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Veronica Franco

January 31, 2023

Veronica Franco (1546–1591) was an Italian poet and courtesan in 16th-century Venice. She is known for her notable clientele, feminist advocacy, literary contributions, and philanthropy. Her humanist education and cultural contributions influenced the roles of Courtesans in the late Venetian Renaissance.

Veronica Franco
Portrait by Tintoretto, ca. 1575
Born1546
Venice, Republic of Venice
Died1591
Venice, Republic of Venice

In her notable works, Capitoli in Terze rime and Lettere familiari a diversi ("Familiar Letters to Various People"), Franco uses perceived virtue, reason, and fairness to advise male patricians and other associates. She exercised greater autonomy in her authorship than any other traditional Venetian woman due to her established reputation and influence.

Life

Veronica Franco was born to a family in the Cittadino class.[1] She developed her position in Renaissance Venetian society as a cortigiana onesta (Honest Courtesan), who were intellectual sex workers who derived their position in society from refinement and cultural prowess. They served in contrast to other sex workers such as cortigiana di lume or meretrice ('harlots'), who were lower-class prostitutes.[2]

Franco received a respectable humanistic education at a young age from her brother's tutor, an unusual opportunity for Venetian women. She continued her education by mixing with learned men, writers, and painters.[3] This granted her access to a Domenico Venier, a patron and advisor to women writers. She was able to use her education to contribute considerably to literary and artistic outlets.[4]

Franco learned additional skills from her mother, Paola Fracassa, who had an interest in finding suitable clients for her, as well as marrying her off.[5] While still in her teens, Franco was briefly married to a mature, wealthy physician named Paolo Panizza. She supported her children along with a household of tutors and servants for most of her life.[3]

Franco wrote two volumes of poetry: Terze rime in 1575 and Lettere familiari a diversi in 1580.[6]

In 1565, when she was about 20 years old, Veronica Franco was listed in the Catalogo de tutte le principal et più honorate cortigiane di Venetia (Catalog of all the Principal and most Honored Courtesans of Venice), which gave the names, addresses, and fees of Venice's most prominent prostitutes; her mother was listed as the person to whom the fee should be paid (her "go-between").[7] From extant records, we know that, by the time she was 18, Franco had been briefly married and had given birth to her first child; she would eventually have six children, three of whom died in infancy.[3]

She became involved in the 1570s with Domenico Venier's renowned literary salon in Venice, who served as a literary adviser not only to male writers but also to many women poets of the Veneto region.[8]

As one of the più honorate cortigiane in a wealthy and cosmopolitan city, Franco lived well for much of her working life, but without the automatic protection accorded to "respectable" women, she had to make her own way. She studied and sought patrons among the learned.[9][10]

In 1575, during the epidemic of plague that ravaged the city, Franco was forced to leave Venice and lost much of her wealth when her house and possessions were looted.[8] Upon her return in 1577, she defended herself against charges of witchcraft before the Inquisition, a crime commonly lodged against courtesans in those days. The charges were dropped.[8] There is evidence that her connections among the Venetian nobility helped in her acquittal.[8]

Her later life is largely obscure, though surviving records suggest that although she won her freedom, she lost all of her material goods and wealth. Eventually, her last major benefactor died and left her with no financial support. There is little information for her life after 1580. Records suggest that she was less prosperous in her later years and is believed to have died in relative poverty.[8]

Writings

In 1575, Franco's first volume of poetry was published, her Terze rime, containing 18 capitoli (verse epistles) by her and 7 by men writing in her praise. That same year saw an outbreak of plague in Venice, one that lasted two years and caused Franco to leave the city and to lose many of her possessions. In 1577, she unsuccessfully proposed to the city council that it should establish a home for poor women, of which she would become the administrator.

In 1580, Franco published her Lettere familiari a diversi ("Familiar Letters to Various People") which included 50 letters, as well as two sonnets addressed to King Henry III of France.

