The Venera 11 (Russian: Венера-11 meaning Venus 11) was a Sovietuncrewed space mission which was part of the Venera program to explore the planet Venus. Venera 11 was launched on 9 September 1978 at 03:25:39 UTC.[2]
Separating from its flight platform on December 23, 1978 the lander entered the Venus atmosphere two days later on December 25 at 11.2 km/s. During the descent, it employed aerodynamic braking followed by parachute braking and ending with atmospheric braking. It made a soft landing on the surface at 06:24 Moscow Time (03:24 UT) on 25 December after a descent time of approximately 1 hour. The touchdown speed was 7 to 8 m/s.[3] Information was transmitted to the flight platform for retransmittal to earth until it moved out of range 95 minutes after touchdown.[4] Landing coordinates are 14°S299°E / 14°S 299°E / -14; 299.[3][5]
After ejection of the lander probe, the flight platform continued on past Venus in a heliocentric orbit. Near encounter with Venus occurred on December 25, 1978, at approximately 35,000 km altitude. The flight platform acted as a data relay for the descent craft for 95 minutes until it flew out of range and returned its own measurements on interplanetary space.[6]
Venera 11 flight platform carried solar wind detectors, ionosphere electron instruments and two gamma ray burst detectors – the Soviet-built KONUS and the French-built SIGNE 2. The SIGNE 2 detectors were simultaneously flown on Venera 12 and Prognoz 7 to allow triangulation of gamma ray sources. Before and after Venus flyby, Venera 11 and Venera 12 yielded detailed time-profiles for 143 gamma-ray bursts, resulting in the first ever catalog of such events. The last gamma-ray burst reported by Venera 11 occurred on January 27, 1980.
List of flight platform instruments and experiments:[7]
The lander carried instruments to study the temperature and atmospheric and soil chemical composition. A device called Groza was intended to search for lightning on Venus. Both Venera 11 and Venera 12 had landers with two cameras, each designed for color imaging, though Soviet literature does not mention them. Each failed to return images when the lens covers did not separate after landing due to a design flaw. The soil analyzer also failed. A gas chromatograph was on board to measure the composition of the Venus atmosphere, as well as instruments to study scattered solar radiation. Results reported included some evidence of lightning,[8] a high Ar36/Ar40 ratio, and the discovery of carbon monoxide at low altitudes.[4]
^ abcdSiddiqi, Asif A. (2018). Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016(PDF). The NASA history series (second ed.). Washington, DC: NASA History Program Office. pp. 127–128. ISBN978-1-62683-042-4. LCCN 2017059404. SP2018-4041.
^. Archived from the original on 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
^ ab"Venera 11 Descent Craft Launch and Orbital Information". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved November 6, 2019.
^ ab"Venera 11 Descent Craft". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved November 6, 2019.
^. Archived from the original on 2019-11-09. Retrieved 2012-12-10.
^"Venera 11". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved November 6, 2019.
^Mitchell, Don P. "Drilling into the Surface of Venus". Retrieved 13 April 2013.
^Lorenz, Ralph D. (2018-06-20). "Lightning detection on Venus: a critical review". Progress in Earth and Planetary Science. 5 (1): 34. Bibcode:2018PEPS....5...34L. doi:10.1186/s40645-018-0181-x. ISSN 2197-4284.
External linksedit
Venera 11 & Venera 12 (NASA) - Shows Venera 13 mockup at the Cosmos Pavillion in Moscow.
