC Zara Idrak	Driving otherwise than in accordance with a license (s87 Road Traffic Act 1988) Driving without insurance (s143 Road Traffic Act 1988) Obstructing a police officer (s89 Police Act 1996)	Six penalty points on driving license £400 fine £30 victim surcharge £85 court costs	^[173]
August 2019 - November 2020	PC Matthew Cooper	Controlling and coercive behaviour in an intimate relationship (s76 Serious Crime Act 2015)	7-months-imprisonment, suspended for two years 30 day accreddited programme requirement 25 days rehabilitation activity requirement 60 days unpaid work requirement £200 prosecution costs Five year restraining order, prohibiting contact or being within 100 metres of an associated address of the victim	PC Matthew Cooper subjected his partner to a series of manipulative and threatening incidents. This included forcing her to put her phone on loudspeaker, preventing her from contacting her friends, as well as throwing glasses and furniture and tracking her whereabouts. He also berated her for purchases in attempts to control her finances. If the victim attempted to end the relationship, PC Cooper would threaten to kill himself or self-harm with a knife. The victim joined the Metropolitan Police, where, on confiding with colleagues, she made a statement. Her victim impact statement outlined how she had lost 10kg and left her job due to stress and the prospect of bumping into PC Cooper at work. The victim eventually emigrated to Australia.^[175]
Between November 2019 and April 2021	PC Liam Boshein	Possession of extreme pornographic images (s63 Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008)	42-weeks-imprisonment	PC Liam Boshein was found in possession of what was described as a "frankly repulsive" extreme pornographic image on his phone. The image was of two men having sex with the decapitated body of a woman. It was described as "certainly not something that the public would expect a police officer to have in his possession". Having been a trainee officer for three months, PC Boshein sent the photo to a colleague via WhatsApp. He was sentenced at Portsmouth Crown Court.^[176]^[177]^[178]
November 2019	DC Mark Collins	Attempting to incite a child to engage in sexual activity (Criminal Attempts Act 1981, of s10 Sexual Offences Act 2003) Six counts of attempting to engage in sexual communications with a child (Criminal Attempts Act 1981, of s15A Sexual Offences Act 2003)	Two-years-and-four-months-imprisonment	DC Mark Collins thought he was speaking to a 13-year-old girl, who was in fact an undercover police officer. He sent photographs of his genitalia via Kik, as well as making sexualised comments that he mentioned should be deleted. Some of the messages appeared to have been sent when DC Collins was on duty, but this couldn't be proven 'to the criminal standard'. DC Collins was arrested at work at Bromley police station that month. He was on trial at Westminster Magistrates' Court and sentenced at the Old Bailey.^[179]^[180]
11 August 2019	PC Rory Toner	Driving or being in charge of a motor vehicle with alcohol concentration above prescribed limit (s5 Road Traffic Act 1988)	Disqualified from driving for 17 months Fined £400 Ordered to pay £125 victim surcharge and court costs	^[173]
July 2019	PC Adnan Arib	Two counts of misconduct in public office (common law)	Two-years-imprisonment	PC Adnan Arib attended the flat of a 15-year-old girl after her mother had accused her of the theft of £10. PC Arib whispered to her to answer 'no' to any questions he asked her about the allegation. Telling her not to tell anyone, PC Arib told the girl he needed to meet her after school that day, asking her to write her name, phone number and email on a piece of paper. Using an unregistered phone, he contacted her, meeting her after school. The teenager became suspicious after PC Arib asked if she had other clothing, suggested her could teach her things and suggested they went to a park further away from her home address. He also asked if she had a boyfriend and suggested he took her for a drink, which made her feel "uncomfortable". After this meeting, she informed her mother, who contacted the authorities. PC Arib's unregistered phone was later interrogated that revealed he had recorded the contact details and subsequently contacted a 16-year-old girl, who he had previously supervised at a police station after she had gone missing. He told her he wanted to take her out and told her that she was "very pretty". He accessed a police report about her. After subsequently messaging her attempting to persuade her to meet him, she declined to do so. The incidents were investigated by the IOPC, whereby PC Arib initially denied owning the unregistered mobile that was located in his rucksack and that had been used to send and receive 47 text messages between him and the 16-year-old girl. He was sentenced at Southwark Crown Court.^[181]^[182]^[183]
April 2019	PS Dean Reid	Breach of a non-molestation order (s42 Family Law Act 1996)	Unknown	PS Dean Reid breached a non-molestation order that was put in place to protect his former partner. He pleaded guilty at Colchester Magistrates' Court.^[184]^[185]^[173]
18 February 2019	DS Benjamin McNish	Voyeurism (s67 Sexual Offences Act 2003)	20-weeks imprisonment, suspended for two years £750 in costs Complete a sexual offenders' programme Attend rehabilitation Sex Offender's Register for seven years	DS Benjamin McNish had been staying in police accommodation, when he used his phone to view a female resident who was showering. Noticing the phone, the victim, "confused and shocked", left the shower immediately, grabbing a towel, and on wrenching the door open, found DS McNish stood outside. She confronted him and he was arrested at the scene. McNish later claimed at trial at Southwark Crown Court that having forgotten to shave ahead of a drinks function, he had used his phone as an "extension of my eyes" to locate his razor. He was found guilty by the jury.^[186]^[187]
