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Wilsonianism

February 05, 2023

Wilsonianism, or Wilsonian idealism, is a certain type of foreign policy advice. The term comes from the ideas and proposals of President Woodrow Wilson. He issued his famous Fourteen Points in January 1918 as a basis for ending World War I and promoting world peace. He was a leading advocate of the League of Nations to enable the international community to avoid wars and end hostile aggression. Wilsonianism is a form of liberal internationalism.[1]

Principles

Common principles that are often associated with Wilsonianism include:

Historian Joan Hoff writes, "What is 'normal' Wilsonianism remains contested today. For some, it is 'inspiring liberal internationalism' based on adherence to self-determination; for others, Wilsonianism is the exemplar of humanitarian intervention around the world,' making U.S. foreign policy a paragon of carefully defined and restricted use of force."[11] Amos Perlmutter defined Wilsonianism as simultaneously consisting of "liberal internationalism, self-determination, nonintervention, humanitarian intervention" oriented in support of collective security, open diplomacy, capitalism, American exceptionalism, and free and open borders, and opposed to revolution.[11]

According to University of Chicago political theorist Adom Getachew, Wilson's version of self-determination was a reassociation of an idea that others had previously imbued with different meanings. Wilson's version of self-determination "effectively recast self-determination as a racially differentiated principle, which was fully compatible with imperial rule."[12]

Wilsonian moment

The Wilsonian moment was a time in the wake of the First World War in which many of those in the colonised world hoped that the time had come for the pre-war world order, which placed the Western powers at the top and marginalised the majority of the rest of the world, to be demolished and non-European nations would be given their rightful place.[13][14] Erez Manela is a key historian of the Wilsonian moment, having produced work on the topic which include case studies on the Wilsonian moment in Egypt,[15] Korea,[16] China, and India.[13] He aimed to address the fact that the significance of Wilsonianism in Asia and Africa had received little attention from scholars.[15] The reaction in the colonised world was largely the result of Wilson's Fourteen Points speech on 8 January 1918,[17] in which Wilson advocated the formation of a "general association of nations", "for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike".[18] He declared in a subsequent speech to the United States Congress on February 8, 1918, that in the post-war peace settlement "national aspirations must be respected" and people could only be governed "by their own consent". Self-determination was not "not a mere phrase" but an "imperative principle of action".[15]

Wilson's words launched an atmosphere of intense optimism and hope amongst marginalised peoples in all corners of the globe. Erez Manela argues that by December 1918, shortly before the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920), Wilson was "a man of almost transcendent significance".[13] Wilson's rhetoric certainly had an impact in Asian nations, including India, where he was hailed as "The Modern Apostle of Freedom" by Indian nationalist Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi,[13] and in China, where Wilson's words were viewed as a crucial opportunity to improve China’s situation domestically and internationally.[13] According to Manela, many in Asia had faith that Wilson could and did intend to form a new international order, reducing the gap between the East and the West.[13] In Egypt, Wilson's self-determination advocation led to hopes that Egypt may be freed from British control and would be afforded the opportunity to rule itself.[15] Sarah Claire Dunstan's work also indicates that Wilson's rhetoric had an impact on marginalised groups within the United States, such as African Americans.[14] Members of disenfranchised groups like the African-American community were enthusiastic and some members, like peoples in various colonised nations, felt an opportunity had arisen to forward their own case for self-determination.[14]

All the hopes for self-determination that Wilson raised would soon be dashed when the Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June 1919.[13] Versailles did not destroy the colonial system, and much of the colonial world was left in disillusionment. Manela suggests this led to violent protest movements in various marginalised nations, including the Egyptian Revolution of 1919, the May Fourth Movement in China, Mahatma Gandhi's passive resistance movement in India, and the March 1st Movement in Korea.[15]

Impact

Further information: Foreign policy of the Woodrow Wilson administration

Historian David Kennedy argues that American foreign relations since 1914 have rested on Wilsonian idealism, even if adjusted somewhat by the realism represented by Franklin D. Roosevelt and Henry Kissinger. Kennedy argues that every president since Wilson has "embraced the core precepts of Wilsonianism. Nixon himself hung Wilson's portrait in the White House Cabinet Room. Wilson's ideas continue to dominate American foreign policy in the twenty-first century. In the aftermath of 9/11 they have, if anything, taken on even greater vitality."[19]

