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Wilhelm Haacke

February 16, 2024

Johann Wilhelm Haacke (23 August 1855 – 6 December 1912) was a German zoologist born in Clenze, which is now Lower Saxony, who served as Director of the South Australian Museum in Adelaide from 1882 to 1884.

Career edit

He studied zoology at the University of Jena, earning his doctorate in 1878. Afterwards he worked as an assistant of Ernst Haeckel in Jena and at the university of Kiel. In 1881 he emigrated to New Zealand, working at the museums in Dunedin, under Professor Parker, and Christchurch under Professor von Haast.

The following year he moved to Australia, where he replaced F. G. Waterhouse[1] as Director of the South Australian Museum in Adelaide, and was a founding member of the Field Naturalists Society of South Australia. Haacke was one of a number of influential German-speaking residents — such as Ludwig Becker, Hermann Beckler, William Blandowski, Amalie Dietrich, Diedrich Henne, Gerard Krefft, Johann Luehmann, Johann Menge, Ludwig Preiss, Carl Ludwig Christian Rümker (a.k.a. Ruemker), Moritz Richard Schomburgk, Richard Wolfgang Semon, Karl Theodor Staiger, George Ulrich, Eugene von Guérard, Robert von Lendenfeld, Ferdinand von Mueller, Georg von Neumayer, and Carl Wilhelmi — who brought their "epistemic traditions" to Australia, and not only became "deeply entangled with the Australian colonial project", but also were "intricately involved in imagining, knowing and shaping colonial Australia" (Barrett, et al., 2018, p. 2).[2]

In August 1884 he laid to rest an old mystery about echidnas, proving they are oviparous not viviparous,[3] with a specimen sent to the museum by a naturalist on Kangaroo Island.[4] His work and the liberality with which he was treated attracted some criticism,[5] as did his bombastic self-promotion. He resigned his position in October 1884, after a series of disputes with the museum's management[6] but did not leave the colony.[7]

He served as zoologist with the 1885 Geographical Society of Australasia's expedition to the Fly River, Papua New Guinea.[8] In June 1886 he announced his imminent departure for Europe, and was invited by a large deputation of German settlers to represent them at an Allgemeiner Deutscher Kongress to be held in Berlin that September but declined, and left South Australia around July 1886 without fanfare.

From 1888 to 1893 he was director of the zoo in Frankfurt-am-Main, and afterwards was a lecturer at Darmstadt University of Technology (until 1897). Later, he worked as a private scholar and grammar school teacher.[9] He died in Lüneburg on December 6, 1912.

Haacke is remembered for research of oviparity in monotremes, and studies involving the morphology of jellyfish and corals. In 1893 he coined the evolutionary term "orthogenesis". He also conducted investigations in the field of animal husbandry.[9]

Evolutionary views edit

Haacke studied under Ernst Haeckel. He later turned against Haeckel for holding Darwinist views. He was also a critic of August Weismann. He experimented with mice and proposed a system of heredity similar to Gregor Mendel but differed in results. Haacke was a neo-Lamarckian and proponent of the inheritance of acquired characters.[10]

Haacke believed that cells consist of individuals called gemmaria that operate as hereditary units. These consist of even smaller units known as gemmae. He believed these units to explain neo-Lamarckian inheritance. He was a proponent of orthogenesis. He held that from his theory of epimorphism evolution is a directed process tending towards perfection.[10]

Selected writings edit

He made contributions to Brehms Tierleben, a popular zoological compendium published in several editions, and with illustrator Wilhelm Kuhnert published Das Tierleben der Erde.[11][12] Other noteworthy written efforts include:

  • Die Schöpfung der Tierwelt (1893)
  • Gestaltung und Vererbung. Eine Entwickelungsmechanik der Organismen (1893)
  • Die Schöpfung of Menschen und seiner Ideal. Ein Versuch zur Versöhnung zwischen Religion und Wissenschaft (1895)
  • Aus der Schöpfungswerkstatt (1897)
  • Grundriss der Entwickelungsmechanik (1897)

Taxon named in his honor edit

The Wavy grubfish Parapercis haackei is named in his honor.[13]