2019	PC Joel Borders	Five separate offences of sending grossly offensive messages on a public communications network (s127 of the Communications Act 2003)	Sentenced to 12 weeks' concurrent for each of the five offences	PC Jonathon Cobban and his colleague PC Joel Borders were in a WhatsApp group chat entitled 'Bottle and Stoppers', which they shared with Wayne Couzens. Within the chat, messages were swapped by PC Borders and PC Cobban including about tasering children and people with disabilities, as well as referring to Hounslow as a 'Somali shithole'. PC Cobban wrote in a message from 5 April 2019 how he wanted to taser a cat and dog, to see which reacted better, stating that he thought "the cat will get more pissed off and the dog will shit". He added he wanted to test the same theory with children, adding "zap zap you little fuckers". The messages within the group were of a prejudicial, racist, misogynistic, ableist and homophobic nature. Both officers described their messages as "banter", stating the comments were examples of "dark humour".^[188]They were found guilty at City of London Magistrates' Court, before being sentenced at Westminster Magistrates' Court.^[189]
2019	PC Jonathon Cobban	Three separate offences of sending grossly offensive messages on a public communications network (s127 of the Communications Act 2003)	Sentenced to 12 weeks' concurrent for each of the three offences.	PC Jonathon Cobban and his colleague PC Joel Borders were in a WhatsApp group chat entitled 'Bottle and Stoppers', which they shared with Wayne Couzens. Within the chat, messages were swapped by PC Borders and PC Cobban including about tasering children and people with disabilities, as well as referring to Hounslow as a 'Somali shithole'. PC Cobban wrote in a message from 5 April 2019 how he wanted to taser a cat and dog, to see which reacted better, stating that he thought "the cat will get more pissed off and the dog will shit". He added he wanted to test the same theory with children, adding "zap zap you little fuckers". The messages within the group were of a prejudicial, racist, misogynistic, ableist and homophobic nature. Both officers described their messages as "banter", stating the comments were examples of "dark humour".^[188]They were found guilty at City of London Magistrates' Court, before being sentenced at Westminster Magistrates' Court.^[189]
2019	PC Robin Ruston	Theft (s1 Theft Act 1968)	£207 court costs and victim surcharge	^[173]^[190]
2019	DS John Conner	Driving or being in charge of a motor vehicle with alcohol concentration above prescribed limit (s5 Road Traffic Act 1988)	Unknown	On 12 August 2019, DS John Conner pleaded guilty to drink driving at Basildon Magistrates' Court.^[184]
2019	SC Matthew Fincham	Possession of an imitation firearm in a public place (s19 Firearms Act 1968)	6-months-imprisonment, suspended for 12 months £115 victim surcharge	^[173]^[191]
2019	PC Shadman Islam	Driving or being in charge of a motor vehicle with alcohol concentration above prescribed limit (s5 Road Traffic Act 1988)	Banned from driving for 18 months Fined £406 Ordered to pay costs of £105 and a victim surcharge of £30	On 1 August 2019, PC Shadman Islam was convicted of drink driving at Basildon Magistrates' Court.^[173]
2019	PC Karl Franks	Driving or being in charge of a motor vehicle with alcohol concentration above prescribed limit (s5 Road Traffic Act 1988)	Disqualified from driving for 12 months Conditional discharge	On 5 July 2019, PC Karl Franks pleaded guilty to drink driving at Bromley Magistrates' Court.^[184]
20 October 2018	PC Julian Watkins	Assault	12-month community order 120 hours' unpaid work £585 court costs	^[173]^[192]
23 September 2018	PC Ryan Higson	Assault	12-month community order 90 hours unpaid work £2000 prosecution costs £100 compensation £85 victim surcharge	^[173]^[193]
5 September 2018	PC Hitesh Lakhani	Perverting the course of justice (common law)	3-years-imprisonment	On 5 September 2018, PC Hitesh Lakhani was off duty and called 101 to report a child had been sexually assaulted by a council street cleaner in Uxbridge. He alleged that he had witnessed the worker luring a child into bushes, forcing her to touch him. PC Lakhani offered a picture he had of the suspect and also provided a statement. The picture was posted on Hillingdon Police's social media feed, appealing to the public to assist in his capture. However, an investigation found there were no related allegations and CCTV proved then alleged offence hadn't occurred. It emerged that PC Lakhani had had a row with the council street cleaner over hedge trimmings and decided to create a false report.^[173]^[194]
11 February 2018	PC Avi Maharaj	Fraud by misrepresentation (s2 Fraud Act 2006)	12-months- imprisonemnt	^[173]^[195]
2018	PC Benjamin Zola	Dangerous driving (s2 Road Traffic Act 1988) Failure to report an accident (s170 Road Traffic Act 1988)		^[173]^[174]
2018 - 2021	PC Mohammed Sardar	Five counts under the Computer Misuse Act 1990	9-months-imprisonment, suspended for two years 200 hours of unpaid work	PC Mohammed Sardar accessed police systems on a number of occasions, looking at police records of people he knew, including a close associate who was awaiting trial. He also checked his own vehicle after it was involved in a crash. The Metropolitan Police found out about PC Sardar's searches in June 2021. He was sentenced at Southwark Crown Court.^[196]^[197]
