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Venezuelan literature

January 01, 1970

Venezuelan literature is the literature written by Venezuelans or in Venezuela, ranging from indigenous pre-Hispanic myths to oral or written works in Spanish or other languages. The origins of Venezuelan written literature are usually held to date back to the documents written by the first Spanish colonizers, its date of birth being sometimes set at August 31, 1498, when Christopher Columbus called the Venezuelan territory in his Diaries "Tierra de gracia" ("Land of Grace").

History edit

Colonial period edit

 
Juan de Castellanos, Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias (1589).

Literature written in Venezuelan territory began to develop at the time of the Conquest of America with the Chronicles of the Indies and later with the first autograph texts by colonial authors. Literary activity was constant throughout the colonial period, but due to the late introduction of the printing press in the region, few works have survived to the present day. Between 1563 and 1564, Pedro de la Cadena wrote his epic poem Los actos y hazañas valerosas del capitán Diego Hernández de Serpa, which is the first written work of literature with a Venezuelan theme and possibly the earliest poem written in the Americas in a European language.[1][2][3] De la Cadena and other Spanish authors who set the action of their poems on Cubagua island, like Juan de Castellanos (author of the Elegías de varones ilustres de Indias) or Jorge de Herrera, were known at the time as the "poets of Cubagua".

Some chroniclers of the Indies who never set foot on Venezuela are nevertheless considered part of the history of its literature due to the fact that they recounted episodes of local history such as the founding and destruction of Nueva Cádiz, the pearl trade of Cubagua and Margarita, or the process of colonisation. Among these were Bartolomé de las Casas (A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1552), Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo (Historia general y natural de las Indias, 1535, and Sumario de la natural historia de las Indias, 1526) Francisco López de Gómara (Historia general de las Indias, 1552), and Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada (Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada, 1539).[4] Later chroniclers who did inhabit the territory include Pedro Simón, who in 1626 published Noticias historiales de las conquistas de Tierra Firme en las Indias Occidentales, on the conquest of the present territories of Venezuela and Colombia, and Jacinto de Carvajal, whose Relación del descubrimiento del río Apure hasta su ingreso en el Orinoco, or Jornadas náuticas (1648), records the first catalogue of indigenous peoples of Venezuela (a list of 105 nations, some of which remain unknown) as well as the first case of plagiarism committed in the region.[3][5]

 
Miranda in La Carraca (1896), by Arturo Michelena, depicts Francisco de Miranda during his last days, in the prision of Cádiz.

Venezuelan colonial culture developed considerably in the eighteenth century. The panegyric Lágrimas amorosas, by Nicolás Herrera y Ascanio, priest at the Caracas Cathedral, was published in Mexico in 1707. In 1723, José de Oviedo y Baños completed his Historia de la conquista y población de la Provincia de Venezuela.[6] In 1732, the Venezuelan priest José Mijares de Solórzano had the three volumes of his Sermones magistrales published in Madrid.[7] Joseph Gumilla published El Orinoco ilustrado y defendido and Historia natural, civil y geográfica de las naciones situadas en las riveras del río Orinoco, two important contributions to the historiography of the indigenous peoples of Venezuela, in 1745 and 1791 respectively.[8][9] Of the works of the extremely prolific writer Juan Antonio Navarrete (1749-1814), Franciscan friar and supporter of independence, only three have survived: the Novena de Santa Efigenia, the Cursus Philosophicus Iuxtamiram, and the Arca de letras y Teatro universal.[10] The latter, probably written between 1783 and 1813-1814, is a monumental work with an extremely complex structure that compiles with great erudition and lexicographical skill much of the knowledge available at the time.[11] The late eighteenth century also saw the publication of the best known Venezuelan prose works from the colonial period, the Diaries of Francisco de Miranda (1771-1792). Miranda also authored several texts recounting his participation in the French Revolution, as well as his negotiations with the governments of England, France and the United States of America to seek support for the independence of Spanish America. Finally, it was in the late colonial period that the first known Venezuelan woman writer, the Carmelite nun Sor María Josefa de los Ángeles (1765-1818?) published her work. Most of her poetry, marked by an intense mystical sentiment inspired by Saint Teresa of Ávila, was lost during the War of Independence.[12][13][14] However, two of her texts, Anhelo ("Yearning") and Terremoto ("Earthquake"), have made it to the present day.[15][16]