Wilson was a remarkably effective writer and thinker, and his diplomatic policies had a profound influence on shaping the world. Diplomatic historian Walter Russell Mead said:

"Wilson's principles survived the eclipse of the Versailles system and that they still guide European politics today: self-determination, democratic government, collective security, international law, and a league of nations. Wilson may not have gotten everything he wanted at Versailles, and his treaty was never ratified by the Senate, but his vision and his diplomacy, for better or worse, set the tone for the twentieth century. France, Germany, Italy, and Britain may have sneered at Wilson, but every one of these powers today conducts its European policy along Wilsonian lines. What was once dismissed as visionary is now accepted as fundamental. This was no mean achievement, and no European statesman of the twentieth century has had as lasting, as benign, or as widespread an influence."[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ Stanley Hoffmann, "The Crisis of Liberal Internationalism, Foreign Policy, No. 98 (Spring, 1995), pp. 159–177.
  2. ^ "Woodrow Wilson and foreign policy". EDSITEment. National Endowment for the Humanities.
  3. ^ a b Anne-Marie Slaughter, "Wilsonianism in the Twenty-first Century" in The Crisis of American Foreign Policy: Wilsonianism in the Twenty-first Century (eds. G. John Ikenberry, Thomas J. Knock, Anne Marie-Slaughter & Tony Smith: Princeton University Press, 2009), pp. 94-96.
  4. ^ Trygve Throntveit, "Wilsonianism." in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History (2019).
  5. ^ Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 41-42.
  6. ^ Antonio Cassese, Self-Determination of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal (Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 19-21.
  7. ^ "Woodrow Wilson, Impact and Legacy". Miller Center. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 2018-01-07.
  8. ^ a b c Ambrosius, Lloyd E. (2002). Wilsonianism: Woodrow Wilson and His Legacy in American Foreign Relations. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 42–51.
  9. ^ Nicholas J. Cull, "Public Diplomacy Before Gullion: The Evolution of a Phrase" in Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy (Routledge: 2009). Eds. Nancy Snow & Philip M. Taylor.
  10. ^ Joel Ira Holwitt, "Execute Against Japan": The U.S. Decision to Conduct Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (Texas A&M Press, 2008), pp. 16-17.
  11. ^ a b Joan Hoff, A Faustian Foreign Policy from Woodrow Wilson to George W. Bush: Dreams of Perfectability (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 61.
  12. ^ Getachew, Adom (2019). Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination. Princeton University Press. p. 40. doi:10.2307/j.ctv3znwvg. ISBN 978-0-691-17915-5. JSTOR j.ctv3znwvg.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Manela, Erez (December 2006). "Imagining Woodrow Wilson in Asia: Dreams of East-West Harmony and the Revolt against Empire in 1919". American Historical Review. 111 (5): 1327–1351. doi:10.1086/ahr.111.5.1327.
  14. ^ a b c Dunstan, Sarah Claire (2016). "Conflicts of interest: the 1919 Pan-African Congress and the Wilsonian Moment". Callaloo. 39: 133–50. doi:10.1353/cal.2016.0017. S2CID 159668506.
  15. ^ a b c d e Manela, Erez (2001). "The 'Wilsonian Moment' and the Rise of Anticolonial Nationalism: The Case of Egypt". Diplomacy and Statecraft. 12 (4): 99–122. doi:10.1080/09592290108406228. S2CID 154809098.
  16. ^ Manela, Erez (2009). "The "Wilsonian Moment" in East Asia: The March First Movement in Global Perspective". Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies. 9: 11–27. doi:10.21866/esjeas.2009.9.1.002.
  17. ^ Storm, Eric (2019). "Questioning the Wilsonian moment: the role of Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Dissolution of European empires from the Belle Epoque through the First World War". European Review of History. 26 (5): 747–756. doi:10.1080/13507486.2019.1633276. S2CID 198604198.
  18. ^ "Our Documents – President Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points (1918)". www.ourdocuments.gov. 9 April 2021. Retrieved 2021-05-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  19. ^ David M. Kennedy, "What 'W' Owes to 'WW': President Bush May Not Even Know It, but He Can Trace His View of the World to Woodrow Wilson, Who Defined a Diplomatic Destiny for America That We Can't Escape." The Atlantic Monthly Vol: 295. Issue: 2. (March 2005) pp 36+.
  20. ^ Walter Russell Mead, Special Providence, (2001)