Between November 2017 and October 2018	PS Okechukwu Efobi	Three charges under sections 1(1) and (3) of the Computer Misuse Act 1990	150 hours community service £90 victim surcharge £450 prosecution costs	^[173]^[198]
December 2017	PC Terry Malka	Outraging public decency	100 hours community service £300 costs	PC Terry Malka was seen masturbating in a compartment of a first-class train that was travelling between East Croydon and Horsham. He was spotted twice; once by station staff and then by a train guard. Rail staff stated that it appeared PC Malka had been drinking and when asked to show his ticket, he produced his warrant card. At Gatwick station, PC Malka was removed and arrested. Initially, PC Malka pleaded not guilty, claiming that his actions were to do with a sleeping disorder he had, where he also suffered priapism, causing him to have an erection for long periods of time. However, when he appeared at Lewes Crown Court, he pleaded guilty. The judge stated that the chances were "close to zero" of PC Malka continuing as a police officer, however, after a disciplinary hearing, he was cleared of misconduct and returned to work. As of February 2023, it was reported that the Metropolitan Police had confirmed they were looking at PC Malka's case as part of Operation Onyx, a review into historic sex allegations against serving officers.^[173]^[199]
June 2017	PC Lewis Simmons	Assault		^[173]^[174]
May 2017	PC Jonathan Blake	Failure to report an accident (s170 Road Traffic Act 1988)		^[173]^[200]
6 January 2017	PC Oliver Darby	Counts of theft (s1 Theft Act 1968)	12-month community order, including 200 hours community service and 20 days rehabilitation £1,500 costs	^[173]^[201]
2017	PC Scott Johnson	Misconduct in public office (common law)	2-years-imprisonment	^[173]^[202]
2017	SC Munaver Master	Three counts of making indecent photographs of children (s1 Protection of Children Act 1978)	18-month community order 45 day rehavilitation activity order 45 day programme requirement 80 hours' community work 5 year Sexual Harm Prevention Order (SHPO)	^[173]^[203]
2014 - 2017 and 2023	PC Cliff Mitchell	10 counts of rape (s1 Sexual Offences Act 2003) 3 counts of rape of a child under 13 (s5 Sexual Offences Act 2003) 1 count of kidnap (common law) 1 count of breaching a non-molestation order (s42A Family Law Act 1996)	Not yet sentenced	PC Cliff Mitchell was a police officer in the Metropolitan Police when a number of offences occurred. However, prior to joining the police, between 2014 and 2017, he raped one victim. He was subject to an investigation in 2017, however, this led to no further action. In 2023, now a police constable (having joined the Met in 2020 and started training in August 2021), PC Mitchell attended an address of a woman, raping her at knifepoint. He then blindfolded her with his hoody, tying her hands with cable ties and forcing her into his car. The victim managed to escape, approaching a member of the public who called 999 in Hackbridge. PC Mitchell was arrested seven miles away in Putney, after an alert was put on his car. The 2017 investigation was reopened, which led to three counts of rape of a child under 13 and three counts of rape. PC Mitchell was dismissed in December 2023, prior to his conviction. He is yet to be sentenced.^[204]^[205]
2003 - 2005 and 2010	PC Adam Provan	Six counts of rape (of a fellow police officer) (s1 Sexual Offences Act 2003) Two counts of rape of a 16-year-old girl (retrial in 2018 and 2023) (s1 Sexual Offences Act 2003)	9-years-imprisonment (2018 retrial, serving 3-years-and-3-months imprisonment before a successful appeal) 16-years-imprisonment, with an eight year extended license (2023 retrial (for the rape of the 16-year-old) as well as a trial for the rape of a police officer)	PC Adam Provan raped a fellow police officer on several occasions between 2003 and 2005. In 2010, he raped a 16-year-old girl, when he lied about his age and met on a blind date. In 2018, Provan was convicted after a retrial for raping the 16-year-old girl, where he was imprisoned before appealing the conviction. Later, the police officer he raped reported the incidents to police, whereby PC Provan faced a new trial, as well as a retrial for the rape of the 16-year-old girl. In 2023, he was found guilty on all counts and sentenced at Wood Green Crown Court.^[206]
2002 - 2020	PC David Carrick	1 count of attempted assault by penetration (Criminal Attempts Act 1981 of s2 Sexual Offences Act 2003) 1 count of attempted rape (Criminal Attempts Act 1981 of s1 Sexual Offences Act 2003) 1 count of attempted rape (Criminal Attempts Act 1981 of s1 Sexual Offences Act 2003) 1 count of causing a person to engage in sexual activity without consent (s4 Sexual Offences Act 2003) 1 count of false imprisonment (common law) 1 count of indecent assault (s3 Sexual Offences Act 2003) 2 counts of false imprisonment (common law) 3 count of coercive and controlling behaviour (s76 Serious Crime Act 2015) 5 counts of assault by penetration (s2 Sexual Offences Act 2003) 9 counts of sexual assault (s3 Sexual Offences Act 2003) 23 counts of rape (s1 Sexual Offences Act 2003)	36 life sentences with a minimum term of 30 years plus 239 days	PC David Carrick abused and raped multiple women he met using Badoo and Tinder, often in Hertfordshire, England.^[207]^[208] Using his job as an armed police officer to gain their trust and inflate his importance, he developed multiple abusive relationships with women.