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ "South Australian Institute". The South Australian Advertiser. Vol. XXIV, no. 7296. South Australia. 8 March 1882. p. 4. Retrieved 7 October 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  2. ^ In relation to "Australasia", another German-speaking explorer and geologist, Julius von Haast (1822-1887), was appointed as the inaugural Curator/Director of the Canterbury Museum, in Christchurch, New Zealand in 1867.
  3. ^ "Australian Biology". South Australian Register. Vol. XLIX, no. 11, 799. South Australia. 6 September 1884. p. 5. Retrieved 7 October 2017 – via National Library of Australia. William Hay Caldwell in New South Wales made a similar (and almost coincidental) finding with the platypus
  4. ^ "Notes upon Additions from the Museum". South Australian Register. Vol. LI, no. 12, 404. South Australia. 16 August 1886. p. 6. Retrieved 7 October 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  5. ^ "Our City Letter". Kapunda Herald. Vol. XX, no. 1699. South Australia. 21 October 1884. p. 3. Retrieved 6 October 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  6. ^ "The Museum Officials". South Australian Register. Vol. XLIX, no. 11, 835. South Australia. 18 October 1884. p. 4. Retrieved 7 October 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  7. ^ "Dr. Haacke on Science in South Australia". The South Australian Advertiser. Vol. XXVII, no. 8242. South Australia. 19 March 1885. p. 6. Retrieved 7 October 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  8. ^ "The Late New Guinea Expedition". The South Australian Advertiser. Vol. XXVIII, no. 8474. South Australia. 15 December 1885. p. 5. Retrieved 6 October 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  9. ^ a b Deutsche Biographie
  10. ^ a b Levit, Georgy S; Olsson, Lennart. (2007). Evolution on Rails Mechanisms and Levels of Orthogenesis. In Volker Wissemann. Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology 11/2006. Universitätsverlag Göttingen. pp. 100-104.
  11. ^ Galerie Wimmer Wilhelm Kuhnert
  12. ^ Daum. Wissenschaftspopularisierung. pp. 385, 389, 412, 458, 489–90, including a short biography.
  13. ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (22 September 2018). "Order URANOSCOPIFORMES: PINGUIPEDIDAE, CHEIMARRICHTHYIDAE, AMMODYTIDAE and URANOSCOPIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

References edit

  • Barrett, L., Eckstein, L., Hurley, A.W. & Schwarz A. (2018), "Remembering German-Australian Colonial Entanglement: An Introduction", Postcolonial Studies, Vol.21, No.1, (January 2018), pp. 1–5. doi:10.1080/13688790.2018.1443671

Further reading edit

  • "This article includes text based on a translation of an equivalent article at the French Wikipedia", listed as Allen G. Debus (ed.) (1968). World Who's Who in Science. . A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Scientists from Antiquity to the Present, Marquis Who's Who (Chicago): xvi + 1855 p.
  • The Contemporary Review, Essay on Monotremes
  • Daum, Andreas. Wissenschaftspopularisierung im 19. Jahrhundert: Bürgerliche Kultur, naturwissenschaftliche Bildung und die deutsche Öffentlichkeit, 1848–1914. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1998, ISBN 3-486-56337-8.