Further reading

  • Ambrosius, Lloyd E. Wilsonianism: Woodrow Wilson and His Legacy in American Foreign Relations (Palgrave Macmillan, 2002).
  • Cotton, James. "A century of Wilsonianism: a review essay." Australian Journal of Political Science 53.3 (2018): 398–407.
  • Fromkin, David. "What Is Wilsonianism?" World Policy Journal 11.1 (1994): 100-111 online.
  • Ikenberry, G. John, Thomas J. Knock, Anne-Marie Slaughter & Tony Smith. The Crisis of American Foreign Policy: Wilsonianism in the Twenty-first Century (Princeton University Press, 2009).
  • Layne, Christopher. The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present (Cornell Studies in Security Affairs) (Cornell University Press, 2000).
  • McAllister, James. Wilsonian Visions (Cornell University Press, 2021).
  • Menchik, Jeremy. "Woodrow Wilson and the Spirit of Liberal Internationalism." Politics, Religion & Ideology (2021): 1-23.
  • Nichols, Christopher McKnight. "The Wilson legacy, domestic and international." in A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover (2014) pp: 7-33.
  • Ninkovich, Frank. "4 The Wilsonian Anomaly; or, The Three Faces of Wilsonianism." in The Global Republic (U of Chicago Press, 2021) pp. 96–118.
  • Perlmutter, Amos. Making the world safe for democracy: A century of Wilsonianism and its totalitarian challengers (U of North Carolina Press, 1997).
  • Smith, Tony. Why Wilson Matters: The Origin of American Liberal Internationalism and Its Crisis Today (2019) excerpt
  • Thompson, John A. "Wilsonianism: the dynamics of a conflicted concept." International Affairs 86.1 (2010): 27–47.
  • Throntveit, Trygve. "Wilsonianism." in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History (2019).
  • Throntveit, Trygve. Power without Victory: Woodrow Wilson and the American Internationalist Experiment (2017)