^[209] He degraded his victims, including physical abuse with a belt, imprisonment in small spaces, urinating on victims and rape.^[209] In some cases he controlled what his victims wore, when or what they ate, and where they slept.^[209] He would sometimes ban them from eating altogether.^[209] In October 2021, another woman reported to the police that he had date raped her a year earlier, deciding to come forward in response to the kidnapping, rape and murder of Sarah Everard by another Met officer.^[209]That same month, Carrick was arrested and suspended from police work.^[207] Carrick initially pleaded not guilty to all the charges against him.^[210] In December 2022,^[207] at the Old Bailey criminal court in Central London,^[164] Carrick pleaded guilty to 49 charges, including 24 of rape;^[207] the charges relate to twelve female victims.^[211] On 16 January 2023, at Southwark Crown Court, he pleaded guilty to four more charges of rape.^[207]Sadiq Khan, Mayor of London, reacted with a statement that he was "absolutely sickened and appalled".^[212] Crown Prosecution Service Chief Prosecutor Jaswant Narwal was quoted stating "the scale of the degradation Carrick subjected his victims to is unlike anything I have encountered in my 34 years with the Crown Prosecution Service".^[213] Carrick's sentencing hearing at Southwark Crown Court began on 6 February 2023.^[214] On 7 February 2023, he subsequently received 36 life sentences with a minimum term of 30 years plus 239 days, meaning he must serve that long in prison before becoming eligible for parole.^[215] He will become eligible for parole on 2 May 2052.^[216]
April 1970 to September 1972 (as a PC with the Metropolitan Police)	PC Paul Lamb	Rape of a girl under 16 (s6 Sexual Offences Act 1956) Two counts of indecent assault of a female under 16 (Sexual Offences Act 1956) 18 other sexual offences that took place during the 1970s in London and 1980s in Yorkshire	17-and-a-half-years imprisonment	PC Paul Lamb raped a child in Islington and indecently assaulted another between April 1970 and September 1972, when he was working as a police officer for the Metropolitan Police. He then moved to East Yorkshire, where he committed further child sexual offences. He was jailed in May 2021, dying at HM Prison Hull in May 2022.^[217]^[218]

See also

• Bow Street Police Museum
• Crime Museum
• Metropolitan Police Museum
• History of criminal justice § Modern police
• History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom
• List of medals awarded to Metropolitan Police officers

Notes

1. Later known as Chelsea.
2. Later known as Bow.
3. Later known as Hammersmith.
4. Later Tottenham.
5. Later by a Chief Constable (1886–1933), then a Deputy Assistant Commissioner (1933–1946), and finally a Deputy Commander (1946–1968) until their abolition in 1968.
6. From 1886 also J Division.
7. A, B, C, F, T, and V Divisions by 1933.
8. From 1965 also Q Division.
9. From 1886 also F Division.
10. G, H, K, N, J, and Thames Divisions by 1933.
11. From 1921 also Z Division.
12. Later known as Hackney.
13. Also known as Brent, Harrow or Bushey.

References

1. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 7 November 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
2. "Crime and Justice – Policing in London – Central Criminal Court". Oldbaileyonline.org. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
3. Mason, Gary; Keith Skinner (2004). The Official History of The Metropolitan Police. Carlton. pp. 10, 159(?). ISBN 1-84442-602-5.
4. Kathryn Costello. . Nettlesworth.durham.sch.uk. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
5. . Ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
6. . Met.police.uk. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
7. . Archived from the original on 8 January 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
8. "Origins of the Metropolitan Police". Open University. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
9. Taylor, J. "The Victorian Police Rattle Mystery"/ 18 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine The Constabulary (2003)
10. English Bill of Rights 1689
11. "Metropolitan Police Service – History of the Metropolitan Police Service". Met.police.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
12. "Family history | Metropolitan Police". Nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
13. . Friendsofmethistory.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
14. "Districts" and "Division" in Martin Fido and Keith Skinner, The Official Encyclopedia of Scotland Yard (Virgin Publishing: London, 1999), pages 70-71
15. "Research guides - London Metropolitan Police". National Archives. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
16. "Resource Material for Students of Social History from Police Archives". Open University. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
17. "Metropolitan Roll 1829–1899". Policememorial.org.uk. 25 February 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
18. . Southwarkspecials.com. Archived from the original on 9 April 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
19. Weaver, Michael (1997). "The Birmingham Bull Ring Riots of 1839: Variations on a Theme of Class Conflict". Social Science Quarterly. 78 (1): 137–148. ISSN 0038-4941. JSTOR 42863680.
20. "Thames Police - History - Government Sponsorship". River Police Museum. Retrieved 4 November 2020.
21. "Police" in Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert (1983) The London Encyclopedia: 605–9
22. Paul Begg and Keith Skinner (1993) The Scotland Yard Files: 40–2
23. "Measuring Worth". Retrieved 10 November 2010.