19th century edit

The arrival of the printing press in Caracas in 1808, on the eve of independence, led to the emergence of several newspapers, most notably Correo de la Trinidad Española, Gazeta de Caracas and Correo del Orinoco, as well as of its first major authors, Andrés Bello and Rafael María Baralt. Works from this period address issues such as the War of Independence (e.g., Eduardo Blanco's 1881 Venezuela Heroica) and the political conflicts between conservatives and liberals. Novels, short stories, and plays were written in the mid-nineteenth century by authors such as Fermín Toro, Julio Calcaño, Eduardo Blanco, Zulima, Juan Vicente Camacho, and Tomás Michelena, and the end of the century saw the local emergence of international literary movements such as modernismo, cosmopolitismo, and criollismo.

20th century edit

In the 20th century, with the modernization and urbanization of Venezuela thanks to the economic boom provided by petroleum, some of its finest writers were: Teresa de la Parra, Rómulo Gallegos, Arturo Uslar Pietri, Salvador Garmendia. Gallegos' Doña Bárbara (1929) was described in 1974 as "possibly the most widely known Latin American novel".[17] The National Prize for Literature, awarded annually, was established in 1948, with Uslar Pietri the only writer to win twice in the first five decades.

Rafael Cadenas and Eugenio Montejo are among the best known poets of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century.

21st century edit

At the start of the 21st century, Venezuelan fiction boomed with major new works by Federico Vegas, Francisco Suniaga, Ana Teresa Torres and Slavko Župčić. According to critic and journalist Boris Muñoz, Venezuelan fiction has "opened up to find a bigger audience, through noir novels, historical novels, without renouncing its own Venezuelan idiosyncrasies".[18] With the Venezuelan refugee crisis in the 2010s, migration has become a predominant topic in Venezuelan literature.[19][20] Many Venezuelan writers live and publish outside the country, notably in Spain, the United States and other parts of Latin America.[21]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Orígenes de la poesía colonial venezolana (in Spanish). Concejo Municipal del Distrito Federal. 1980. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  2. ^ Ojer, Pablo; Cadena, Pedro de la; Subero, Efraín (1973). El primer poema de tema venezolano. Cuadernos de prosa ; 10. Ministerio de Educación, Dirección General, Departamento de Publicaciones. Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  3. ^ a b Lovera de Sola, R. J. (July 1988). "Algunas consideraciones sobre la literatura colonial venezolana". Boletín de la Academia Nacional de la Historia. LXXI (283). Academia Nacional de la Historia de Venezuela.
  4. ^ República, Boletin Cultural y Bibliográfico Banco de la (1979-03-15). "Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada". Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico (in Spanish). 16 (3): 81–97. ISSN 2590-6275. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  5. ^ Fernández, Pureza Vega (6 November 2016). "Palabras y cosas de un mundo recién descubierto: El festín de las enumeraciones (II)". Astorga Redacción. Periódico digital de Astorga, Maragatería, Cepeda y Órbigo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  6. ^ "Historia de la conquista y población de Venezuela" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-06-29.
  7. ^ "Mijares de Solórzano, José Ignacio | Fundación Empresas Polar". bibliofep.fundacionempresaspolar.org. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  8. ^ "El Orinoco ilustrado y defendido. Historia natural, civil y geográfica de este gran río y de sus caudalosas vertientes" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  9. ^ Gumilla, José (1791). "Historia natural, civil y geográfica de las naciones situadas en las riveras del río Orinoco" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-07-02. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ Navarrete, Juan Antonio (1993). "Estudio preliminar". In Blas Bruni Celli (ed.). Arca de letras y Teatro Universal. Vol. I. Caracas: Academia Nacional de la Historia de Venezuela.
  11. ^ Navarrete, Juan Antonio; Bruni Celli, Blas (1783). Arca de Letras y Theatro Universal. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  12. ^ "La primera creación poética venezolana salió de un claustro". Aleteia.org | Español - valores con alma para vivir feliz (in Spanish). 2021-06-06. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  13. ^ "La primera escritora venezolana vivió en un claustro". Haiman El TroudI (in Spanish). 2021-09-21. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  14. ^ "Paz y Castillo, María Josefa de la | Fundación Empresas Polar". bibliofep.fundacionempresaspolar.org. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  15. ^ Calcaño, Julio (1892). Parnaso venezolano; colección de poesías de autores venezolanos desde mediados del siglo XVIII hasta nuestros días precedida de una introducción acerca del origen y progreso de la poesía en Venezuela. Caracas: Tipografía El Cojo.
  16. ^ Páez Pumar, Mauro (1979). Orígenes de la poesía colonial venezolana. Caracas: Concejo Municipal del Distrito Federal.
  17. ^ Shaw, Donald, "Gallegos' Revision of Doña Bárbara 1929-30, Hispanic Review 42(3), Summer 1974, p265
  18. ^ Valdes, Marcela (11 April 2013). "Oil, Chavez And Telenovelas: The Rise Of The Venezuelan Novel". NPR. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  19. ^ Valladares-Ruiz, Patricia (2018-09-21). Narrativas del descalabro. Boydell and Brewer Limited. doi:10.1017/9781787443440. ISBN 978-1-78744-344-0.
  20. ^ Carreño, Víctor (2020). "Narrativa De La Emigración Venezolana En El Siglo XXI: Emergencia E Invisibilización". Revista de Estudios Hispánicos. 54 (2): 371–393. doi:10.1353/rvs.2020.0006. ISSN 2164-9308. S2CID 226644917.
  21. ^ Rodríguez, Alirio Fernández. "El mapa glocal de la literatura venezolana contemporánea". Cinco8 (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-10-02.