February 05, 2023
wilsonianism, wilsonian, idealism, certain, type, foreign, policy, advice, term, comes, from, ideas, proposals, president, woodrow, wilson, issued, famous, fourteen, points, january, 1918, basis, ending, world, promoting, world, peace, leading, advocate, leagu. Wilsonianism or Wilsonian idealism is a certain type of foreign policy advice The term comes from the ideas and proposals of President Woodrow Wilson He issued his famous Fourteen Points in January 1918 as a basis for ending World War I and promoting world peace He was a leading advocate of the League of Nations to enable the international community to avoid wars and end hostile aggression Wilsonianism is a form of liberal internationalism 1 Contents 1 Principles 2 Wilsonian moment 3 Impact 4 See also 5 References 6 Further readingPrinciples EditCommon principles that are often associated with Wilsonianism include Advocacy of the spread of democracy 2 Anne Marie Slaughter writes that Wilson expected and hoped that democracy would result from self determination but he never sought to spread democracy directly 3 Slaughter writes that Wilson s League of Nations was similarly intended to foster liberty democracy by serving as a high wall behind which nations especially small nations could exercise their right of self determination but that Wilson did not envision that the United States would affirmatively intervene to direct or shape democracies in foreign nations 3 Conferences and bodies devoted to resolving conflict especially the League of Nations and the United Nations 4 Emphasis on self determination of peoples 5 6 Advocacy of the spread of capitalism 7 Support for collective security and at least partial opposition to American isolationism 8 Support for open diplomacy and opposition to secret treaties 8 9 Support for freedom of navigation and freedom of the seas 8 10 Historian Joan Hoff writes What is normal Wilsonianism remains contested today For some it is inspiring liberal internationalism based on adherence to self determination for others Wilsonianism is the exemplar of humanitarian intervention around the world making U S foreign policy a paragon of carefully defined and restricted use of force 11 Amos Perlmutter defined Wilsonianism as simultaneously consisting of liberal internationalism self determination nonintervention humanitarian intervention oriented in support of collective security open diplomacy capitalism American exceptionalism and free and open borders and opposed to revolution 11 According to University of Chicago political theorist Adom Getachew Wilson s version of self determination was a reassociation of an idea that others had previously imbued with different meanings Wilson s version of self determination effectively recast self determination as a racially differentiated principle which was fully compatible with imperial rule 12 Wilsonian moment EditThe Wilsonian moment was a time in the wake of the First World War in which many of those in the colonised world hoped that the time had come for the pre war world order which placed the Western powers at the top and marginalised the majority of the rest of the world to be demolished and non European nations would be given their rightful place 13 14 Erez Manela is a key historian of the Wilsonian moment having produced work on the topic which include case studies on the Wilsonian moment in Egypt 15 Korea 16 China and India 13 He aimed to address the fact that the significance of Wilsonianism in Asia and Africa had received little attention from scholars 15 The reaction in the colonised world was largely the result of Wilson s Fourteen Points speech on 8 January 1918 17 in which Wilson advocated the formation of a general association of nations for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike 18 He declared in a subsequent speech to the United States Congress on February 8 1918 that in the post war peace settlement national aspirations must be respected and people could only be governed by their own consent Self determination was not not a mere phrase but an imperative principle of action 15 Wilson s words launched an atmosphere of intense optimism and hope amongst marginalised peoples in all corners of the globe Erez Manela argues that by December 1918 shortly before the Paris Peace Conference 1919 1920 Wilson was a man of almost transcendent significance 13 Wilson s rhetoric certainly had an impact in Asian nations including India where he was hailed as The Modern Apostle of Freedom by Indian nationalist Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi 13 and in China where Wilson s words were viewed as a crucial opportunity to improve China s situation domestically and internationally 13 According to Manela many in Asia had faith that Wilson could and did intend to form a new international order reducing the gap between the East and the West 13 In Egypt Wilson s self determination advocation led to hopes that Egypt may be freed from British control and would be afforded the opportunity to rule itself 15 Sarah Claire Dunstan s work also indicates that Wilson s rhetoric had an impact on marginalised groups within the United States such as African Americans 14 Members of disenfranchised groups like the African American community were enthusiastic and some members like peoples in various colonised nations felt an opportunity had arisen to forward their own case for self determination 14 All the hopes for self determination that Wilson raised would soon be dashed when the Treaty of Versailles was signed on 28 June 1919 13 Versailles did not destroy the colonial system and much of the colonial world was left in disillusionment Manela suggests this led to violent protest movements in various marginalised nations including the Egyptian Revolution of 1919 the May Fourth Movement in China Mahatma Gandhi s passive resistance movement in India and the March 1st Movement in Korea 15 Impact EditFurther information Foreign policy of the Woodrow Wilson administration Historian David Kennedy argues that American foreign relations since 1914 have rested on Wilsonian idealism even if adjusted somewhat by the realism represented by Franklin D Roosevelt and Henry Kissinger Kennedy argues that every president since Wilson has embraced the core precepts of Wilsonianism Nixon himself hung Wilson s portrait