Franco's success was not limited to being a coveted courtesan. It was her wittiness and often criticized voice that was immortalized by way of being published that brought forth much recognition. Records indicate that the number of actual publications was limited as they were thought to have been at her own expense or private publications. Her work is known to have been included in an anthology of women poets in the 18th century (1726) that was edited by Luisa Bergalli.[3]

"When we too are armed and trained, we can convince men that we have hands, feet, and a heart like yours; and although we may be delicate and soft, some men who are delicate are also strong; and others, coarse and harsh, are cowards. Women have not yet realized this, for if they should decide to do so, they would be able to fight you until death; and to prove that I speak the truth, amongst so many women, I will be the first to act, setting an example for them to follow."

— Veronica Franco

The embodiment of her role in the public realm was made evermore tangible, amongst the literary circles and the Venetian public during her polemic literary battle with Maffio Venier. The poem referenced above Capitolo 16, A Challenge To A Poet Who Has Defamed Her – is believed to have been one of the many directed to Maffio Venier. These poems are Capitolo XIII, XVI, and XXIII of her literary publication, Terze Rime.

Posthumous reception

Franco's life was recorded in the 1992 book The Honest Courtesan, by US author Margaret F. Rosenthal.[11]

Catherine McCormack portrayed Veronica Franco in the 1998 movie Dangerous Beauty, released as A Destiny of Her Own in some countries, based on Rosenthal's book.[12][13]

In the 2000s Franco prompted scholarly inquiries on "what it meant to be a public woman in Cinquecento Venice".[14] This directly pertained to her duality of both a courtesan and a published poet. Franco is referenced to have been a "living performance of public art—a renowned courtesan whose body was available to a certain exclusive clientele, a published author, and a public presence."[14] Franco's literary work demonstrates her ability to defend women, as a whole, in a format that can be studied and understood as ahead of her time. Franco's work fearlessly embarked on juxtaposed realms such as sexuality and women's agency as a whole. In doing so, she challenged and disrupted the patriarchal norms that surrounded her.

Franco is also portrayed in the 2012 Serbian novel named after her (Serbian: Штампар и Вероника) authored by Serbian writer Katarina Brajović.[15]

In 2013, her work was interpreted as adopting "a position of public authority that calls attention to her education, her rhetorical skill, and the solidarity she feels with women."[16] She embodied in writing a duality, toggling between and addressing both private and public life matters. Her publications have allowed her work and proto-feminist efforts to transcend time.

Further reading

  • sample of poems and letters by Veronica Franco 2013 Veronica Franco Project, USC Dornsife.
  • portraits, attributed to Tintoretto 2013 Veronica Franco Project, USC Dornsife..
  • Michael Asimow, Dangerous Beauty: The Trial of a Courtesan UCLA Law School, (May 1998).
  • Rosenthal, Margaret F., "Veronica Franco's Terze Rime (1575): The Venetian Courtesan's Defense" Renaissance Quarterly 42:2 (Summer 1989) 227-257[dead link]
  • Adler, Sara Maria. "Veronica Franco's Petrarchan Terze rime: Subverting the Master's Plan," Italica 65: 3 (1988): 213–33.
  • Diberti-Leigh, Marcella. Veronica Franco: Donna, poetessa e cortigiana del Rinascimento. Ivrea, Italy, 1988.
  • Jones, Ann R. The Currency of Eros: Women's Love Lyric in Europe, 1540–1620. Bloomington and Indianapolis, Ind., 1990.
  • Phillipy, Patricia. "'Altera Dido': The Model of Ovid's Heroides in the Poems of Gaspara Stampa and Veronica Franco," Italica 69 (1992): 1-18.
  • Stefano Bianchi, La scrittura poetica femminile nel Cinquecento veneto: Gaspara Stampa e Veronica Franco, Manziana: Vecchiarelli, 2013. ISBN 978-88-8247-337-2

