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Blue-black grassquit

April 11, 2024

The blue-black grassquit (Volatinia jacarina) is a small Neotropical bird in the tanager family, Thraupidae. It is the only member of the genus Volatinia. It is a common and widespread bird that breeds from southern Mexico through Central America, and South America as far as northern Chile, Argentina, and Paraguay, and in Trinidad and Tobago.[2] A male was also observed in Graham County, Arizona on July 15 and July 17, 2023.[3]

Blue-black grassquit
male at Manduri, São Paulo State, Brazil
female at Manduri, São Paulo State, Brazil
Recorded at Arthur Nogueira (São Paulo State, Brazil) by Eurico Zimbres
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Thraupidae
Genus: Volatinia
Reichenbach, 1850
Species:
V. jacarina
Binomial name
Volatinia jacarina
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Synonyms

Tanagra jacarina Linnaeus, 1766

This species is sexually dimorphic; the male is glossy blue with some white under the wing. The female is brown above and pale buff with darker streaks below.

Taxonomy edit

The blue-black grassquit was described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Tanagra jacarina.[4] Linnaeus based his description on the "Jacarni" that was described in 1648 by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave in his Historia Naturalis Brasiliae.[5][6] The type locality is eastern Brazil.[6] The specific epithet jacarina is derived from the Tupi language and was used for a type of finch.[7] The blue-black grassquit is now the only species placed in the genus Volatinia and was introduced in 1850 by the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach.[8][9] The genus name is a diminutive of the Latin volatus meaning "flying".[10]

Within the tanager family Thraupidae the blue-black grassquit is in the subfamily Tachyphoninae and is a member of a clade that contains the genera Conothraupis and Creurgops.[11][12]

The blue-black grassquit was formerly placed with the buntings in the subfamily Emberizinae rather than with the tanagers in Thraupinae within an expanded family Emberizidae.[6][11]

Three subspecies are recognised:[9]

  • V. j. splendens (Vieillot, 1817) – Mexico to Colombia and east through Venezuela and the Guianas to the Amazon basin; also Trinidad, Tobago and Grenada
  • V. j. jacarina (Linnaeus, 1766) – southeast Peru to east Brazil and south to north Argentina
  • V. j. peruviensis (Peale, 1849) – west Ecuador, west Peru, and northwest Chile

Description edit

Adult blue-black grassquits are 10.2 cm (4.0 in) long and weigh 9.3 g (0.33 oz). They have a slender conical black bill. The male is glossy blue-black, with a black tail and wings; the white inner underwing is visible in flight or display. Female and immature birds have brown upperparts and dark-streaked buff underparts.

Behavior edit

Social monogamous, extra-pair fertilizations, intraspecific parasitism, and quasi-parasitism are commonly found.[13][14] During the breeding season, males defend small territories, about 13,0 - 72,5 m2, dominant males are normally lighter.[15] The male has a jumping display, often performed for long periods, which gives rise to the local name "johnny jump-up". This is accompanied by a persistent wheezing jweeee call,[16] jumping several times in a minute.[17] The extravagant display also has a cost of calling attention of the predator, thus displaying increased nest predation.[18] Predation is the main cause of breeding failure,[19] and predator vocalizations can cause an immune-related reaction to this species.[20] Nests are small cups of rootlets (diameter about 7.5 cm) found in herbaceous vegetation 10–50 cm high,[21] clustered at a landscape,[22] and placed preferably at high complex habitat spots.[23] Nests are built by both sexes.[19][24]

Blue-black grassquits will often form flocks when not breeding. They eat seeds, mostly on the ground.[25]

