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Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande

Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande (10 August 1860 – 19 September 1936) was an Indian musicologist who wrote the first modern treatise on Hindustani classical music, an art which had been propagated for centuries mostly through oral traditions. During those earlier times, the art had undergone several changes, rendering the raga grammar documented in scant old outdated texts.[2]

Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande
Background information
Born(1860-08-10)10 August 1860
Bombay, India[1]
OriginIndia
Died19 September 1936(1936-09-19) (aged 76)[1]
Bombay, India[1]
Genres
Years active1875–1935

Ragas used to be classified into Raga (male), Ragini (female), and Putra (children). Bhatkhande reclassified them into the currently used thaat system. He noted that several ragas did not conform to their description in ancient Sanskrit texts. He explained the ragas in an easy-to-understand language and composed several bandishes which explained the grammar of the ragas.

Early life edit

Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande was born on 10 August 1860 in Walkeshwar, Bombay. While not a professional musician himself, his father, who worked for an affluent businessman, ensured that Vishnu Narayan and his siblings received an education in classical music. After turning fifteen, Bhatkhande became a student of the sitar and subsequently began studying Sanskrit texts that dealt with music theory. He completed a BA degree at Deccan College in Pune in 1885. In 1887, Bhatkhande graduated with a degree in law from Elphinstone College, Bombay University and briefly pursued a career in criminal law.[3][1]

In 1884, Bhatkhande became a member of Gayan Uttejak Mandali, a music appreciation society in Bombay, which broadened his experience with music performance and teaching. He studied at the Mandali for six years and learned a variety of compositions in both khayal and dhrupad forms under musicians such as Shri Raojibua Belbagkar and Ustad Ali Hussain.[1] Music was still something of a leisurely pursuit for Bhatkhande until 1900 when his wife died, followed, in 1903, by the death of his daughter. This led to him abandoning his law practice and devoting his full attention to music.[3]

Career edit

Research in music edit

Bhatkhande traveled throughout India, meeting with ustads and pandits, and researching music. He began the study of ancient texts such as the Natya Shastra and Sangeet Ratnakara.[4]

 
Music notations developed by Bhatkhande

After the death of his wife and his daughter, Bhatkhande abandoned his legal practice and devoted the rest of his life to systematising the prevailing forms of Hindustani music and building on that system a coordinated theory and practice of music. During his travels in India, he spent time in the then princely states of Baroda, Gwalior, and Rampur. In Rampur he was the disciple of legendary veena Player Ustad Wazir Khan, a descendant of Miyan Tansen.

Bhatkhande travelled to South India, arriving in Madras (now Chennai) in 1904. With the help of local contacts he began to familiarise himself with the world of Carnatic music. He established contact with stalwarts such as Thiruvottiyur Tyagier and Tachur Singaracharya in Madras, Poochi Srinivasa Iyengar in Ramanathapuram and Subbarama Dikshitar in Ettayapuram but the language barrier made these interactions less fruitful than he expected. Notes from a journal maintained of his time there were later published as Meri Dakshin Bharat Ki Sangeet Yatra (My Musical Journey in Southern India).[5]

While his conversations with exponents of Carnatic music weren't very successful, Bhatkhande procured two valuable manuscripts on the art: the Chaturdandiprakashika by Venkatamakhin and the Svaramelakalanidhi of Ramamatya, both treatises that sought to classify ragas. The two works along with others and his observations from his travels in North India enabled Bhatkhande to classify Hindustani ragas using a system of ten, much like the melakartas of the Carnatic style.[5]