References

  1. ^ Veronica Franco and the 'Cortigiane Oneste': Attaining Power through Prostitution in Sixteenth-Century Venice by Arielle Sison; Stanford.
  2. ^ Jansen, Sharon L. "Veronica Franco, the "Cortigiana onesta" (the "honored courtesan")". Retrieved 2022-10-18.
  3. ^ a b c d Franco, Veronica (1999). Poems and Selected Letters. University of Chicago Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780226259871.
  4. ^ Marrone, Gaetana; Puppa, Paolo, eds. (2006). Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203943540. ISBN 9781135455309.
  5. ^ Rinaldina Russell (1994). Italian Women Writers: A Bio-bibliographical Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-313-28347-5.
  6. ^ Rosenthal, Margaret F. (1989). "Veronica Franco's Terze Rime: the Venetian Courtesan's Defense". Renaissance Quarterly. 42 (2): 227–257. doi:10.2307/2861626. JSTOR 2861626. S2CID 163306755. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  7. ^ "FRANCO, Veronica in "Dizionario Biografico"". www.treccani.it.
  8. ^ a b c d e "Biography: Franco, Veronica". www.lib.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
  9. ^ Ferraro, Joanne M. (2016). Venice: History of the Floating City. Cambridge University Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-1-139-53618-9.
  10. ^ Ray, Meredith K. (2009). Writing Gender in Women's Letter Collections of the Italian Renaissance. University of Toronto Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-8020-9704-0.
  11. ^ Rosenthal, Margaret F. The Honest Courtesan: Veronica Franco, Citizen and Writer in Sixteenth-Century Venice. Chicago,1992.
  12. ^ "Dangerous Beauty". IMDb.[unreliable source?]
  13. ^ "Dangerous Beauty Release Info". IMDb.[unreliable source?]
  14. ^ a b Wojciehowski, Dolora Chapelle (Fall–Winter 2006). "Veronica Franco vs. Maffio Venier: Sex, Death, and Poetry in Cinquecento Venice". Italica. 83 (3/4): 367–390. JSTOR 27669097.
  15. ^ "Život za knjigu u lepoj Veneciji" (Press release). Politika. November 28, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2013. Pesnikinja Veronika Franko zaista je postojala, njeno delo se i danas smatra interesantnim, a pisala je rime o svojim ljubavnicima. Njenoj biografiji dodala sam detalje koji su bili važni u kreiranju dramske strukture romana.
  16. ^ Margaret Rosenthal (2013). "The Woman". Veronica Franco Project. Retrieved 2019-12-15.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Veronica Franco.
  • Biography
  • Project Continua: Biography of Veronica Franco
  • Works by Veronica Franco at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)  