External links edit

  • País Portátil: Contemporary Venezuelan Literature and Arts

January 01, 1970
venezuelan, literature, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, spanish, july, 2013, click, show, important, translation, instructions, view, machine, translated, version, spanish, article, machine, translation, like,. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish July 2013 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Spanish article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at es Literatura de Venezuela see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated es Literatura de Venezuela to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Venezuelan literature is the literature written by Venezuelans or in Venezuela ranging from indigenous pre Hispanic myths to oral or written works in Spanish or other languages The origins of Venezuelan written literature are usually held to date back to the documents written by the first Spanish colonizers its date of birth being sometimes set at August 31 1498 when Christopher Columbus called the Venezuelan territory in his Diaries Tierra de gracia Land of Grace Contents 1 History 1 1 Colonial period 1 2 19th century 1 3 20th century 1 4 21st century 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksHistory editColonial period edit nbsp Juan de Castellanos Elegias de varones ilustres de Indias 1589 Literature written in Venezuelan territory began to develop at the time of the Conquest of America with the Chronicles of the Indies and later with the first autograph texts by colonial authors Literary activity was constant throughout the colonial period but due to the late introduction of the printing press in the region few works have survived to the present day Between 1563 and 1564 Pedro de la Cadena wrote his epic poem Los actos y hazanas valerosas del capitan Diego Hernandez de Serpa which is the first written work of literature with a Venezuelan theme and possibly the earliest poem written in the Americas in a European language 1 2 3 De la Cadena and other Spanish authors who set the action of their poems on Cubagua island like Juan de Castellanos author of the Elegias de varones ilustres de Indias or Jorge de Herrera were known at the time as the poets of Cubagua Some chroniclers of the Indies who never set foot on Venezuela are nevertheless considered part of the history of its literature due to the fact that they recounted episodes of local history such as the founding and destruction of Nueva Cadiz the pearl trade of Cubagua and Margarita or the process of colonisation Among these were Bartolome de las Casas A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies 1552 Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo Historia general y natural de las Indias 1535 and Sumario de la natural historia de las Indias 1526 Francisco Lopez de Gomara Historia general de las Indias 1552 and Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada Epitome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada 1539 4 Later chroniclers who did inhabit the territory include Pedro Simon who in 1626 published Noticias historiales de las conquistas de Tierra Firme en las Indias Occidentales on the conquest of the present territories of Venezuela and Colombia and Jacinto de Carvajal whose Relacion del descubrimiento del rio Apure hasta su ingreso en el Orinoco or Jornadas nauticas 1648 records the first catalogue of indigenous peoples of Venezuela a list of 105 nations some of which remain unknown as well as the first case of plagiarism committed in the region 3 5 nbsp Miranda in La Carraca 1896 by Arturo Michelena depicts Francisco de Miranda during his last days in the prision of Cadiz Venezuelan colonial culture developed considerably in the eighteenth