The Wallemiomycetes are a class of fungi in the division Basidiomycota. It consists of the single orderWallemiales, containing the single familyWallemiaceae, which in turn contains the single genusWallemia. The phylogenetic origin of the lineage was placed to various parts of Basidiomycota, but according to the analysis of a larger dataset it is a sister group of Agaricomycotina.[3][4] The genus contains species of xerophilic molds that are found worldwide. The seven described species (W. sebi, W. ichthyophaga, W. muriae, W. mellicola, W. canadensis, W. tropicalis, and W. hederae) are distinguished by conidial size, xerotolerance, halotolerance, chaotolerance, growth temperature regimes, extracellular enzyme activity profiles, and secondary metabolite patterns.[1][5] They are typically isolated from low-moisture foods (such as cakes, bread, sugar, peanuts, dried fish), indoor air dust, salterns and soil.[1]W. sebi is thought to be one of the causes of the hypersensitivity pneumonitis known as the farmer's lung disease,[6] but since the other species were recognised and separated from W. sebi only recently, their role in the disease cannot be excluded.[1]
Tolerance to low water activity is generally much more frequent among ascomycetous than basidomycetous fungi, and xerotolerant fungi are also able to grow in regular growth media with normal water activity (unlike, for example, halophilic Archaea).[7] However, species from the genus Wallemia are an exception to both of these rules: all species can tolerate high concentrations of sugars and salts (W. ichthyophaga grows even in media saturated with sodium chloride), while W. muriae and W. ichthyophaga cannot be cultivated unless the water activity of the medium is lowered.[1]
Studies on Wallemia sebi showed that it produces numerous secondary metabolic compounds, including walleminol, walleminone, wallemia A and C, and azasteroid UCA1064-B.[8] A comprehensive research on other species of the class discovered that secondary metabolites are consistently produced by Wallemiomycetes and their production is – contrary to common presumptions – increased as a response to increasing NaCl concentration. In particular an increase in NaCl concentration from 5% to 15% in the growth media increased the production of the toxic metabolites wallimidione, walleminol and walleminone.[9]
Cell wall and morphological changes of Wallemia species are thought to play a major role in adaptation to low water activity.[10]
The whole genome sequences of W. sebi[3] and W. ichthyophaga[4] are available.
Referencesedit
^ abcdeZalar P, Sybren de Hoog G, Schroers HJ, Frank JM, Gunde-Cimerman N (May 2005). "Taxonomy and phylogeny of the xerophilic genus Wallemia (Wallemiomycetes and Wallemiales, cl. et ord. nov.)". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 87 (4): 311–28. doi:10.1007/s10482-004-6783-x. PMID 15928984. S2CID 4821447.
^Sneh B, Jabaji-Hare S, Neate S, Dijst G (1996). Rhizoctonia species: Taxonomy, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Pathology and Disease Control. Springer. p. 20. ISBN978-0-7923-3644-0.
^ abPadamsee M, Kumar TK, Riley R, Binder M, Boyd A, Calvo AM, Furukawa K, Hesse C, Hohmann S, James TY, LaButti K, Lapidus A, Lindquist E, Lucas S, Miller K, Shantappa S, Grigoriev IV, Hibbett DS, McLaughlin DJ, Spatafora JW, Aime MC (March 2012). "The genome of the xerotolerant mold Wallemia sebi reveals adaptations to osmotic stress and suggests cryptic sexual reproduction". Fungal Genetics and Biology (Submitted manuscript). 49 (3): 217–26. doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2012.01.007. PMID 22326418.
^ abZajc J, Liu Y, Dai W, Yang Z, Hu J, Gostinčar C, Gunde-Cimerman N (September 2013). "Genome and transcriptome sequencing of the halophilic fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga: haloadaptations present and absent". BMC Genomics. 14: 617. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-617. PMC3849046. PMID 24034603.
^Jančič S, Nguyen HD, Frisvad JC, Zalar P, Schroers HJ, Seifert KA, Gunde-Cimerman N (2015-05-27). "A Taxonomic Revision of the Wallemia sebi Species Complex". PLOS ONE. 10 (5): e0125933. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1025933J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125933. PMC4446336. PMID 26017053.