24. "Metropolitan Police History". Met Police. Retrieved 20 July 2006.
25. Stewart Evans and Donald Rumbelow (2006) Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates: 19–20
26. Stewart Evans and Donald Rumbelow (2006) Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates: 20–7
27. Rupert Allason (1983) The Branch: History of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch. London: Secker & Warburg. ISBN 0-436-01165-4
28. Stewart Evans and Donald Rumbelow (2006) Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates
29. "Timeline - 1829 to 1899". Friends of the Metropolitan Police Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
30. "London, 13 November 1887". Socialist Review. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
31. Cole, Howard N (1977). Coronation and Royal Commemorative Medals. London: J. B. Hayward & Son. pp. 7–8, 11–12, 22–23, 31–32. ISBN 0903754118.
32. Gary Mason (2004) The Official History of Scotland Yard: 31
33. Brian Lane (ed) (1988) The Murder Club Guide to London. London, Harrap: 82–4
34. "Metropolitan Police Service – History of the Metropolitan Police Service". Metropolitan Police. Archived from the original on 5 November 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
35. O'Neill, Sean; Weekes, Alicia (4 December 2009). "Woman blazing a trail in the police service". The Times. London.
36. "British Association for Women in Policing – Home Page". Bawp.org. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
37. "Family history | Metropolitan Police". Nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
38. "History - 1921-1939". Metropolitan Women's Police Association. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
39. "Women in the Police". Friends of the Metropolitan Police Heritage Centre. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
40. "No. 33768". The London Gazette. 3 November 1931. p. 7071.
41. Boyle, Andrew (1962). Trenchard Man of Vision. St James's Place, London: Collins. pp. 630–636.
42. Browne, Douglas (1956). The Rise of Scotland Yard. London: George G Harrap & Co. Ltd. pp. 346, 350, 351.
43. Gary Mason (2004) The Official History of the Metropolitan Police: 34–5
44. John W. Mussell (ed.). Medal Yearbook 2015. p. 256. Published Token Publishing Ltd, Honiton, Devon. 2015.
45. Fido, Martin; Skinner, Keith (2000). Official Encyclopedia of Scotland Yard. Virgin. p. 107. ISBN 1-85227-712-2.
46. "Timeline - 1900 to 1945". Friends of the Metropolitan Police Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
47. "Records of the Metropolitan Police Office (MEPO)". National Archives. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
48. "Terror in London: London Under Attack: The IRA Campaign". The Independent. Findarticles.com. Retrieved 6 May 2009. ^{[dead link]}
49. "On This Day 1975: Couple under siege in Balcombe Street". BBC News. 6 December 1975. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
50. Neiyyar, Dil (1 February 2011). "First female Asian police officer 'should be honoured'". BBC News. BBC.
51. Porn_King_and_Wife_Jailed_over_Vice_Ring%22._The_Guardian
52. "On This Day 1975: London's Spaghetti House siege ends". BBC News. 3 October 1995. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
53. Friends of the Metropolitan Police Historical Collection – FAQ: 1946 – 2007 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
54. "website: on this day 30 August 1975". BBC News. 30 August 1976. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
55. Paul Lewis "Blair Peach killed by police at 1979 protest, Met report finds", theguardian, 27 April 2010
56. "Activists to mark death of teacher – World – NZ Herald News". The New Zealand Herald. 9 March 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
57. "Peach 'died after police attack'". BBC News. 27 April 2010.
58. Peter Taylor (24 July 2002). "Six days that shook Britain". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
59. "Timeline - 1946 to date". Friends of the Metropolitan Police Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
60. "website: on this day 25 November 1981". BBC News. 25 November 1963. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
61. "Q&A The Scarman Report". BBC News. 27 April 2004. Retrieved 20 July 2006.
62. . Crimeandinvestigation.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
63. "On this day 28 September 1985". BBC News. 28 September 1995. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
64. "On this day 6 October 1985". BBC News. 6 October 1985. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
65. "website: Life for depraved killer". BBC News. 2 February 2001. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
66. "Serial Killers: Kenneth Erskine". Serialkillers.nl. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
67. "On this day 18 November 1987". BBC News. 18 November 1987. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
68. "On this day 12 December 1988". BBC News. 12 December 1988. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
69. Mawby, Rob C. (2002). Policing Images. Cullompton: Willan Publishing. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-903240-71-7.
70. "On this day 20 August 1989". BBC News. 20 August 1989. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
71. "BBC ON THIS DAY | 1990: Violence flares in poll tax demonstration". BBC News. 31 March 1966. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
72. "The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry". Archive.official-documents.co.uk. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
73. "On this day 13 December 1995". BBC News. 13 December 1995. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
74. The Job: Life sentence for London nailbomber 3 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine
75. "The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry". TSO. 24 February 1999. Retrieved 19 July 2006.
76. "Metropolitan Roll 1946 onwards". Police Roll of Honour Trust. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
77. . Metropolitan Police Service. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013.