Drilling into the Surface of Venus (Venera 11 and 12) - has two images of actual descent module
November 10, 2023
venera, russian, Венера, meaning, venus, soviet, uncrewed, space, mission, which, part, venera, program, explore, planet, venus, launched, september, 1978, seal, operatorsoviet, academy, sciencescospar, id1978, 084a1978, 084dsatcat, 1102011027mission, duration. The Venera 11 Russian Venera 11 meaning Venus 11 was a Soviet uncrewed space mission which was part of the Venera program to explore the planet Venus Venera 11 was launched on 9 September 1978 at 03 25 39 UTC 2 Venera 11Seal of Venera 11OperatorSoviet Academy of SciencesCOSPAR ID1978 084A1978 084DSATCAT no 1102011027Mission durationTravel 3 months and 16 daysLander 95 minutesSpacecraft propertiesSpacecraft4V 1Spacecraft type4V 1 No 360 1 Bus4MVLaunch mass4 447 3 kg 9 805 lb 1 BOL mass4 715 kg 10 395 lb Landing mass760 kg 1 680 lb Dimensions2 7 m 2 3 m 5 7 m 8 9 ft 7 5 ft 18 7 ft Start of missionLaunch dateSeptember 9 1978 1978 09 09 03 25 39 UTC 1 RocketProton K D 1 8K82KLaunch siteBaikonur 81 23End of missionLast contactFebruary 1 1980 1 Orbital parametersReference systemGeocentricRegimeLow EarthSemi major axis6 569 kilometers 4 082 mi Eccentricity0 0312Perigee altitude177 kilometers 110 mi Apogee altitude205 kilometers 127 mi Inclination51 5 Flyby of VenusSpacecraft componentVenera 11 flight platformClosest approach25 December 1978Distance 35 000 kilometers 22 000 mi Venus landerSpacecraft componentVenera 11 descent craftLanding date25 December 1978 03 24Landing site14 S 299 E 14 S 299 E 14 299 near Phoebe Regio Venera Venera 10Venera 12 Separating from its flight platform on December 23 1978 the lander entered the Venus atmosphere two days later on December 25 at 11 2 km s During the descent it employed aerodynamic braking followed by parachute braking and ending with atmospheric braking It made a soft landing on the surface at 06 24 Moscow Time 03 24 UT on 25 December after a descent time of approximately 1 hour The touchdown speed was 7 to 8 m s 3 Information was transmitted to the flight platform for retransmittal to earth until it moved out of range 95 minutes after touchdown 4 Landing coordinates are 14 S 299 E 14 S 299 E 14 299 3 5 Contents 1 Flight platform 2 Lander 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksFlight platform editAfter ejection of the lander probe the flight platform continued on past Venus in a heliocentric orbit Near encounter with Venus occurred on December 25 1978 at approximately 35 000 km altitude The flight platform acted as a data relay for the descent craft for 95 minutes until it flew out of range and returned its own measurements on interplanetary space 6 Venera 11 flight platform carried solar wind detectors ionosphere electron instruments and two gamma ray burst detectors the Soviet built KONUS and the French built SIGNE 2 The SIGNE 2 detectors were simultaneously flown on Venera 12 and Prognoz 7 to allow triangulation of gamma ray sources Before and after Venus flyby Venera 11 and Venera 12 yielded detailed time profiles for 143 gamma ray bursts resulting in the first ever catalog of such events The last gamma ray burst reported by Venera 11 occurred on January 27 1980 List of flight platform instruments and experiments 7 30 166 nm Extreme UV spectrometer Compound plasma spectrometer KONUS Gamma ray burst detector SNEG Gamma ray Burst detector Magnetometer 4 Semiconductor counters 2 Gas discharge counters 4 Scintillation counters Hemispherical proton telescopeThe mission ended in February 1980 Venera 11 is currently in heliocentric orbit with perihelion of 0 69 AU aphelion of 1 01 AU eccentricity of 0 19 inclination of 2 3 degrees and orbital period of 284 days Lander editThe lander carried instruments to study the temperature and atmospheric and soil chemical composition A device called Groza was intended to search for lightning on Venus Both Venera 11 and Venera 12 had landers with two cameras each designed for color imaging though Soviet literature does not mention them Each failed to return images when the lens covers did not separate after landing due to a design flaw The soil analyzer also failed A gas chromatograph was on board to measure the composition of the Venus atmosphere as well as instruments to study scattered solar radiation Results reported included some evidence of lightning 8 a high Ar36 Ar40 ratio and the discovery of carbon monoxide at low altitudes 4 List of lander experiments and instruments Backscatter Nephelometer Mass spectrometer MKh 6411 Gas chromatograph Sigma X Ray fluorospectrometer 360 Scanning photometer IOAV Spectrometer 430 1170 nm Microphone anemometer Low frequency radio sensor 4 Thermometers 3 Barometers Accelerometer Bizon Penetrometer PrOP V Soil analysis device 2 Color cameras Small solar batteries MSBSee also edit nbsp Spaceflight portalList of missions to Venus Timeline of artificial satellites and space probesReferences edit a b c d Siddiqi Asif A 2018 Beyond Earth A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration 1958 2016 PDF The NASA history series second ed Washington DC NASA History Program Office pp 127 128 ISBN 978 1 62683 042 4 LCCN 2017059404 SP2018 4041 Venera 11 Archived from the original on 2015 01 21 Retrieved 2012 12 10 a b Venera 11 Descent Craft Launch and Orbital Information NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive Retrieved November 6 2019 a b Venera 11 Descent Craft NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive Retrieved November 6 2019 Venera 11 Detail Archived from the original on 2019 11 09 Retrieved 2012 12 10 Venera 11 NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive Retrieved November 6 2019 Mitchell Don P Drilling into the Surface of Venus Retrieved 13 April 2013 Lorenz Ralph D 2018 06 20 Lightning detection on Venus a critical review Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 5 1 34 Bibcode 2018PEPS 5 34L doi 10 1186 s40645 018 0181 x ISSN 2197 4284 External links editVenera 11 amp Venera 12 NASA Shows Venera 13 mockup at the Cosmos Pavillion in Moscow Drilling into the Surface of Venus Venera 11 and 12 has two images of actual descent module Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Venera 11 amp oldid 1176979184 Flight platform, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