February 16, 2024
wilhelm, haacke, johann, august, 1855, december, 1912, german, zoologist, born, clenze, which, lower, saxony, served, director, south, australian, museum, adelaide, from, 1882, 1884, contents, career, evolutionary, views, selected, writings, taxon, named, hono. Johann Wilhelm Haacke 23 August 1855 6 December 1912 was a German zoologist born in Clenze which is now Lower Saxony who served as Director of the South Australian Museum in Adelaide from 1882 to 1884 Contents 1 Career 2 Evolutionary views 3 Selected writings 4 Taxon named in his honor 5 Footnotes 6 References 6 1 Further readingCareer editHe studied zoology at the University of Jena earning his doctorate in 1878 Afterwards he worked as an assistant of Ernst Haeckel in Jena and at the university of Kiel In 1881 he emigrated to New Zealand working at the museums in Dunedin under Professor Parker and Christchurch under Professor von Haast The following year he moved to Australia where he replaced F G Waterhouse 1 as Director of the South Australian Museum in Adelaide and was a founding member of the Field Naturalists Society of South Australia Haacke was one of a number of influential German speaking residents such as Ludwig Becker Hermann Beckler William Blandowski Amalie Dietrich Diedrich Henne Gerard Krefft Johann Luehmann Johann Menge Ludwig Preiss Carl Ludwig Christian Rumker a k a Ruemker Moritz Richard Schomburgk Richard Wolfgang Semon Karl Theodor Staiger George Ulrich Eugene von Guerard Robert von Lendenfeld Ferdinand von Mueller Georg von Neumayer and Carl Wilhelmi who brought their epistemic traditions to Australia and not only became deeply entangled with the Australian colonial project but also were intricately involved in imagining knowing and shaping colonial Australia Barrett et al 2018 p 2 2 In August 1884 he laid to rest an old mystery about echidnas proving they are oviparous not viviparous 3 with a specimen sent to the museum by a naturalist on Kangaroo Island 4 His work and the liberality with which he was treated attracted some criticism 5 as did his bombastic self promotion He resigned his position in October 1884 after a series of disputes with the museum s management 6 but did not leave the colony 7 He served as zoologist with the 1885 Geographical Society of Australasia s expedition to the Fly River Papua New Guinea 8 In June 1886 he announced his imminent departure for Europe and was invited by a large deputation of German settlers to represent them at an Allgemeiner Deutscher Kongress to be held in Berlin that September but declined and left South Australia around July 1886 without fanfare From 1888 to 1893 he was director of the zoo in Frankfurt am Main and afterwards was a lecturer at Darmstadt University of Technology until 1897 Later he worked as a private scholar and grammar school teacher 9 He died in Luneburg on December 6 1912 Haacke is remembered for research of oviparity in monotremes and studies involving the morphology of jellyfish and corals In 1893 he coined the evolutionary term orthogenesis He also conducted investigations in the field of animal husbandry 9 Evolutionary views editHaacke studied under Ernst Haeckel He later turned against Haeckel for holding Darwinist views He was also a critic of August Weismann He experimented with mice and proposed a system of heredity similar to Gregor Mendel but differed in results Haacke was a neo Lamarckian and proponent of the inheritance of acquired characters 10 Haacke believed that cells consist of individuals called gemmaria that operate as hereditary units These consist of even smaller units known as gemmae He believed these units to explain neo Lamarckian inheritance He was a proponent of orthogenesis He held that from his theory of epimorphism evolution is a directed process tending towards perfection 10 Selected writings editHe made contributions to Brehms Tierleben a popular zoological compendium published in several editions and with illustrator Wilhelm Kuhnert published Das Tierleben der Erde 11 12 Other noteworthy written efforts include Die Schopfung der Tierwelt 1893 Gestaltung und Vererbung Eine Entwickelungsmechanik der Organismen 1893 Die Schopfung of Menschen und seiner Ideal Ein Versuch zur Versohnung zwischen Religion und Wissenschaft 1895 Aus der Schopfungswerkstatt 1897 Grundriss der Entwickelungsmechanik 1897 Taxon named in his honor editThe Wavy grubfish Parapercis haackei is named in his honor 13 Footnotes edit South Australian Institute The South Australian Advertiser Vol XXIV no 7296 South Australia 8 March 1882 p 4 Retrieved 7 October 2017 via National Library of Australia In relation to Australasia another German speaking explorer and geologist Julius von Haast 1822 1887 was appointed as the inaugural Curator Director of the Canterbury Museum in Christchurch New Zealand in 1867 Australian Biology South Australian Register Vol XLIX no 11 799 South Australia 6 September 1884 p 5 Retrieved 7 October 2017 via National Library of Australia William Hay Caldwell in New South Wales made a similar and almost coincidental finding with the platypus Notes upon Additions from the Museum South Australian Register Vol LI no 12 404 South Australia 16 August 1886 p 6 Retrieved 7 October 2017 via National Library of Australia Our City Letter Kapunda Herald Vol XX no 1699 South Australia 21 October 1884 p 3 Retrieved 6 October 2017 via National Library of Australia The Museum Officials South Australian Register Vol XLIX no 11 835 South Australia 18 October 1884 p 4 Retrieved 7 October 2017 via National Library of Australia Dr Haacke on Science in South Australia The South Australian Advertiser Vol XXVII no 8242 South Australia 19 March 1885 p 6 Retrieved 7 October 2017 via National Library of Australia The Late New Guinea Expedition The South Australian Advertiser Vol XXVIII no 8474 South Australia 15 December 1885 p 5 Retrieved 6 October 2017 via National Library of Australia a b Deutsche Biographie a b Levit Georgy S Olsson Lennart 2007 Evolution on Rails Mechanisms and Levels of Orthogenesis In Volker Wissemann Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology 11 2006 Universitatsverlag Gottingen pp 100 104 Galerie Wimmer Wilhelm Kuhnert Daum Wissenschaftspopularisierung pp 385 389 412 458 489 90 including a short biography Christopher Scharpf amp Kenneth J Lazara 22 September 2018 Order URANOSCOPIFORMES PINGUIPEDIDAE CHEIMARRICHTHYIDAE AMMODYTIDAE and URANOSCOPIDAE The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J Lazara Retrieved 9 March 2022 References editBarrett L Eckstein L Hurley A W amp Schwarz A 2018 Remembering German Australian Colonial Entanglement An Introduction Postcolonial Studies Vol 21 No 1 January 2018 pp 1 5 doi 10 1080 13688790 2018 1443671Further reading edit This article includes text based on a translation of an equivalent article at the French Wikipedia listed as Allen G Debus ed 1968 World Who s Who in Science A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Scientists from Antiquity to the Present Marquis Who s Who Chicago xvi 1855 p The Contemporary Review Essay on Monotremes Daum Andreas Wissenschaftspopularisierung im 19 Jahrhundert Burgerliche Kultur naturwissenschaftliche Bildung und die deutsche Offentlichkeit 1848 1914 Munich Oldenbourg 1998 ISBN 3 486 56337 8 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wilhelm Haacke amp oldid 1181032455, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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