January 31, 2023
veronica, franco, 1546, 1591, italian, poet, courtesan, 16th, century, venice, known, notable, clientele, feminist, advocacy, literary, contributions, philanthropy, humanist, education, cultural, contributions, influenced, roles, courtesans, late, venetian, re. Veronica Franco 1546 1591 was an Italian poet and courtesan in 16th century Venice She is known for her notable clientele feminist advocacy literary contributions and philanthropy Her humanist education and cultural contributions influenced the roles of Courtesans in the late Venetian Renaissance Veronica FrancoPortrait by Tintoretto ca 1575Born1546Venice Republic of VeniceDied1591Venice Republic of VeniceIn her notable works Capitoli in Terze rime and Lettere familiari a diversi Familiar Letters to Various People Franco uses perceived virtue reason and fairness to advise male patricians and other associates She exercised greater autonomy in her authorship than any other traditional Venetian woman due to her established reputation and influence Contents 1 Life 2 Writings 3 Posthumous reception 4 Further reading 5 References 6 External linksLife EditVeronica Franco was born to a family in the Cittadino class 1 She developed her position in Renaissance Venetian society as a cortigiana onesta Honest Courtesan who were intellectual sex workers who derived their position in society from refinement and cultural prowess They served in contrast to other sex workers such as cortigiana di lume or meretrice harlots who were lower class prostitutes 2 Franco received a respectable humanistic education at a young age from her brother s tutor an unusual opportunity for Venetian women She continued her education by mixing with learned men writers and painters 3 This granted her access to a Domenico Venier a patron and advisor to women writers She was able to use her education to contribute considerably to literary and artistic outlets 4 Franco learned additional skills from her mother Paola Fracassa who had an interest in finding suitable clients for her as well as marrying her off 5 While still in her teens Franco was briefly married to a mature wealthy physician named Paolo Panizza She supported her children along with a household of tutors and servants for most of her life 3 Franco wrote two volumes of poetry Terze rime in 1575 and Lettere familiari a diversi in 1580 6 In 1565 when she was about 20 years old Veronica Franco was listed in the Catalogo de tutte le principal et piu honorate cortigiane di Venetia Catalog of all the Principal and most Honored Courtesans of Venice which gave the names addresses and fees of Venice s most prominent prostitutes her mother was listed as the person to whom the fee should be paid her go between 7 From extant records we know that by the time she was 18 Franco had been briefly married and had given birth to her first child she would eventually have six children three of whom died in infancy 3 She became involved in the 1570s with Domenico Venier s renowned literary salon in Venice who served as a literary adviser not only to male writers but also to many women poets of the Veneto region 8 As one of the piu honorate cortigiane in a wealthy and cosmopolitan city Franco lived well for much of her working life but without the automatic protection accorded to respectable women she had to make her own way She studied and sought patrons among the learned 9 10 In 1575 during the epidemic of plague that ravaged the city Franco was forced to leave Venice and lost much of her wealth when her house and possessions were looted 8 Upon her return in 1577 she defended herself against charges of witchcraft before the Inquisition a crime commonly lodged against courtesans in those days The charges were dropped 8 There is evidence that her connections among the Venetian nobility helped in her acquittal 8 Her later life is largely obscure though surviving records suggest that although she won her freedom she lost all of her material goods and wealth Eventually her last major benefactor died and left her with no financial support There is little information for her life after 1580 Records suggest that she was less prosperous in her later years and is believed to have died in relative poverty 8 Writings EditIn 1575 Franco s first volume of poetry was published her Terze rime containing 18 capitoli verse epistles by her and 7 by men writing in her praise That same year saw an outbreak of plague in Venice one that lasted two years and caused Franco to leave the city and to lose many of her possessions In 1577 she unsuccessfully proposed to the city council that it should establish a home for poor women of which she would become the administrator In 1580 Franco published her Lettere familiari a diversi Familiar Letters to Various People which included 50 letters as well as two sonnets addressed to King Henry III of France Franco s success was not limited to being a coveted courtesan It was her wittiness and often criticized voice that was immortalized by way of being published that brought forth much recognition Records indicate that the number of actual publications was limited as they were thought to have been at her own expense or private publications Her work is known to have been included in an anthology of women poets in the 18th century 1726 that was edited by Luisa Bergalli 3 When we too are armed and trained we can convince men that we have hands feet and a heart like yours and although we may be delicate and soft some men who are delicate are also strong and others coarse and harsh are cowards Women have not yet realized