Display

References edit

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Volatinia jacarina". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22723396A132162576. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22723396A132162576.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Rising, James D. (2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David; De Juana, Eduardo (eds.). "Blue-black Grassquit (Volatinia jacarina)". www.hbw.com. doi:10.2173/bow.blbgra1.01. S2CID 216219470. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
  3. ^ "Rare Bird Alert: July 21, 2023". 21 July 2023.
  4. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 314.
  5. ^ Marcgrave, Georg (1648). Historia Naturalis Brasiliae (in Latin). Vol. Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus. Lugdun and Batavorum (London and Leiden): Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium. p. 210.
  6. ^ a b c Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1970). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 132.
  7. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  8. ^ Reichenbach, Ludwig (1849). Avium Systema Naturale (in German). Vol. Abt. 2 Bd. 1. Dresden and Leipzig: Friedrich Hofmeister. Plate LXXIX.
  9. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Tanagers and allies". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  10. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 404. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  11. ^ a b Burns, K.J.; Shultz, A.J.; Title, P.O.; Mason, N.A.; Barker, F.K.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2014). "Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 75: 41–77. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.006. PMID 24583021.
  12. ^ Burns, K.J.; Unitt, P.; Mason, N.A. (2016). "A genus-level classification of the family Thraupidae (Class Aves: Order Passeriformes)". Zootaxa. 4088 (3): 329–354. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4088.3.2. PMID 27394344.
  13. ^ Carvalho, Carlos B. V.; Macedo, Regina H.; Graves, Jefferson A. (2006-08-01). "Breeding strategies of a socially monogamous neotropical passerine: extra-pair fertilizations, behavior, and morphology". The Condor. 108 (3): 579–590. doi:10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[579:BSOASM]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0010-5422. S2CID 86341179.
  14. ^ Manica, Lilian T.; Graves, Jeff A.; Podos, Jeffrey; Macedo, Regina H. (2016-12-01). "Multimodal flight display of a neotropical songbird predicts social pairing but not extrapair mating success". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 70 (12): 2039–2052. doi:10.1007/s00265-016-2208-x. ISSN 0340-5443. S2CID 40033522.
  15. ^ Santos, Eduardo S.A.; Maia, Rafael; Macedo, Regina H. (2009). "Condition-dependent resource value affects male–male competition in the blue–black grassquit". Behavioral Ecology. 20 (3): 553–559. doi:10.1093/beheco/arp031. ISSN 1465-7279.
  16. ^ Manica, Lilian T.; Macedo, Regina H.; Graves, Jeff A.; Podos, Jeffrey (2016-09-20). "Vigor and skill in the acrobatic mating displays of a Neotropical songbird". Behavioral Ecology. 28 (1): 164–173. doi:10.1093/beheco/arw143. ISSN 1045-2249.
  17. ^ Carlos Biagolini-Jr. (2018-04-25), Tiziu - Blue-black Grassquit (Volatinia jacarina), archived from the original on 2021-12-12, retrieved 2018-05-14
  18. ^ Dias, Raphael I.; Castilho, Leonardo; Macedo, Regina H. (2010-11-01). "Experimental Evidence that Sexual Displays are Costly for Nest Survival". Ethology. 116 (11): 1011–1019. Bibcode:2010Ethol.116.1011D. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01817.x. ISSN 1439-0310.
  19. ^ a b Carvalho, C. B. V.; Macedo, R. H. F.; Graves, J. A. (May 2007). "Reproduction of Blue-black Grassquits in central Brazil". Brazilian Journal of Biology. 67 (2): 275–281. doi:10.1590/S1519-69842007000200012. ISSN 1519-6984. PMID 17876437.
  20. ^ Caetano, João V.O.; Maia, Maya R.; Manica, Lilian T.; MacEdo, Regina H. (2014-11-01). "Immune-related effects from predation risk in Neotropical blue-black grassquits (Volatinia jacarina)". Behavioural Processes. 109: 58–63. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2014.07.003. ISSN 0376-6357. PMID 25038547. S2CID 5412283.
  21. ^ Almeida, Juliana B.; Macedo, Regina H. (2001-04-01). "Lek-like mating system of the monogamous blue-black grassquit". The Auk. 118 (2): 404–411. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0404:LLMSOT]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0004-8038. S2CID 59361668.
  22. ^ Dias, Raphael Igor; Kuhlmann, Marcelo; Lourenço, Luciane R.; Macedo, Regina H. (2009-11-01). "Territorial Clustering in the Blue-Black Grassquit: Reproductive Strategy in Response to Habitat and Food Requirements?". The Condor. 111 (4): 706–714. doi:10.1525/cond.2009.090142. ISSN 0010-5422. S2CID 84877861.
  23. ^ Aguilar, Thais M.; Dias, Raphael I.; Oliveira, Ailton C.; Macedo, Regina H. (2008-03-01). "Nest-site selection by Blue-black Grassquits in a Neotropical savanna: do choices influence nest success?". Journal of Field Ornithology. 79 (1): 24–31. doi:10.1111/j.1557-9263.2008.00142.x. ISSN 1557-9263.
  24. ^ Carlos Biagolini-Jr. (2018-04-25), Tiziu - Blue-black Grassquit (Volatinia jacarina), archived from the original on 2021-12-12, retrieved 2018-05-14
  25. ^ Ridgely, Robert S.; Tudor, Guy (2009). Birds of South America: Passerines. Helm Field Guides. London: Christopher Helm. p. 630. ISBN 978-1-408-11342-4.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volatinia jacarina.
  • BirdLife species factsheet for Volatinia jacarina
  • "Blue-black grassquit media". Internet Bird Collection.
  • Blue-black grassquit photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
  • Blue-black grassquit species account at Neotropical Birds (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
  • Interactive range map of Volatinia jacarina at IUCN Red List maps
  • Audio recordings of Blue-black grassquit on Xeno-canto.