^Reboux G, Piarroux R, Mauny F, Madroszyk A, Millon L, Bardonnet K, Dalphin JC (June 2001). "Role of molds in farmer's lung disease in Eastern France". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 163 (7): 1534–9. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.163.7.2006077. PMID 11401869.
^Gostincar C, Grube M, de Hoog S, Zalar P, Gunde-Cimerman N (January 2010). "Extremotolerance in fungi: evolution on the edge". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 71 (1): 2–11. Bibcode:2010FEMME..71....2G. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00794.x. PMID 19878320.
^Desroches TC, McMullin DR, Miller JD (October 2014). "Extrolites of Wallemia sebi, a very common fungus in the built environment". Indoor Air. 24 (5): 533–42. Bibcode:2014InAir..24..533D. doi:10.1111/ina.12100. PMID 24471934.
^Jančič S, Frisvad JC, Kocev D, Gostinčar C, Džeroski S, Gunde-Cimerman N (30 December 2016). "Production of Secondary Metabolites in Extreme Environments: Food- and Airborne Wallemia spp. Produce Toxic Metabolites at Hypersaline Conditions". PLOS ONE. 11 (12): e0169116. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1169116J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169116. PMC5201246. PMID 28036382.
^Kralj Kuncic M, Kogej T, Drobne D, Gunde-Cimerman N (January 2010). "Morphological response of the halophilic fungal genus Wallemia to high salinity". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 76 (1): 329–37. Bibcode:2010ApEnM..76..329K. doi:10.1128/AEM.02318-09. PMC2798636. PMID 19897760.
February 15, 2024
wallemiomycetes, class, fungi, division, basidiomycota, consists, single, order, wallemiales, containing, single, family, wallemiaceae, which, turn, contains, single, genus, wallemia, phylogenetic, origin, lineage, placed, various, parts, basidiomycota, accord. The Wallemiomycetes are a class of fungi in the division Basidiomycota It consists of the single order Wallemiales containing the single family Wallemiaceae which in turn contains the single genus Wallemia The phylogenetic origin of the lineage was placed to various parts of Basidiomycota but according to the analysis of a larger dataset it is a sister group of Agaricomycotina 3 4 The genus contains species of xerophilic molds that are found worldwide The seven described species W sebi W ichthyophaga W muriae W mellicola W canadensis W tropicalis and W hederae are distinguished by conidial size xerotolerance halotolerance chaotolerance growth temperature regimes extracellular enzyme activity profiles and secondary metabolite patterns 1 5 They are typically isolated from low moisture foods such as cakes bread sugar peanuts dried fish indoor air dust salterns and soil 1 W sebi is thought to be one of the causes of the hypersensitivity pneumonitis known as the farmer s lung disease 6 but since the other species were recognised and separated from W sebi only recently their role in the disease cannot be excluded 1 WallemiomycetesWallemia sebiScientific classificationKingdom FungiDivision BasidiomycotaClass WallemiomycetesZalar de Hoog amp Schroers 2005 1 Order WallemialesZalar de Hoog amp Schroers 2005 Family WallemiaceaeR T Moore 1966 2 Genus WallemiaJohan Olsen 1887 Type speciesWallemia ichthyophagaSpeciesW ichthyophaga W muriae W sebiTolerance to low water activity is generally much more frequent among ascomycetous than basidomycetous fungi and xerotolerant fungi are also able to grow in regular growth media with normal water activity unlike for example halophilic Archaea 7 However species from the genus Wallemia are an exception to both of these rules all species can tolerate high concentrations of sugars and salts W ichthyophaga grows even in media saturated with sodium chloride while W muriae and W ichthyophaga cannot be