78. "Borough Policing", in Martin Fido and Keith Skinner (2000), The Official Encyclopedia of Scotland Yard (Virgin Publishing: London, 1999), page 25
79. . MPA. Archived from the original on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
80. . Met.police.uk. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
81. "Met pressured for May Day 'apology'". BBC News. 11 June 2001. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
82. "ENGLAND | Thames torso police meet occult experts". BBC News. 15 April 2002. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
83. "Focus: Torso in the Thames – MUTI: THE STORY OF ADAM". Independent on Sunday. Retrieved 6 May 2009. ^{[dead link]}
84. Griffiths, Emma (15 September 2004). "Anger and defiance at hunt rally". BBC News. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
85. "On this day 7 July 2005". BBC News. 7 July 2005. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
86. "Indepth | London Attacks". BBC News. 22 July 2005. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
87. "UK | 'Airlines terror plot' disrupted". BBC News. 10 August 2006. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
88. . 10 Downing Street. 10 August 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
89. . This is Local London. 13 September 2006. Archived from the original on 12 November 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
90. "Stephen Lawrence murder: Dobson and Norris found guilty". BBC News. 3 January 2012.
91. "Stephen Lawrence: Gary Dobson and David Norris get life". BBC News. 4 January 2012.
92. Lewis, Paul (7 April 2009). "Video reveals G20 police assault on man who died". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 7 April 2009.
93. "Met suspends G20 footage officer". BBC News. 15 April 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2009.
94. McVeigh, Tracy (18 September 2010). "Protest the Pope rally sees 10,000 march through London's streets". The Guardian. London.
95. "Night Stalker rapist: Delroy Grant guilty". BBC News. 24 March 2011.
96. "Night Stalker rapist Delroy Grant jailed for 27 years". BBC News. 25 March 2011.
97. "News of the World 'was offered royal numbers'". BBC News. 11 July 2011.
98. "Royal wedding: Police arrest 55 around security zone". BBC News. 29 April 2011.
99. "England riots: Maps and timeline". BBC News. 15 August 2011.
100. "London riots: Met Police launch major investigation". BBC News. 7 August 2011.
101. . Mynewsdesk. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
102. Farmer, Ben (12 March 2017). "Madeline McCann's parents 'incredibly grateful' for £85,000 to extend police search for another six months". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
103. Police, Metropolitan. "Planning and Preparations – Metropolitan Police Service". content.met.police.uk. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
104. Walker, Peter (11 January 2013). "Jimmy Savile report: key findings". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
105. Martin, Evans (5 February 2015). "Operation Yewtree: The successes and failures". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
106. Travis, Alan (26 July 2019). "Suspects should stay anonymous until charged, MPs say". BBC News. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
107. Peck, Tom (2 April 2017). "Police bail for suspects capped at 28 days". The Independent. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
108. Police 'smear' campaign targeted Stephen Lawrence's friends and family | UK news. The Guardian. Retrieved on 22 August 2013.
109. Davenport, Justin (17 March 2014). "Met officers subject 4,600 children to strip searches over five years". London Evening Standard. p. 22.
110. Bates, Laura (1 October 2013). "Project Guardian: making public transport safer for women". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
111. "Women 'held as slaves for 30 years'". BBC News. 21 November 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
112. "Alice Gross search: Hunt for missing 14-year-old is largest since 7/7, says Met police".
113. Rajeev, Syal; Laville, Sandra (21 March 2016). "Operation Midland: how the Met lost its way". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
114. Dodd, Vikram; Taylor, Matthew (8 November 2016). "Operation Midland police fell for 'false claims' of VIP abuse, report says". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
115. Reed, Jim (26 July 2019). "Were police too quick to believe historical sex abuse claims?". BBC News. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
116. "Police continued spying on Labour activists after their election as MPs".
117. Low-level crimes to go uninvestigated in Met police spending cuts The Guardian
118. "Queen Opens New Scotland Yard". The Royal Family. 13 July 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
119. "Two killed in Westminster 'terror' attack". BBC News. 22 March 2017.
120. "Riot police protect firefighters from falling debris Grenfell tower block fire". Metro. 14 June 2017.
121. Davies, Caroline; Bowcott, Owen (19 June 2017). "Grenfell Tower fire: death toll raised to 79 as minute's silence held". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
122. "Police identify five victims of blaze". BBC News. 19 June 2017.
123. Sarah Everard; Wayne Couzens appears in court charged with murder
124. Sarah Everard: Priti Patel calls for investigation of vigil policing
125. Dodd, Vikram; Grierson, Jamie (30 March 2021). "Sarah Everard vigil report strongly defends police's use of force". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
126. Osborne, John; Stone, Jon (31 March 2021). "Police 'acted appropriately and were not heavy handed' at Sarah Everard vigil, review says". Independent. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
127. "An inspection of the Metropolitan Police Service's policing of a vigil held in commemoration of Sarah Everard". Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services. 30 March 2021.
128. "Police 'acted appropriately' at Sarah Everard vigil". BBC News. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
129. Hamilton, Fiona (31 March 2021). "Cressida Dick: Kate's Sarah Everard visit was legal but vigil was not". Times of London.