Bhatkhande's first published work, Swar Malika, was a booklet containing detailed descriptions of all prevalent ragas. In 1909, he published Shri Mallakshaya Sangeetam, in Sanskrit, under the pseudonym 'Chatur-pandit'. To make this cultural heritage accessible to the common man, he published commentary on his own Sanskrit grantha in Marathi over a span of several years; it was published over four volumes bearing the title: Hindustani Sangeet Paddhati. These volumes form today the standard text on Hindustani music, an indispensable starting point for any student of Hindustani Classical Music. His disciple S N Ratanjankar, famous musician Shri. Dilip Kumar Roy, Ratanjankar's disciple K. G. Ginde, S.C.R. Bhatt, Ram Ashrey Jha 'Ramrang', Sumati Mutatkar and Krishna Kumar Kapoor are among the notable scholars who followed in the footsteps of Bhatkhande. His notation system became standard and though later scholars like Pandit V. D. Paluskar, Pandit Vinayakrao Patwardhan and Pandit Omkarnath Thakur introduced their improved versions, it remained a publisher's favorite. It suffered a setback with the onset of desktop publishing, which found inserting marks above and below Devanagari text cumbersome; as a result, books carrying compositions yielded to theoretical texts. A recently developed notation system Ome Swarlipi follows the logical structure introduced by Pt. Bhatkhande but uses symbols instead of Devanagari alphabets.[6]

After traveling widely and having discussions with practitioners of various schools, Bhatkhande arranged all the ragas of Hindustani classical music across 10 musical scales, called thaats. Though the thaats do not encompass all possible ragas, they do cover the vast majority and are a key contribution to Indian musical theory. The thaat structure corresponds to the melakarta system of raga arrangement in Carnatic music, the south Indian variety of Indian classical music.

Bhatkhande wrote all of his works under one of the two pseudonyms, Vishnu Sharma and Chaturpandit.

Institutions edit

 
Bhatkhande on a 1961 stamp of India

Bhatkhande started schools and colleges in India for systematic teaching of Hindustani music. In 1916, he reorganized the Baroda state music school, and later, with the help of the Maharaja of Gwalior, established the Madhav Music College in Gwalior.

In 1926, Rai Umanath Bali and his nephew Dr. Rai Rajeshwar Bali, then education minister of United Provinces, established Marris College of Music in Lucknow,[7] Bhatkhande preparing the course material. The college was later renamed Bhatkhande College of Hindustani Music, and is now known as Bhatkhande Music Institute (Deemed University). Preparation of that course material was a landmark achievement of Bhatkhande since musical knowledge used to be passed on orally in earlier times from Gurus and Ustads to their disciples.

Bhatkhande prepared the Hindustani Sangeet Kramik Pustak Maalika as a series of textbooks. He also started the tradition of the All India Music Conferences to provide a common platform for discussion between Hindustani and Carnatic classical musicians.[8][9]

Death edit

Bhatkhande suffered paralysis and a thigh fracture in 1933. He died on 19 September 1936, during Ganeshotsav in Mumbai[clarification needed].

Bibliography edit

  1. Shrimallakshya-sangeetam – A treatise, in Sanskrit, on the theory of music in slokas and describing the important ragas. (Lakshya=current)
  2. Lakshan Geet Sangrah in three parts. Compositions descriptive of the Ragas, giving their characteristics in songs composed by Pandit Bhatkhande.
  3. Hindustani Sangeet Paddhati in 4 parts – A commentary on the Lakshya Sangeetam in Marathi. It is a detailed study and discussion of the theory of music and explanation of 150 Ragas of Hindustani music. This important work has been translated into Hindi.
  4. Kramik Pustak Malika – This book was published in six parts. It is a detailed textbook of Hindustani music, describing all the important Ragas, their theory and illustrated with well-known compositions in notations. It contains about 1,200 such compositions.
  5. Swara Malika (in Gujarati characters) Notation of Ragas in swara and tala.
  6. A Comparative Study of the Music Systems of the 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th Centuries (in English).
  7. Historical Survey of the Music of India.
  8. Geet Malika – which was originally published in 23 monthly issues, each containing 25 to 30 classical compositions of Hindustani Sangeet in notation.
  9. Abhinav Raga Manjari – A treatise on the Ragas of Hindustani music, each being described briefly in one sloka in Sanskrit.
  10. Abhinav Tala Manjari – A textbook in Sanskrit on the Talas