century The panegyric Lagrimas amorosas by Nicolas Herrera y Ascanio priest at the Caracas Cathedral was published in Mexico in 1707 In 1723 Jose de Oviedo y Banos completed his Historia de la conquista y poblacion de la Provincia de Venezuela 6 In 1732 the Venezuelan priest Jose Mijares de Solorzano had the three volumes of his Sermones magistrales published in Madrid 7 Joseph Gumilla published El Orinoco ilustrado y defendido and Historia natural civil y geografica de las naciones situadas en las riveras del rio Orinoco two important contributions to the historiography of the indigenous peoples of Venezuela in 1745 and 1791 respectively 8 9 Of the works of the extremely prolific writer Juan Antonio Navarrete 1749 1814 Franciscan friar and supporter of independence only three have survived the Novena de Santa Efigenia the Cursus Philosophicus Iuxtamiram and the Arca de letras y Teatro universal 10 The latter probably written between 1783 and 1813 1814 is a monumental work with an extremely complex structure that compiles with great erudition and lexicographical skill much of the knowledge available at the time 11 The late eighteenth century also saw the publication of the best known Venezuelan prose works from the colonial period the Diaries of Francisco de Miranda 1771 1792 Miranda also authored several texts recounting his participation in the French Revolution as well as his negotiations with the governments of England France and the United States of America to seek support for the independence of Spanish America Finally it was in the late colonial period that the first known Venezuelan woman writer the Carmelite nun Sor Maria Josefa de los Angeles 1765 1818 published her work Most of her poetry marked by an intense mystical sentiment inspired by Saint Teresa of Avila was lost during the War of Independence 12 13 14 However two of her texts Anhelo Yearning and Terremoto Earthquake have made it to the present day 15 16 19th century edit The arrival of the printing press in Caracas in 1808 on the eve of independence led to the emergence of several newspapers most notably Correo de la Trinidad Espanola Gazeta de Caracas and Correo del Orinoco as well as of its first major authors Andres Bello and Rafael Maria Baralt Works from this period address issues such as the War of Independence e g Eduardo Blanco s 1881 Venezuela Heroica and the political conflicts between conservatives and liberals Novels short stories and plays were written in the mid nineteenth century by authors such as Fermin Toro Julio Calcano Eduardo Blanco Zulima Juan Vicente Camacho and Tomas Michelena and the end of the century saw the local emergence of international literary movements such as modernismo cosmopolitismo and criollismo 20th century edit In the 20th century with the modernization and urbanization of Venezuela thanks to the economic boom provided by petroleum some of its finest writers were Teresa de la Parra Romulo Gallegos Arturo Uslar Pietri Salvador Garmendia Gallegos Dona Barbara 1929 was described in 1974 as possibly the most widely known Latin American novel 17 The National Prize for Literature awarded annually was established in 1948 with Uslar Pietri the only writer to win twice in the first five decades Rafael Cadenas and Eugenio Montejo are among the best known poets of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century 21st century edit At the start of the 21st century Venezuelan fiction boomed with major new works by Federico Vegas Francisco Suniaga Ana Teresa Torres and Slavko Zupcic According to critic and journalist Boris Munoz Venezuelan fiction has opened up to find a bigger audience through noir novels historical novels without renouncing its own Venezuelan idiosyncrasies 18 With the Venezuelan refugee crisis in the 