130. Osborne, John; Stone, Jon (31 March 2021). "Police 'acted appropriately and were not heavy handed' at Sarah Everard vigil, review says". The Independent. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
131. Dodd, Vikram (31 March 2021). "Police watchdog accused of skewing report to back protests clampdown". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
132. Grierson, Jamie (11 March 2022). "Met police breached Sarah Everard vigil organisers' human rights, high court rules". theguardian.com. Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
133. "Sarah Everard vigil: Met Police appeal against High Court ruling". bbc.co.uk. BBC. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
134. Neo-Nazi police officer Ben Hannam guilty of belonging to terror group National Action
135. Daniel Morgan murder: inquiry brands Met police ‘institutionally corrupt’
136. Dodd, Vikram (22 March 2022). "Met anti-corruption measures 'dire', damning report finds". theguardian.com. Guardian. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
137. "Met Police officer who stalked and took secret photos of woman is sacked". Ham & High. 29 January 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
138. "Met police officer from Northamptonshire jailed for stalking". BBC News. 8 November 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
139. Cuddeford, Callum (30 January 2024). "Stalker police officer followed woman and secretly took photos of her for months". My London. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
140. "Met Police: Sacked PC Sam Grigg jailed for false imprisonment". BBC News. 10 February 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
141. "Met Police officer found guilty of assaulting crime victim". BBC News. 29 January 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
142. "Met Police officer Thomas Andrews jailed for assaulting woman". BBC News. 7 March 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
143. "Met Police officer Thomas Andrews jailed for assaulting woman". BBC News. 7 March 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
144. "Serving Met police officer sentenced following conviction for online grooming offences". Hertfordshire Constabulary. 27 April 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
145. "Police sergeant sentenced to two years in prison over sexual assault in the sea | The Crown Prosecution Service". www.cps.gov.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
146. "Brighton: Officer jailed for sexually assaulting woman on stag do". BBC News. 28 July 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
147. "Met Police driver's sentence revealed as colleague found guilty". BBC News. 7 August 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
148. "MPS officer given three-year prison sentence for causing death by dangerous driving | Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC)". www.policeconduct.gov.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
149. "Ex-Met Police sergeant sentenced for sex messages to woman". BBC News. 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
150. "Met police officer dismissed after being jailed for repeatedly assaulting partner". South London News. 22 December 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
151. Quadri, Sami (8 November 2021). "Met officer jailed for two years for assaulting female officer". Evening Standard. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
152. Siddique, Haroon; correspondent, Haroon Siddique Legal affairs (29 September 2021). "Wayne Couzens timeline: footage shows movements before murdering Sarah Everard". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
153. "Sarah Everard murder: Wayne Couzens given whole-life sentence". BBC News. 30 September 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
154. "Sarah Everard was a wholly blameless victim, court hears". BBC News. 30 September 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
155. Dodd, Vikram; Siddique, Haroon (29 September 2021). "Wayne Couzens 'used police ID and handcuffs to kidnap Sarah Everard'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
156. "Sarah Everard: Images show victim with her killer Wayne Couzens moments before he abducted her, court hears". Sky News. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
157. "Sarah Everard: How Wayne Couzens planned her murder". BBC News. 30 September 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
158. "Ex-Met Police officer from Bromley sent graphic sex pictures and videos to boy, 15". News Shopper. 5 July 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
159. "Met Police: Will Scott-Barrett sentenced for sending boy sexual messages". BBC News. 5 July 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
160. "Met Police officer jailed for sending offensive WhatsApp messages". BBC News. 25 August 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
161. "Police officer jailed for sexual assault | The Crown Prosecution Service". www.cps.gov.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
162. "Former Met officer jailed for 'abhorrent' sexual assault of colleague". Enfield Independent. 10 June 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
163. Bashir, Martin (26 June 2020). "Wembley park murders: PCs 'took selfies next to sisters' dead bodies'". BBC News. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
164. "More Met Police officers face action over crime scene photos". BBC News. 25 August 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
165. Dash, Danielle (1 July 2020). "Black Lives Matter and the Nicole Smallman & Bibaa Henry murders". Stylist. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
166. Grierson, Jamie (25 August 2020). "Six more police officers investigated over photos of murdered sisters". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
167. Dodd, Vikram (3 November 2021). "Met police officers plead guilty over photos taken at scene of sisters' deaths". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
168. Dodd, Vikram (24 November 2021). "Met officers guilty of misconduct after sharing photos of murdered sisters". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
169. Williams, Hattie (30 June 2020). "Police officers dehumanised my children, says Archdeacon Smallman". Church Times. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
170. "'Met Police didn't care' says mother of murdered sisters". BBC Radio 4. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
171. Dodd, Vikram (26 June 2020). "Mother of murdered daughters attacks 'toxic' Met police culture". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
172. "Met Police officer spared jail after paying for videos of babies being abused". Newham Recorder. 7 July 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
173. Munro, Vicky (25 December 2019). "The 74 Met Police officers who brought shame on the force this year". My London. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
174. "Assault charges made against police officers - a Freedom of Information request to Metropolitan Police Service (MPS)". WhatDoTheyKnow. 26 July 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
175. Evans, Holly (1 December 2022). "Met Police officer tracked ex-girlfriend and refused to let her speak to friends". My London. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