this for if they should decide to do so they would be able to fight you until death and to prove that I speak the truth amongst so many women I will be the first to act setting an example for them to follow Veronica Franco The embodiment of her role in the public realm was made evermore tangible amongst the literary circles and the Venetian public during her polemic literary battle with Maffio Venier The poem referenced above Capitolo 16 A Challenge To A Poet Who Has Defamed Her is believed to have been one of the many directed to Maffio Venier These poems are Capitolo XIII XVI and XXIII of her literary publication Terze Rime Posthumous reception EditFranco s life was recorded in the 1992 book The Honest Courtesan by US author Margaret F Rosenthal 11 Catherine McCormack portrayed Veronica Franco in the 1998 movie Dangerous Beauty released as A Destiny of Her Own in some countries based on Rosenthal s book 12 13 In the 2000s Franco prompted scholarly inquiries on what it meant to be a public woman in Cinquecento Venice 14 This directly pertained to her duality of both a courtesan and a published poet Franco is referenced to have been a living performance of public art a renowned courtesan whose body was available to a certain exclusive clientele a published author and a public presence 14 Franco s literary work demonstrates her ability to defend women as a whole in a format that can be studied and understood as ahead of her time Franco s work fearlessly embarked on juxtaposed realms such as sexuality and women s agency as a whole In doing so she challenged and disrupted the patriarchal norms that surrounded her Franco is also portrayed in the 2012 Serbian novel named after her Serbian Shtampar i Veronika authored by Serbian writer Katarina Brajovic 15 In 2013 her work was interpreted as adopting a position of public authority that calls attention to her education her rhetorical skill and the solidarity she feels with women 16 She embodied in writing a duality toggling between and addressing both private and public life matters Her publications have allowed her work and proto feminist efforts to transcend time Further reading Editsample of poems and letters by Veronica Franco 2013 Veronica Franco Project USC Dornsife portraits attributed to Tintoretto 2013 Veronica Franco Project USC Dornsife Michael Asimow Dangerous Beauty The Trial of a Courtesan UCLA Law School May 1998 Rosenthal Margaret F Veronica Franco s Terze Rime 1575 The Venetian Courtesan s Defense Renaissance Society of America Renaissance Quarterly 42 2 Summer 1989 227 257 dead link Adler Sara Maria Veronica Franco s Petrarchan Terze rime Subverting the Master s Plan Italica 65 3 1988 213 33 Diberti Leigh Marcella Veronica Franco Donna poetessa e cortigiana del Rinascimento Ivrea Italy 1988 Jones Ann R The Currency of Eros Women s Love Lyric in Europe 1540 1620 Bloomington and Indianapolis Ind 1990 Phillipy Patricia Altera Dido The Model of Ovid s Heroides in the Poems of Gaspara Stampa and Veronica Franco Italica 69 1992 1 18 Stefano Bianchi La scrittura poetica femminile nel Cinquecento veneto Gaspara Stampa e Veronica Franco Manziana Vecchiarelli 2013 ISBN 978 88 8247 337 2References Edit Veronica Franco and the Cortigiane Oneste Attaining Power through Prostitution in Sixteenth Century Venice by Arielle Sison Stanford Jansen Sharon L Veronica Franco the Cortigiana onesta the honored courtesan Retrieved 2022 10 18 a b c d Franco Veronica 1999 Poems and Selected Letters University of Chicago Press p 22 ISBN 9780226259871 Marrone Gaetana Puppa Paolo eds 2006 Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies Routledge doi 10 4324 9780203943540 ISBN 9781135455309 Rinaldina Russell 1994 Italian Women Writers A Bio bibliographical Sourcebook Greenwood Publishing Group p 138 ISBN 978 0 313 28347 5 Rosenthal Margaret F 1989 Veronica Franco s Terze Rime the Venetian Courtesan s Defense Renaissance Quarterly 42 2 227 257 doi 10 2307 2861626 JSTOR 2861626 S2CID 163306755 Retrieved 22 June 2022 FRANCO Veronica in Dizionario Biografico www treccani it a b c d e Biography Franco Veronica www lib uchicago edu Retrieved 2022 08 11 Ferraro Joanne M 2016 Venice History of the Floating City Cambridge University Press p 149 ISBN 978 1 139 53618 9 Ray Meredith K 2009 Writing Gender in Women s Letter Collections of the Italian Renaissance University of Toronto Press p 134 ISBN 978 0 8020 9704 0 Rosenthal Margaret F The Honest Courtesan Veronica Franco Citizen and Writer in Sixteenth Century Venice Chicago 1992 Dangerous Beauty IMDb unreliable source Dangerous Beauty Release Info IMDb unreliable source a b Wojciehowski Dolora Chapelle Fall Winter 2006 Veronica Franco vs Maffio Venier Sex Death and Poetry in Cinquecento Venice Italica 83 3 4 367 390 JSTOR 27669097 Zivot za knjigu u lepoj Veneciji Press release Politika November 28 2012 Retrieved February 21 2013 Pesnikinja Veronika Franko zaista je postojala njeno delo se i danas smatra interesantnim a pisala je rime o svojim ljubavnicima Njenoj biografiji dodala sam detalje koji su bili vazni u kreiranju dramske strukture romana Margaret Rosenthal 2013 The Woman Veronica Franco Project Retrieved 2019 12 15 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Veronica Franco Biography Project Continua Biography of Veronica Franco Works by Veronica Franco at LibriVox public domain audiobooks Biography portal Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Veronica Franco amp oldid 1136328092, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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