Manuscripts edited by Bhatkhande edit

  1. Swara Mela Kalanidhi by Ramamatya
  2. Chaturdandi Prakashika by Venkatamakhin
  3. Raga Lakshanam
  4. Raga Tarangini by Lochan
  5. Raga Tatva Vibodh by Shriniwas
  6. Sadraga Chandrodaya by Pundarik Vithal
  7. Raga Manjari by Pundarik Vithal
  8. "Raga Mala" by Pundarik Vithal
  9. Nartan Niranaya by Kashinath Shashtri Appa Tulsi
  10. Sangeet Sudhakar by Kashinath Shashtri Appa Tulsi
  11. Sangeet Kalp Drumankur by Kashinath Shashtri Appa Tulsi
  12. Raga Chandrika by Kashinath Shashtri Appa Tulsi
  13. Raga Chandrika Sar (Hindi)

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Powers, Harold S. (2001). "Bhatkhande, Vishnu Narayan". Grove Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.03008.
  2. ^ Inventing a tradition – CHEN. The Hindu (2 January 2007). Retrieved on 2018-12-19.
  3. ^ a b Bakhle, Janaki (2005). "Ch. 3". Two men and music: nationalism in the making of an Indian classical tradition. Oxford University Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 9780195166101.
  4. ^ . The Hindu (30 March 2007). Retrieved on 2018-12-19.
  5. ^ a b V, Sriram (29 March 2019). "An extraordinary seeker". The Hindu. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  6. ^ Datta, Jaiti (22 September 2018). "An ode to reverent musicologist Vishnu Narayan Bhatkande". The Times of India.
  7. ^ Often misspelled as Morris College
  8. ^ Nayar, Sobhana (1989). Bhatkhande's Contribution to Music: A Historical Perspective. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 9780861322381.
  9. ^ Stone, Ruth M (1998). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent. Taylor & Francis. pp. 442–. ISBN 978-0-8240-4946-1.

Further reading edit

  • "Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande". www.indianpost.com. India Post. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

External links edit

  • Bhatkhande Sangit Vidyapith
  • Excerpts from Bhatkhande's SangeetShastra
  • A biography of Bhatkhande