2010s migration has become a predominant topic in Venezuelan literature 19 20 Many Venezuelan writers live and publish outside the country notably in Spain the United States and other parts of Latin America 21 See also editList of Venezuelan writers Latin American literature Culture of Venezuela Romulo Gallegos PrizeReferences edit Origenes de la poesia colonial venezolana in Spanish Concejo Municipal del Distrito Federal 1980 Retrieved 2023 06 29 Ojer Pablo Cadena Pedro de la Subero Efrain 1973 El primer poema de tema venezolano Cuadernos de prosa 10 Ministerio de Educacion Direccion General Departamento de Publicaciones Retrieved 2023 06 29 a b Lovera de Sola R J July 1988 Algunas consideraciones sobre la literatura colonial venezolana Boletin de la Academia Nacional de la Historia LXXI 283 Academia Nacional de la Historia de Venezuela Republica Boletin Cultural y Bibliografico Banco de la 1979 03 15 Epitome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada Boletin Cultural y Bibliografico in Spanish 16 3 81 97 ISSN 2590 6275 Retrieved 2023 06 30 Fernandez Pureza Vega 6 November 2016 Palabras y cosas de un mundo recien descubierto El festin de las enumeraciones II Astorga Redaccion Periodico digital de Astorga Maragateria Cepeda y orbigo in Spanish Retrieved 2023 06 29 Historia de la conquista y poblacion de Venezuela in Spanish Retrieved 2023 06 29 Mijares de Solorzano Jose Ignacio Fundacion Empresas Polar bibliofep fundacionempresaspolar org Retrieved 2023 06 30 El Orinoco ilustrado y defendido Historia natural civil y geografica de este gran rio y de sus caudalosas vertientes in Spanish Retrieved 2023 06 30 Gumilla Jose 1791 Historia natural civil y geografica de las naciones situadas en las riveras del rio Orinoco in Spanish Retrieved 2023 07 02 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Navarrete Juan Antonio 1993 Estudio preliminar In Blas Bruni Celli ed Arca de letras y Teatro Universal Vol I Caracas Academia Nacional de la Historia de Venezuela Navarrete Juan Antonio Bruni Celli Blas 1783 Arca de Letras y Theatro Universal Retrieved 2023 06 30 La primera creacion poetica venezolana salio de un claustro Aleteia org Espanol valores con alma para vivir feliz in Spanish 2021 06 06 Retrieved 2023 06 28 La primera escritora venezolana vivio en un claustro Haiman El TroudI in Spanish 2021 09 21 Retrieved 2023 06 28 Paz y Castillo Maria Josefa de la Fundacion Empresas Polar bibliofep fundacionempresaspolar org Retrieved 2023 06 28 Calcano Julio 1892 Parnaso venezolano coleccion de poesias de autores venezolanos desde mediados del siglo XVIII hasta nuestros dias precedida de una introduccion acerca del origen y progreso de la poesia en Venezuela Caracas Tipografia El Cojo Paez Pumar Mauro 1979 Origenes de la poesia colonial venezolana Caracas Concejo Municipal del Distrito Federal Shaw Donald Gallegos Revision of Dona Barbara 1929 30 Hispanic Review 42 3 Summer 1974 p265 Valdes Marcela 11 April 2013 Oil Chavez And Telenovelas The Rise Of The Venezuelan Novel NPR Retrieved 8 September 2023 Valladares Ruiz Patricia 2018 09 21 Narrativas del descalabro Boydell and Brewer Limited doi 10 1017 9781787443440 ISBN 978 1 78744 344 0 Carreno Victor 2020 Narrativa De La Emigracion Venezolana En El Siglo XXI Emergencia E Invisibilizacion Revista de Estudios Hispanicos 54 2 371 393 doi 10 1353 rvs 2020 0006 ISSN 2164 9308 S2CID 226644917 Rodriguez Alirio Fernandez El mapa glocal de la literatura venezolana contemporanea Cinco8 in Spanish Retrieved 2022 10 02 External links editPais Portatil Contemporary Venezuelan Literature and Arts Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Venezuelan literature amp oldid 1215642470, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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