This article is about water use in plant physiology. For water use efficiency by humans, see Water efficiency.
Water-use efficiency (WUE) refers to the ratio of plantbiomass to water lost by transpiration, can be defined either at the leaf, at the whole plant or a population/stand/field level:
plant level : water-use efficiency of productivity (also called integrated water-use efficiency or transpiration efficiency,TE), which is typically defined as the ratio of dry biomass produced to the rate of transpiration.[3]
field level : based on measurements of CO2 and water fluxes over a field of a crop or a forest, using the eddy covariance technique[4]
Research to improve the water-use efficiecy of crop plants has been ongoing from the early 20th century, however with difficulties to actually achieve crops with increased water-use efficiency.[5]
Intrinsic water-use efficiency Wi usually increases during soil drought, due to stomatal closure and a reduction in transpiration, and is therefore often linked to drought tolerance. Observatios from several authors[3][6][7][8] have however suggested that WUE would rather be linked to different drought response strategies, where
low WUE plants could either correspond to a drought tolerance strategy, for example by anatomical adaptations reducing vulnerability to xylem cavitation, or to a drought avoidance/water spender strategy through a wide soil exploration by roots or a drought escape strategy due to early flowering
whereas high WUE plants could correspond to a drought avoidance/water saving strategy, through drought-sensitive, early closing stomata.
Increases in water-use efficiency are commonly cited as a response mechanism of plants to moderate to severe soil water deficits and have been the focus of many programs that seek to increase crop tolerance to drought.[9] However, there is some question as to the benefit of increased water-use efficiency of plants in agricultural systems, as the processes of increased yield production and decreased water loss due to transpiration (that is, the main driver of increases in water-use efficiency) are fundamentally opposed.[10][11] If there existed a situation where water deficit induced lower transpirational rates without simultaneously decreasing photosynthetic rates and biomass production, then water-use efficiency would be both greatly improved and the desired trait in crop production.
Water-use efficiency is also a much studied trait in Plant ecology, where it has been used already in the early 20th century to study the ecological requirements of Herbaceous plants[12] or forest trees,[13] and is still used today, for example related to a drought-induced limitation of tree growth[14]
Referencesedit
^Farquhar, G.D.; Rashke, K. (1978). "On the resistance to transpiration of the sites of evaporation within the leaf". Plant Physiology. 61 (6): 1000–1005. doi:10.1104/pp.61.6.1000. PMC1092028. PMID 16660404.
^Meinzer, F. C., Ingamells, J. L., Crisosto, C. (1991). "Carbon Isotope Discrimination correlates with bean yield of diverse coffee seedling populations". HortScience. 26 (11): 1413–1414.
^ abMaximov, N. A. (1929). The plant in relation to water. George Allen & Unwin LTD London.
^Tallec, T.; Béziat, P.; Jarosz, N.; Rivalland, V.; Ceschia, E. (2013). "Crops' water use efficiencies in temperate climate: Comparison of stand, ecosystem and agronomical approaches". Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 168: 69–81. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.07.008.
^Vadez, V.; Kholova, J.; Medina, S.; Kakkera, A.; Anderberg, H. (2014). "Transpiration efficiency: new insights into an old story". Journal of Experimental Botany. 65 (21): 6141–6153. doi:10.1093/jxb/eru040.
^Ehleringer, J. R. (1993). "Variation in Leaf Carbon-Isotope Discrimination in Encelia farinosa : Implications for Growth Competition and Drought Survival". Oecologia. 95 (3): 340–346. doi:10.1007/BF00320986. ISSN 0029-8549.
^Kenney, A. M., McKay, J. K., Richards, J. H., Juenger, T. E. (2014). "Direct and indirect selection on flowering time, water-use efficiency (WUE, δ13C), and WUE plasticity to drought in Arabidopsis thaliana". Ecology and Evolution. 4 (23): 4505–4521. doi:10.1002/ece3.1270. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC4264900. PMID 25512847.
^Campitelli, B. E., Des Marais, D. L., Juenger, T. E. (February 2016). "Ecological interactions and the fitness effect of water-use efficiency: Competition and drought alter the impact of natural MPK12 alleles in Arabidopsis". Ecology Letters. 19 (4): 424–434. doi:10.1111/ele.12575. ISSN 1461-023X.