vishnu, narayan, bhatkhande, bhatkhande, redirects, here, university, bhatkhande, music, institute, pandit, august, 1860, september, 1936, indian, musicologist, wrote, first, modern, treatise, hindustani, classical, music, which, been, propagated, centuries, m. Bhatkhande redirects here For the university see Bhatkhande Music Institute Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande 10 August 1860 19 September 1936 was an Indian musicologist who wrote the first modern treatise on Hindustani classical music an art which had been propagated for centuries mostly through oral traditions During those earlier times the art had undergone several changes rendering the raga grammar documented in scant old outdated texts 2 Vishnu Narayan BhatkhandeBackground informationBorn 1860 08 10 10 August 1860Bombay India 1 OriginIndiaDied19 September 1936 1936 09 19 aged 76 1 Bombay India 1 GenresHindustani classicalMewati GharanaYears active1875 1935 Ragas used to be classified into Raga male Ragini female and Putra children Bhatkhande reclassified them into the currently used thaat system He noted that several ragas did not conform to their description in ancient Sanskrit texts He explained the ragas in an easy to understand language and composed several bandishes which explained the grammar of the ragas Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2 1 Research in music 2 2 Institutions 3 Death 4 Bibliography 5 Manuscripts edited by Bhatkhande 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksEarly life editPandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande was born on 10 August 1860 in Walkeshwar Bombay While not a professional musician himself his father who worked for an affluent businessman ensured that Vishnu Narayan and his siblings received an education in classical music After turning fifteen Bhatkhande became a student of the sitar and subsequently began studying Sanskrit texts that dealt with music theory He completed a BA degree at Deccan College in Pune in 1885 In 1887 Bhatkhande graduated with a degree in law from Elphinstone College Bombay University and briefly pursued a career in criminal law 3 1 In 1884 Bhatkhande became a member of Gayan Uttejak Mandali a music appreciation society in Bombay which broadened his experience with music performance and teaching He studied at the Mandali for six years and learned a variety of compositions in both khayal and dhrupad forms under musicians such as Shri Raojibua Belbagkar and Ustad Ali Hussain 1 Music was still something of a leisurely pursuit for Bhatkhande until 1900 when his wife died followed in 1903 by the death of his daughter This led to him abandoning his law practice and devoting his full attention to music 3 Career editResearch in music edit Bhatkhande traveled throughout India meeting with ustads and pandits and researching music He began the study of ancient texts such as the Natya Shastra and Sangeet Ratnakara 4 nbsp Music notations developed by BhatkhandeAfter the death of his wife and his daughter Bhatkhande abandoned his legal practice and devoted the rest of his life to systematising the prevailing forms of Hindustani music and building on that system a coordinated theory and practice of music During his travels in India he spent time in the then princely states of Baroda Gwalior and Rampur In Rampur he was the disciple of legendary veena Player Ustad Wazir Khan a descendant of Miyan Tansen Bhatkhande travelled to South India arriving in Madras now Chennai in 1904 With the help of local contacts he began to familiarise himself with the world of Carnatic music He established contact with stalwarts such as Thiruvottiyur Tyagier and Tachur Singaracharya in Madras Poochi Srinivasa Iyengar in Ramanathapuram and Subbarama Dikshitar in Ettayapuram but the language barrier made these interactions less fruitful than he expected Notes from a journal maintained of his time there were later published as Meri Dakshin Bharat Ki Sangeet Yatra My Musical Journey in Southern India 5 While his conversations with exponents of Carnatic music weren t very successful Bhatkhande procured two valuable manuscripts on the art the Chaturdandiprakashika by Venkatamakhin and the Svaramelakalanidhi of Ramamatya both treatises that sought to classify ragas The two works along with others and his observations from his travels in North India enabled Bhatkhande to classify Hindustani ragas using a system of ten much like the melakartas of the Carnatic style 5 Bhatkhande s first published work Swar Malika was a booklet containing detailed descriptions of all prevalent ragas In 1909 he published Shri Mallakshaya Sangeetam in Sanskrit under the pseudonym Chatur pandit To make this cultural heritage accessible to the common man he published commentary on his own Sanskrit grantha in Marathi over a span of several years it was published over four volumes bearing the title Hindustani Sangeet Paddhati These volumes form today the standard text on Hindustani music an indispensable starting point for any student of Hindustani Classical Music His disciple S N Ratanjankar famous musician Shri Dilip Kumar Roy Ratanjankar s disciple K G Ginde S C R Bhatt Ram Ashrey Jha Ramrang Sumati Mutatkar and Krishna Kumar Kapoor are among the notable scholars who followed in the footsteps of Bhatkhande His notation system became standard and though later scholars like Pandit V D Paluskar Pandit Vinayakrao Patwardhan and Pandit Omkarnath Thakur introduced