Plaques from a virus isolated from a compost heap near UCLA. The bacterium is M. smegmatis.
Counting the number of plaques can be used as a method of virus quantification. These plaques can sometimes be detected visually using colony counters, in much the same way as bacterial colonies are counted; however, they are not always visible to the naked eye, and sometimes can only be seen through a microscope, or using techniques such as staining (e.g. neutral red for eukaryotes[3] or giemsa for bacteria[4]) or immunofluorescence. Special computer systems have been designed with the ability to scan samples in batches.
The appearance of the plaque depends on the host strain, virus and the conditions. Highly virulent or lytic strains create plaques that look clear (due to total cell destruction), while strains that only kill a fraction of their hosts (due to partial resistance/lysogeny), or only reduce the rate of cell growth, give turbid plaques. Some partially lysogenic phages give bull's-eye plaques with spots or rings of growth in the middle of clear regions of complete lysis.[5]
^Abedon, Stephen T. (2018), Harper, David R.; Abedon, Stephen T.; Burrowes, Benjamin H.; McConville, Malcolm L. (eds.), "Detection of Bacteriophages: Phage Plaques", Bacteriophages: Biology, Technology, Therapy, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–32, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40598-8_16-1, ISBN978-3-319-40598-8, S2CID 89660218, retrieved 2023-12-02
^Youil, R; Su, Q; Toner, T. J; Szymkowiak, C; Kwan, W-S; Rubin, B; Petrukhin, L; Kiseleva, I; Shaw, A. R; DiStefano, D (2004-09-01). "Comparative study of influenza virus replication in Vero and MDCK cell lines". Journal of Virological Methods. 120 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.03.011. ISSN 0166-0934. PMID 15234806.
^Finter, N. B (1969-10-01). "Dye Uptake Methods for Assessing Viral Cytopathogenicity and Their Application to Interferon Assays". Journal of General Virology. 5 (3): 419–427. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-5-3-419. ISSN 0022-1317. Retrieved 2012-03-26.[permanent dead link]
^Marvin, D. A.; Hohn, B. (1969). "Filamentous bacterial viruses". Bacteriological Reviews. 33 (2): 172–209. doi:10.1128/br.33.2.172-209.1969. PMC378320. PMID 4979697.
^Ramesh, Nachimuthu; Archana, Loganathan; Madurantakam Royam, Madhav; Manohar, Prasanth; Eniyan, Kandasamy (2019-06-17). "Effect of various bacteriological media on the plaque morphology of Staphylococcus and Vibrio phages". Access Microbiology. 1 (4): e000036. doi:10.1099/acmi.0.000036. ISSN 2516-8290. PMC7470289. PMID 32974524.
External linksedit
An image of Bacteriophage plaques in agar 2020-02-13 at the Wayback Machine
April 12, 2024
viral, plaque, viral, plaque, visible, structure, formed, after, introducing, viral, sample, cell, culture, grown, some, nutrient, medium, virus, will, replicate, spread, generating, regions, cell, destruction, known, plaques, example, vero, cell, other, tissu. A viral plaque is a visible structure formed after introducing a viral sample to a cell culture grown on some nutrient medium The virus will replicate and spread generating regions of cell destruction known as plaques For example Vero cell or other tissue cultures may be used to investigate an influenza virus or coronavirus while various bacterial cultures would be used for bacteriophages 1 2 Plaques from a virus isolated from a compost heap near UCLA The bacterium is M smegmatis Counting the number of plaques can be used as a method of virus quantification These plaques can sometimes be detected visually using colony counters in much the same way as bacterial colonies are counted however they are not always visible to the naked eye and sometimes can only be seen through a microscope or using techniques such as staining e g neutral red for eukaryotes 3 or giemsa for bacteria 4 or immunofluorescence Special computer systems have been designed with the ability to scan samples in batches The appearance of the plaque depends on the host strain virus and the conditions Highly virulent or lytic strains create plaques that look clear due to total cell destruction while strains that only kill a fraction of their hosts due to partial resistance lysogeny or only reduce the rate of cell growth give turbid plaques Some partially lysogenic phages give bull s eye plaques with spots or rings of growth in the middle of clear regions of complete lysis 5 See also editAssay Viral culture Virus Virus quantification VirologyReferences edit Abedon Stephen T 2018 Harper David R Abedon Stephen T Burrowes Benjamin H McConville Malcolm L eds Detection of Bacteriophages Phage Plaques Bacteriophages Biology Technology Therapy Cham Springer International Publishing pp 1 32 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 40598 8 16 1 ISBN 978 3 319 40598 8 S2CID 89660218 retrieved 2023 12 02 Youil R Su Q Toner T J Szymkowiak C Kwan W S Rubin B Petrukhin L Kiseleva I Shaw A R DiStefano D 2004 09 01 Comparative study of influenza virus replication in Vero and MDCK cell lines Journal of Virological Methods 120 1 23 31 doi 10 1016 j jviromet 2004 03 011 ISSN 0166 0934 PMID 15234806 Finter N B 1969 10 01 Dye Uptake Methods for Assessing Viral Cytopathogenicity and Their Application to Interferon Assays Journal of General Virology 5 3 419 427 doi 10 1099 0022 1317 5 3 419 ISSN 0022 1317 Retrieved 2012 03 26 permanent dead link Marvin D A Hohn B 1969 Filamentous bacterial viruses Bacteriological Reviews 33 2 172 209 doi 10 1128 br 33 2 172 209 1969 PMC 378320 PMID 4979697 Ramesh Nachimuthu Archana Loganathan Madurantakam Royam Madhav Manohar Prasanth Eniyan Kandasamy 2019 06 17 Effect of various bacteriological media on the plaque morphology of Staphylococcus and Vibrio phages Access Microbiology 1 4 e000036 doi 10 1099 acmi 0 000036 ISSN 2516 8290 PMC 7470289 PMID 32974524 External links editAn image of Bacteriophage plaques in agar Archived 2020 02 13 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Viral plaque amp oldid 1212687950, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