^Condon, A. G., Richards, R. A., Rebetzke, G. J., Farquhar, G. D. (2004). "Breeding for high water-use efficiency". Journal of Experimental Botany. 55 (407): 2447–2460. doi:10.1093/jxb/erh277. ISSN 0022-0957.
^Bacon, M. Water Use Efficiency in Plant Biology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2004. ISBN1-4051-1434-7. Print.
^Blum, A. (2009). "Effective use of water (EUW) and not water-use efficiency (WUE) is the target of crop yield improvement under drought stress". Field Crops Research. 112 (2–3): 119–123. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2009.03.009.
^Iljin, V. (1916). "Relation of transpiration to assimilation in steppe plants". Journal of Ecology. 4 (2): 65–82. doi:10.2307/2255326. JSTOR 2255326.
^Bates, C.G. (1923). "Physiological requirements of Rocky Mountain trees". Journal of Agricultural Research. 24: 97–164.[1]
^Linares, J. C.; Camarero, J.J. (2012). "From pattern to process: linking intrinsic water-use efficiency to drought-induced forest decline". Global Change Biology. 18 (3): 1000–1015. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02566.x.
Further readingedit
Vadez, V., Kholova, J., Medina, S., Kakkera, A., Anderberg, H. (2014). "Transpiration efficiency: New insights into an old story". Journal of Experimental Botany. 65 (21): 6141–6153. doi:10.1093/jxb/eru040. ISSN 1460-2431.
Lambers, H.; Chapin, F. S.; Pons, T. L. (2008). Plant Physiological Ecology. New York: Springer. ISBN9780387783413.
Tambussi, E. A.; Bort, J.; Araus, J. L. (2007). "Water use efficiency in C3 cereals under Mediterranean conditions: a review of physiological aspects". Annals of Applied Biology. 150 (3): 307–321. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2007.00143.x.
Condon, A. G., Richards, R. A., Rebetzke, G. J., Farquhar, G. D. (2004). "Breeding for high water-use efficiency". Journal of Experimental Botany. 55 (407): 2447–2460. doi:10.1093/jxb/erh277. ISSN 0022-0957.
Cregg, B. M. (2004). "Improving Drought Tolerance of Trees: Theoretical and practical considerations". Acta Horticulturae. 630 (630): 147–158. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.630.18. ISSN 0567-7572.
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water, efficiency, this, article, about, water, plant, physiology, water, efficiency, humans, water, efficiency, refers, ratio, plant, biomass, water, lost, transpiration, defined, either, leaf, whole, plant, population, stand, field, level, leaf, level, photo. This article is about water use in plant physiology For water use efficiency by humans see Water efficiency Water use efficiency WUE refers to the ratio of plant biomass to water lost by transpiration can be defined either at the leaf at the whole plant or a population stand field level leaf level photosynthetic water use efficiency also called instantaneous water use efficiency WUEinst which is defined as the ratio of the rate of net CO2 carbon assimilation photosynthesis to the rate of transpiration or stomatal conductance 1 then called intrinsic water use efficiency 2 iWUE or Wi plant level water use efficiency of productivity also called integrated water use efficiency or transpiration efficiency TE which is typically defined as the ratio of dry biomass produced to the rate of transpiration 3 field level based on measurements of CO2 and water fluxes over a field of a crop or a forest using the eddy covariance technique 4 Research to improve the water use efficiecy of crop plants has been ongoing from the early 20th century however with difficulties to actually achieve crops with increased water use efficiency 5 Intrinsic water use efficiency Wi usually increases during soil drought due to stomatal closure and a reduction in transpiration and is therefore often linked to drought tolerance Observatios from several authors 3 6 7 8 have however suggested that WUE would rather be linked to different drought response strategies where low WUE plants could either correspond to a drought tolerance strategy for example by anatomical adaptations reducing vulnerability to xylem cavitation or to a drought avoidance water spender strategy through a wide soil exploration by roots or a drought escape strategy due to early flowering whereas high WUE plants could correspond to a drought avoidance water saving strategy through drought sensitive early closing stomata Increases in water use efficiency are commonly cited as a response mechanism of plants to moderate to severe soil water deficits and have been the focus of many programs that seek to increase crop tolerance to drought 9 However there is some question as to