176. "Met Police officer jailed over extreme pornographic image". BBC News. 17 March 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
177. "Metropolitan police officer jailed for having extreme image on his mobile phone | The Crown Prosecution Service". www.cps.gov.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
178. "Met officer jailed for 'repulsive' photo". LBC. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
179. "Officer who tried to send sexual messages to girl arrested at work in Bromley". News Shopper. 30 April 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
180. "Serving South London detective guilty of child sex offences". News Shopper. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
181. "Met Police: PC Adnan Arib guilty of misconduct over contact with girls". BBC News. 16 February 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
182. "Police officer found guilty of misconduct in public office | The Crown Prosecution Service". www.cps.gov.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
183. "Met officer Adnan Arib jailed for seeking relationship with teenage girls". BBC News. 3 March 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
184. "Barking detective sergeant sacked without notice after pleading guilty to drink driving". Barking and Dagenham Post. 20 December 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
185. "Former police sergeant broke court order imposed to protect former partner". Gazette. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
186. "Police officer who used phone to spy on woman in shower resigned before being sacked". Echo. 25 August 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
187. "Met Police detective who spied on woman in shower spared jail". BBC News. 14 July 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
188. "Met Police officer Jonathon Cobban and ex-PC Joel Borders sentenced to jail for sharing offensive WhatsApp messages with Sarah Everard's killer". Sky News. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
189. "Police officer and former constable sentenced for sharing grossly offensive WhatsApp messages | The Crown Prosecution Service". www.cps.gov.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
190. "PC kept £200 handed to him as 'lost property' by undercover officer". Echo. 18 August 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
191. "Special constable who carried imitation firearm in public committed gross misconduct". Newham Recorder. 7 August 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
192. Duggan, Richard (3 July 2019). "Community order for policeman who used 'unlawful force' on detainee at Heathrow". My London. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
193. "Police officer who assaulted man outside Kingston nightclub is convicted". Surrey Comet. 14 May 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
194. Davis, Tristan Kirk, Barney (10 January 2020). "Met Police officer jailed over fake claim against cleaner in hedge row". Evening Standard. Retrieved 12 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
195. "Police officer jailed for downloading porn on grieving father's account". www.shropshirestar.com. 5 September 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
196. "East London constable avoids jail after viewing police records for personal use". East London and West Essex Guardian Series. 9 January 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
197. "Former Met officer sentenced in court after viewing police records for personal use | Independent Office for Police Conduct (IOPC)". www.policeconduct.gov.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
198. Corfield, Gareth. "London cop illegally used police database to monitor investigation into himself". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
199. Evans, Martin (21 February 2023). "Met Police officer caught masturbating on train still a serving officer". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
200. "Hackney police officer sacked after crashing car then phoning in sick and lying about how much alcohol he had drunk". Hackney Gazette. 25 March 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
201. "Police officer who stole dead man's bank cards and ID spared prison". Eastern Daily Press. 27 August 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
202. "PC jailed for 'inappropriate relationship'". Kent Online. 6 December 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
203. "Special constable who made indecent images of children is sacked". Newham Recorder. 21 March 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
204. "Cliff Mitchell: Ex-Met PC found guilty of multiple counts of rape". BBC News. 21 February 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
205. "Former officer convicted of multiple rapes". Mynewsdesk. 21 February 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
206. "Adam Provan: Former Metropolitan Police officer jailed for 16 years for raping woman and teenager". Sky News. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
207. "Met Police officer David Carrick admits to being serial rapist". BBC News. 16 January 2023. from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
208. "How one woman's act of bravery exposed Met officer's abuse and police failures". the Guardian. 16 January 2023. from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
209. "David Carrick: The serial rapist and abuser in a police uniform". BBC News. 16 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
210. "Met Police officer David Carrick charged with 21 rapes to face trial". BBC News. 27 May 2022. from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
211. "David Carrick: The serial rapist and abuser in a police uniform". BBC News. 16 January 2023. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
212. "London police officer admits multiple counts of rape". CTV News. 16 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
213. Haq, Eve Brennan, Alex Hardie, Sana Noor (16 January 2023). "London police officer admits to dozens of offenses against women, including 24 cases of rape". CNN. from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 16 January 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
214. "David Carrick pleads guilty at court". Hertfordshire Police. 16 January 2023.
215. Rawlinson, Kevin (7 February 2023). "David Carrick: serial rapist and former Met police officer sentenced to more than 30 years in prison – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
216. "Criminal sentence – David Carrick – Mrs Justice Cheema-Grubb". The Law Pages. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
217. "Former Met Police officer who raped girl dies in prison". Islington Gazette. 17 July 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2024.
218. Campbell, James (16 July 2023). "Prolific East Yorkshire paedophile and ex-PC dies in Hull Prison". Hull Live. Retrieved 12 March 2024.

Further reading

• Douglas G. Browne, The Rise of Scotland Yard: A History of the Metropolitan Police (London: George G. Harrap & Co., 1956).
• Clive Emsley, The English Police: A Political and Social History (London: Routledge, 1996).
• Gary Mason, The Official History of the Metropolitan Police (London: Carlton Books Ltd, 2004).
• Laurence Thompson, The Story of Scotland Yard (New York: Random House, 1954).
• Basil Thomson, The Story of Scotland Yard (London: Grayson & Grayson, 1935).