their improved versions it remained a publisher s favorite It suffered a setback with the onset of desktop publishing which found inserting marks above and below Devanagari text cumbersome as a result books carrying compositions yielded to theoretical texts A recently developed notation system Ome Swarlipi follows the logical structure introduced by Pt Bhatkhande but uses symbols instead of Devanagari alphabets 6 After traveling widely and having discussions with practitioners of various schools Bhatkhande arranged all the ragas of Hindustani classical music across 10 musical scales called thaats Though the thaats do not encompass all possible ragas they do cover the vast majority and are a key contribution to Indian musical theory The thaat structure corresponds to the melakarta system of raga arrangement in Carnatic music the south Indian variety of Indian classical music Bhatkhande wrote all of his works under one of the two pseudonyms Vishnu Sharma and Chaturpandit Institutions edit nbsp Bhatkhande on a 1961 stamp of IndiaBhatkhande started schools and colleges in India for systematic teaching of Hindustani music In 1916 he reorganized the Baroda state music school and later with the help of the Maharaja of Gwalior established the Madhav Music College in Gwalior In 1926 Rai Umanath Bali and his nephew Dr Rai Rajeshwar Bali then education minister of United Provinces established Marris College of Music in Lucknow 7 Bhatkhande preparing the course material The college was later renamed Bhatkhande College of Hindustani Music and is now known as Bhatkhande Music Institute Deemed University Preparation of that course material was a landmark achievement of Bhatkhande since musical knowledge used to be passed on orally in earlier times from Gurus and Ustads to their disciples Bhatkhande prepared the Hindustani Sangeet Kramik Pustak Maalika as a series of textbooks He also started the tradition of the All India Music Conferences to provide a common platform for discussion between Hindustani and Carnatic classical musicians 8 9 Death editBhatkhande suffered paralysis and a thigh fracture in 1933 He died on 19 September 1936 during Ganeshotsav in Mumbai clarification needed Bibliography editShrimallakshya sangeetam A treatise in Sanskrit on the theory of music in slokas and describing the important ragas Lakshya current Lakshan Geet Sangrah in three parts Compositions descriptive of the Ragas giving their characteristics in songs composed by Pandit Bhatkhande Hindustani Sangeet Paddhati in 4 parts A commentary on the Lakshya Sangeetam in Marathi It is a detailed study and discussion of the theory of music and explanation of 150 Ragas of Hindustani music This important work has been translated into Hindi Kramik Pustak Malika This book was published in six parts It is a detailed textbook of Hindustani music describing all the important Ragas their theory and illustrated with well known compositions in notations It contains about 1 200 such compositions Swara Malika in Gujarati characters Notation of Ragas in swara and tala A Comparative Study of the Music Systems of the 15th 16th 17th and 18th Centuries in English Historical Survey of the Music of India Geet Malika which was originally published in 23 monthly issues each containing 25 to 30 classical compositions of Hindustani Sangeet in notation Abhinav Raga Manjari A treatise on the Ragas of Hindustani music each being described briefly in one sloka in Sanskrit Abhinav Tala Manjari A textbook in Sanskrit on the TalasManuscripts edited by Bhatkhande editSwara Mela Kalanidhi by Ramamatya Chaturdandi Prakashika by Venkatamakhin Raga Lakshanam Raga Tarangini by Lochan Raga Tatva Vibodh by Shriniwas Sadraga Chandrodaya by Pundarik Vithal Raga Manjari by Pundarik Vithal Raga Mala by Pundarik Vithal Nartan Niranaya by Kashinath Shashtri Appa Tulsi Sangeet Sudhakar by Kashinath Shashtri Appa Tulsi Sangeet Kalp Drumankur by Kashinath Shashtri Appa Tulsi Raga Chandrika by Kashinath Shashtri Appa Tulsi Raga Chandrika Sar Hindi References edit a b c d e Powers Harold S 2001 Bhatkhande Vishnu Narayan Grove Music Online Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 gmo 9781561592630 article 03008 Inventing a tradition CHEN The Hindu 2 January 2007 Retrieved on 2018 12 19 a b Bakhle Janaki 2005 Ch 3 Two men and music nationalism in the making of an Indian classical tradition Oxford University Press pp 6 7 ISBN 9780195166101 Learn the Lingo DELI The Hindu 30 March 2007 Retrieved on 2018 12 19 a b V Sriram 29 March 2019 An extraordinary seeker The Hindu Retrieved 20 May 2022 Datta Jaiti 22 September 2018 An ode to reverent musicologist Vishnu Narayan Bhatkande The Times of India Often misspelled as Morris College Nayar Sobhana 1989 Bhatkhande s Contribution to Music A Historical Perspective Popular Prakashan ISBN 9780861322381 Stone Ruth M 1998 The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music South Asia the Indian subcontinent Taylor amp Francis pp 442 ISBN 978 0 8240 4946 1 Further reading edit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande www indianpost com India Post Retrieved 5 September 2018 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande Bhatkhande Sangit Vidyapith Excerpts from Bhatkhande s SangeetShastra A biography of Bhatkhande Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande amp oldid 1182960336, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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