cultivated unless the water activity of the medium is lowered 1 Studies on Wallemia sebi showed that it produces numerous secondary metabolic compounds including walleminol walleminone wallemia A and C and azasteroid UCA1064 B 8 A comprehensive research on other species of the class discovered that secondary metabolites are consistently produced by Wallemiomycetes and their production is contrary to common presumptions increased as a response to increasing NaCl concentration In particular an increase in NaCl concentration from 5 to 15 in the growth media increased the production of the toxic metabolites wallimidione walleminol and walleminone 9 Cell wall and morphological changes of Wallemia species are thought to play a major role in adaptation to low water activity 10 The whole genome sequences of W sebi 3 and W ichthyophaga 4 are available References edit a b c d e Zalar P Sybren de Hoog G Schroers HJ Frank JM Gunde Cimerman N May 2005 Taxonomy and phylogeny of the xerophilic genus Wallemia Wallemiomycetes and Wallemiales cl et ord nov Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 87 4 311 28 doi 10 1007 s10482 004 6783 x PMID 15928984 S2CID 4821447 Sneh B Jabaji Hare S Neate S Dijst G 1996 Rhizoctoniaspecies Taxonomy Molecular Biology Ecology Pathology and Disease Control Springer p 20 ISBN 978 0 7923 3644 0 a b Padamsee M Kumar TK Riley R Binder M Boyd A Calvo AM Furukawa K Hesse C Hohmann S James TY LaButti K Lapidus A Lindquist E Lucas S Miller K Shantappa S Grigoriev IV Hibbett DS McLaughlin DJ Spatafora JW Aime MC March 2012 The genome of the xerotolerant mold Wallemia sebi reveals adaptations to osmotic stress and suggests cryptic sexual reproduction Fungal Genetics and Biology Submitted manuscript 49 3 217 26 doi 10 1016 j fgb 2012 01 007 PMID 22326418 a b Zajc J Liu Y Dai W Yang Z Hu J Gostincar C Gunde Cimerman N September 2013 Genome and transcriptome sequencing of the halophilic fungus Wallemia ichthyophaga haloadaptations present and absent BMC Genomics 14 617 doi 10 1186 1471 2164 14 617 PMC 3849046 PMID 24034603 Jancic S Nguyen HD Frisvad JC Zalar P Schroers HJ Seifert KA Gunde Cimerman N 2015 05 27 A Taxonomic Revision of the Wallemia sebi Species Complex PLOS ONE 10 5 e0125933 Bibcode 2015PLoSO 1025933J doi 10 1371 journal pone 0125933 PMC 4446336 PMID 26017053 Reboux G Piarroux R Mauny F Madroszyk A Millon L Bardonnet K Dalphin JC June 2001 Role of molds in farmer s lung disease in Eastern France American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 163 7 1534 9 doi 10 1164 ajrccm 163 7 2006077 PMID 11401869 Gostincar C Grube M de Hoog S Zalar P Gunde Cimerman N January 2010 Extremotolerance in fungi evolution on the edge FEMS Microbiology Ecology 71 1 2 11 Bibcode 2010FEMME 71 2G doi 10 1111 j 1574 6941 2009 00794 x PMID 19878320 Desroches TC McMullin DR Miller JD October 2014 Extrolites of Wallemia sebi a very common fungus in the built environment Indoor Air 24 5 533 42 Bibcode 2014InAir 24 533D doi 10 1111 ina 12100 PMID 24471934 Jancic S Frisvad JC Kocev D Gostincar C Dzeroski S Gunde Cimerman N 30 December 2016 Production of Secondary Metabolites in Extreme Environments Food and Airborne Wallemia spp Produce Toxic Metabolites at Hypersaline Conditions PLOS ONE 11 12 e0169116 Bibcode 2016PLoSO 1169116J doi 10 1371 journal pone 0169116 PMC 5201246 PMID 28036382 Kralj Kuncic M Kogej T Drobne D Gunde Cimerman N January 2010 Morphological response of the halophilic fungal genus Wallemia to high salinity Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76 1 329 37 Bibcode 2010ApEnM 76 329K doi 10 1128 AEM 02318 09 PMC 2798636 PMID 19897760 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Wallemiomycetes amp oldid 1187072107, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