April 11, 2024
blue, black, grassquit, blue, black, grassquit, volatinia, jacarina, small, neotropical, bird, tanager, family, thraupidae, only, member, genus, volatinia, common, widespread, bird, that, breeds, from, southern, mexico, through, central, america, south, americ. The blue black grassquit Volatinia jacarina is a small Neotropical bird in the tanager family Thraupidae It is the only member of the genus Volatinia It is a common and widespread bird that breeds from southern Mexico through Central America and South America as far as northern Chile Argentina and Paraguay and in Trinidad and Tobago 2 A male was also observed in Graham County Arizona on July 15 and July 17 2023 3 Blue black grassquitmale at Manduri Sao Paulo State Brazilfemale at Manduri Sao Paulo State Brazil Recorded at Arthur Nogueira Sao Paulo State Brazil by Eurico Zimbres source source Conservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder PasseriformesFamily ThraupidaeGenus VolatiniaReichenbach 1850Species V jacarinaBinomial nameVolatinia jacarina Linnaeus 1766 SynonymsTanagra jacarina Linnaeus 1766This species is sexually dimorphic the male is glossy blue with some white under the wing The female is brown above and pale buff with darker streaks below Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Behavior 4 References 5 External linksTaxonomy editThe blue black grassquit was described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Tanagra jacarina 4 Linnaeus based his description on the Jacarni that was described in 1648 by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave in his Historia Naturalis Brasiliae 5 6 The type locality is eastern Brazil 6 The specific epithet jacarina is derived from the Tupi language and was used for a type of finch 7 The blue black grassquit is now the only species placed in the genus Volatinia and was introduced in 1850 by the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach 8 9 The genus name is a diminutive of the Latin volatus meaning flying 10 Within the tanager family Thraupidae the blue black grassquit is in the subfamily Tachyphoninae and is a member of a clade that contains the genera Conothraupis and Creurgops 11 12 The blue black grassquit was formerly placed with the buntings in the subfamily Emberizinae rather than with the tanagers in Thraupinae within an expanded family Emberizidae 6 11 Three subspecies are recognised 9 V j splendens Vieillot 1817 Mexico to Colombia and east through Venezuela and the Guianas to the Amazon basin also Trinidad Tobago and Grenada V j jacarina Linnaeus 1766 southeast Peru to east Brazil and south to north Argentina V j peruviensis Peale 1849 west Ecuador west Peru and northwest ChileDescription editAdult blue black grassquits are 10 2 cm 4 0 in long and weigh 9 3 g 0 33 oz They have a slender conical black bill The male is glossy blue black with a black tail and wings the white inner underwing is visible in flight or display Female and immature birds have brown upperparts and dark streaked buff underparts Behavior editSocial monogamous extra pair fertilizations intraspecific parasitism and quasi parasitism are commonly found 13 14 During the breeding season males defend small territories about 13 0 72 5 m2 dominant males are normally lighter 15 The male has a jumping display often performed for long periods which gives rise to the local name johnny jump up This is accompanied by a persistent wheezing jweeee call 16 jumping several times in a minute 17 The extravagant display also has a cost of calling attention of the predator thus displaying increased nest predation 18 Predation is the main cause of breeding failure 19 and predator vocalizations can cause an immune related reaction to this species 20 Nests are small cups of rootlets diameter about 7 5 cm found in herbaceous vegetation 10 50 cm high 21 clustered at a landscape 22 and placed preferably at high complex habitat spots 23 Nests are built by both sexes 19 24 Blue black grassquits will often form flocks when not breeding They eat seeds mostly on the ground 25 source source source source source source source DisplayReferences edit BirdLife International 2018 Volatinia jacarina IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T22723396A132162576 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 2 RLTS T22723396A132162576 en Retrieved 12 November 2021 Rising James D 2020 Del Hoyo Josep Elliott Andrew Sargatal Jordi Christie David De Juana Eduardo eds Blue black Grassquit Volatinia jacarina www hbw com doi 10 2173 bow blbgra1 01 S2CID 216219470 Retrieved 2018 05 14 Rare Bird Alert July 21 2023 21 July 2023 Linnaeus Carl 1766 Systema naturae per regna tria natura secundum classes ordines genera species cum characteribus differentiis synonymis locis in Latin Vol 1 Part 1 12th ed Holmiae Stockholm Laurentii Salvii p 314 Marcgrave Georg 1648 Historia Naturalis Brasiliae in Latin Vol Liber Quintus