the benefit of increased water use efficiency of plants in agricultural systems as the processes of increased yield production and decreased water loss due to transpiration that is the main driver of increases in water use efficiency are fundamentally opposed 10 11 If there existed a situation where water deficit induced lower transpirational rates without simultaneously decreasing photosynthetic rates and biomass production then water use efficiency would be both greatly improved and the desired trait in crop production Water use efficiency is also a much studied trait in Plant ecology where it has been used already in the early 20th century to study the ecological requirements of Herbaceous plants 12 or forest trees 13 and is still used today for example related to a drought induced limitation of tree growth 14 References edit Farquhar G D Rashke K 1978 On the resistance to transpiration of the sites of evaporation within the leaf Plant Physiology 61 6 1000 1005 doi 10 1104 pp 61 6 1000 PMC 1092028 PMID 16660404 Meinzer F C Ingamells J L Crisosto C 1991 Carbon Isotope Discrimination correlates with bean yield of diverse coffee seedling populations HortScience 26 11 1413 1414 a b Maximov N A 1929 The plant in relation to water George Allen amp Unwin LTD London Tallec T Beziat P Jarosz N Rivalland V Ceschia E 2013 Crops water use efficiencies in temperate climate Comparison of stand ecosystem and agronomical approaches Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 168 69 81 doi 10 1016 j agrformet 2012 07 008 Vadez V Kholova J Medina S Kakkera A Anderberg H 2014 Transpiration efficiency new insights into an old story Journal of Experimental Botany 65 21 6141 6153 doi 10 1093 jxb eru040 Ehleringer J R 1993 Variation in Leaf Carbon Isotope Discrimination in Encelia farinosa Implications for Growth Competition and Drought Survival Oecologia 95 3 340 346 doi 10 1007 BF00320986 ISSN 0029 8549 Kenney A M McKay J K Richards J H Juenger T E 2014 Direct and indirect selection on flowering time water use efficiency WUE d13C and WUE plasticity to drought in Arabidopsis thaliana Ecology and Evolution 4 23 4505 4521 doi 10 1002 ece3 1270 ISSN 2045 7758 PMC 4264900 PMID 25512847 Campitelli B E Des Marais D L Juenger T E February 2016 Ecological interactions and the fitness effect of water use efficiency Competition and drought alter the impact of natural MPK12 alleles in Arabidopsis Ecology Letters 19 4 424 434 doi 10 1111 ele 12575 ISSN 1461 023X Condon A G Richards R A Rebetzke G J Farquhar G D 2004 Breeding for high water use efficiency Journal of Experimental Botany 55 407 2447 2460 doi 10 1093 jxb erh277 ISSN 0022 0957 Bacon M Water Use Efficiency in Plant Biology Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2004 ISBN 1 4051 1434 7 Print Blum A 2009 Effective use of water EUW and not water use efficiency WUE is the target of crop yield improvement under drought stress Field Crops Research 112 2 3 119 123 doi 10 1016 j fcr 2009 03 009 Iljin V 1916 Relation of transpiration to assimilation in steppe plants Journal of Ecology 4 2 65 82 doi 10 2307 2255326 JSTOR 2255326 Bates C G 1923 Physiological requirements of Rocky Mountain trees Journal of Agricultural Research 24 97 164 1 Linares J C Camarero J J 2012 From pattern to process linking intrinsic water use efficiency to drought induced forest decline Global Change Biology 18 3 1000 1015 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2486 2011 02566 x Further reading editVadez V Kholova J Medina S Kakkera A Anderberg H 2014 Transpiration efficiency New insights into an old story Journal of Experimental Botany 65 21 6141 6153 doi 10 1093 jxb eru040 ISSN 1460 2431 Lambers H Chapin F S Pons T L 2008 Plant Physiological Ecology New York Springer ISBN 9780387783413 Tambussi E A Bort J Araus J L 2007 Water use efficiency in C3 cereals under Mediterranean conditions a review of physiological aspects Annals of Applied Biology 150 3 307 321 doi 10 1111 j 1744 7348 2007 00143 x Condon A G Richards R A Rebetzke G J Farquhar G D 2004 Breeding for high water use efficiency Journal of Experimental Botany 55 407 2447 2460 doi 10 1093 jxb erh277 ISSN 0022 0957 Cregg B M 2004 Improving Drought Tolerance of Trees Theoretical and practical considerations Acta Horticulturae 630 630 147 158 doi 10 17660 ActaHortic 2004 630 18 ISSN 0567 7572 nbsp This plant physiology article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp This geochemistry article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Water use efficiency amp oldid 1221005224, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