in the White House Cabinet Room Wilson s ideas continue to dominate American foreign policy in the twenty first century In the aftermath of 9 11 they have if anything taken on even greater vitality 19 Wilson was a remarkably effective writer and thinker and his diplomatic policies had a profound influence on shaping the world Diplomatic historian Walter Russell Mead said Wilson s principles survived the eclipse of the Versailles system and that they still guide European politics today self determination democratic government collective security international law and a league of nations Wilson may not have gotten everything he wanted at Versailles and his treaty was never ratified by the Senate but his vision and his diplomacy for better or worse set the tone for the twentieth century France Germany Italy and Britain may have sneered at Wilson but every one of these powers today conducts its European policy along Wilsonian lines What was once dismissed as visionary is now accepted as fundamental This was no mean achievement and no European statesman of the twentieth century has had as lasting as benign or as widespread an influence 20 See also EditDiplomatic history of World War I Empire of Liberty International relations 1919 1939 Nation buildingReferences Edit Stanley Hoffmann The Crisis of Liberal Internationalism Foreign Policy No 98 Spring 1995 pp 159 177 Woodrow Wilson and foreign policy EDSITEment National Endowment for the Humanities a b Anne Marie Slaughter Wilsonianism in the Twenty first Century in The Crisis of American Foreign Policy Wilsonianism in the Twenty first Century eds G John Ikenberry Thomas J Knock Anne Marie Slaughter amp Tony Smith Princeton University Press 2009 pp 94 96 Trygve Throntveit Wilsonianism in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History 2019 Erez Manela The Wilsonian Moment Self Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism Oxford University Press 2007 pp 41 42 Antonio Cassese Self Determination of Peoples A Legal Reappraisal Cambridge University Press 1995 pp 19 21 Woodrow Wilson Impact and Legacy Miller Center 4 October 2016 Retrieved 2018 01 07 a b c Ambrosius Lloyd E 2002 Wilsonianism Woodrow Wilson and His Legacy in American Foreign Relations Palgrave Macmillan pp 42 51 Nicholas J Cull Public Diplomacy Before Gullion The Evolution of a Phrase in Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy Routledge 2009 Eds Nancy Snow amp Philip M Taylor Joel Ira Holwitt Execute Against Japan The U S Decision to Conduct Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Texas A amp M Press 2008 pp 16 17 a b Joan Hoff A Faustian Foreign Policy from Woodrow Wilson to George W Bush Dreams of Perfectability Cambridge University Press 2007 p 61 Getachew Adom 2019 Worldmaking after Empire The Rise and Fall of Self Determination Princeton University Press p 40 doi 10 2307 j ctv3znwvg ISBN 978 0 691 17915 5 JSTOR j ctv3znwvg a b c d e f g Manela Erez December 2006 Imagining Woodrow Wilson in Asia Dreams of East West Harmony and the Revolt against Empire in 1919 American Historical Review 111 5 1327 1351 doi 10 1086 ahr 111 5 1327 a b c Dunstan Sarah Claire 2016 Conflicts of interest the 1919 Pan African Congress and the Wilsonian Moment Callaloo 39 133 50 doi 10 1353 cal 2016 0017 S2CID 159668506 a b c d e Manela Erez 2001 The Wilsonian Moment and the Rise of Anticolonial Nationalism The Case of Egypt Diplomacy and Statecraft 12 4 99 122 doi 10 1080 09592290108406228 S2CID 154809098 Manela Erez 2009 The Wilsonian Moment in East Asia The March First Movement in Global Perspective Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies 9 11 27 doi 10 21866 esjeas 2009 9 1 002 Storm Eric 2019 Questioning the Wilsonian moment the role of Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Dissolution of European empires from the Belle Epoque through the First World War European Review of History 26 5 747 756 doi 10 1080 13507486 2019 1633276 S2CID 198604198 Our Documents President Woodrow Wilson s 14 Points 1918 www ourdocuments gov 9 April 2021 Retrieved 2021 05 20 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link David M Kennedy What W Owes to WW President Bush May Not Even Know It but He Can Trace His View of the World to Woodrow Wilson Who Defined a Diplomatic Destiny for America That We Can t Escape The Atlantic Monthly Vol 295 Issue 2 March 2005 pp 36 Walter Russell Mead Special Providence 2001 Further reading EditAmbrosius Lloyd E Wilsonianism Woodrow Wilson and His Legacy in American Foreign Relations Palgrave Macmillan 2002 Cotton James A century of Wilsonianism a review essay Australian Journal of Political Science 53 3 2018 398 407 Fromkin David What Is Wilsonianism World Policy Journal 11 1 1994 100 111 online Ikenberry G John Thomas J Knock Anne Marie Slaughter amp Tony Smith The Crisis of American Foreign Policy Wilsonianism in the Twenty first Century Princeton University Press 2009 Layne Christopher The Peace of Illusions American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present Cornell Studies in Security Affairs Cornell University Press 2000 McAllister James Wilsonian Visions Cornell University Press 2021 Menchik Jeremy Woodrow Wilson and the Spirit of Liberal Internationalism Politics Religion amp Ideology 2021 1 23 Nichols Christopher McKnight The Wilson legacy domestic and international in A Companion to Warren G Harding Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover 2014 pp 7 33 Ninkovich Frank 4 The Wilsonian Anomaly or The Three Faces of Wilsonianism in The Global Republic U of Chicago Press 2021 pp 96 118 Perlmutter Amos Making the world safe for democracy A century of Wilsonianism and its totalitarian challengers U of North Carolina Press 1997 Smith Tony Why Wilson Matters The Origin of American Liberal Internationalism and Its Crisis Today 2019 excerpt Thompson John A Wilsonianism the dynamics of a conflicted concept International Affairs 86 1 2010 27 47 Throntveit Trygve Wilsonianism in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History 2019 Throntveit Trygve Power without Victory Woodrow Wilson and the American Internationalist Experiment 2017 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wilsonianism amp oldid 1136074520, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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