Qui agit de Avibus Lugdun and Batavorum London and Leiden Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium p 210 a b c Paynter Raymond A Jr ed 1970 Check List of Birds of the World Vol 13 Cambridge Massachusetts Museum of Comparative Zoology p 132 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm p 210 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 Reichenbach Ludwig 1849 Avium Systema Naturale in German Vol Abt 2 Bd 1 Dresden and Leipzig Friedrich Hofmeister Plate LXXIX a b Gill Frank Donsker David Rasmussen Pamela eds July 2020 Tanagers and allies IOC World Bird List Version 10 2 International Ornithologists Union Retrieved 26 October 2020 Jobling James A 2010 The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names London Christopher Helm p 404 ISBN 978 1 4081 2501 4 a b Burns K J Shultz A J Title P O Mason N A Barker F K Klicka J Lanyon S M Lovette I J 2014 Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers Passeriformes Thraupidae the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 75 41 77 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2014 02 006 PMID 24583021 Burns K J Unitt P Mason N A 2016 A genus level classification of the family Thraupidae Class Aves Order Passeriformes Zootaxa 4088 3 329 354 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 4088 3 2 PMID 27394344 Carvalho Carlos B V Macedo Regina H Graves Jefferson A 2006 08 01 Breeding strategies of a socially monogamous neotropical passerine extra pair fertilizations behavior and morphology The Condor 108 3 579 590 doi 10 1650 0010 5422 2006 108 579 BSOASM 2 0 CO 2 ISSN 0010 5422 S2CID 86341179 Manica Lilian T Graves Jeff A Podos Jeffrey Macedo Regina H 2016 12 01 Multimodal flight display of a neotropical songbird predicts social pairing but not extrapair mating success Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 70 12 2039 2052 doi 10 1007 s00265 016 2208 x ISSN 0340 5443 S2CID 40033522 Santos Eduardo S A Maia Rafael Macedo Regina H 2009 Condition dependent resource value affects male male competition in the blue black grassquit Behavioral Ecology 20 3 553 559 doi 10 1093 beheco arp031 ISSN 1465 7279 Manica Lilian T Macedo Regina H Graves Jeff A Podos Jeffrey 2016 09 20 Vigor and skill in the acrobatic mating displays of a Neotropical songbird Behavioral Ecology 28 1 164 173 doi 10 1093 beheco arw143 ISSN 1045 2249 Carlos Biagolini Jr 2018 04 25 Tiziu Blue black Grassquit Volatinia jacarina archived from the original on 2021 12 12 retrieved 2018 05 14 Dias Raphael I Castilho Leonardo Macedo Regina H 2010 11 01 Experimental Evidence that Sexual Displays are Costly for Nest Survival Ethology 116 11 1011 1019 Bibcode 2010Ethol 116 1011D doi 10 1111 j 1439 0310 2010 01817 x ISSN 1439 0310 a b Carvalho C B V Macedo R H F Graves J A May 2007 Reproduction of Blue black Grassquits in central Brazil Brazilian Journal of Biology 67 2 275 281 doi 10 1590 S1519 69842007000200012 ISSN 1519 6984 PMID 17876437 Caetano Joao V O Maia Maya R Manica Lilian T MacEdo Regina H 2014 11 01 Immune related effects from predation risk in Neotropical blue black grassquits Volatinia jacarina Behavioural Processes 109 58 63 doi 10 1016 j beproc 2014 07 003 ISSN 0376 6357 PMID 25038547 S2CID 5412283 Almeida Juliana B Macedo Regina H 2001 04 01 Lek like mating system of the monogamous blue black grassquit The Auk 118 2 404 411 doi 10 1642 0004 8038 2001 118 0404 LLMSOT 2 0 CO 2 ISSN 0004 8038 S2CID 59361668 Dias Raphael Igor Kuhlmann Marcelo Lourenco Luciane R Macedo Regina H 2009 11 01 Territorial Clustering in the Blue Black Grassquit Reproductive Strategy in Response to Habitat and Food Requirements The Condor 111 4 706 714 doi 10 1525 cond 2009 090142 ISSN 0010 5422 S2CID 84877861 Aguilar Thais M Dias Raphael I Oliveira Ailton C Macedo Regina H 2008 03 01 Nest site selection by Blue black Grassquits in a Neotropical savanna do choices influence nest success Journal of Field Ornithology 79 1 24 31 doi 10 1111 j 1557 9263 2008 00142 x ISSN 1557 9263 Carlos Biagolini Jr 2018 04 25 Tiziu Blue black Grassquit Volatinia jacarina archived from the original on 2021 12 12 retrieved 2018 05 14 Ridgely Robert S Tudor Guy 2009 Birds of South America Passerines Helm Field Guides London Christopher Helm p 630 ISBN 978 1 408 11342 4 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volatinia jacarina BirdLife species factsheet for Volatinia jacarina Blue black grassquit media Internet Bird Collection Blue black grassquit photo gallery at VIREO Drexel University Blue black grassquit species account at Neotropical Birds Cornell Lab of Ornithology Interactive range map of Volatinia jacarina at IUCN Red List maps Audio recordings of Blue black grassquit on Xeno canto Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Blue black grassquit amp oldid 1211016601, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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