Vano Siradeghyan
Vano Smbati Siradeghyan (Armenian: Վանո Սմբատի Սիրադեղյան; November 13, 1946 – October 15, 2021) was an Armenian politician and writer. He held several high-ranked positions in the 1990s. He served as Minister of Internal Affairs from 1992 and 1996[1] and as Mayor of Yerevan from 1996 to 1998.[2] After President Levon Ter-Petrosyan's resignation in February 1998, criminal charges were filed against Siradeghyan.[3] He disappeared in April 2000[4] and was wanted by Interpol[5] until his death in 2021 at the age of 74. Today, Siradeghyan is seen as one of the most influential and controversial figures of post-Soviet Armenia.[citation needed]
Vano Siradeghyan | |
|---|---|
| Mayor of Yerevan | |
| In office November 14, 1996 – February 2, 1998 | |
| Preceded by | Ashot Mirzoyan |
| Succeeded by | Suren Abrahamyan |
| Minister of Internal Affairs | |
| In office February 10, 1992 – November 8, 1996 | |
| President | Levon Ter-Petrosyan |
| Preceded by | Valeri Poghosyan |
| Succeeded by | Serzh Sargsyan |
| Personal details | |
| Born | November 13, 1946 Koti, Armenian SSR, Soviet Union |
| Died | October 15, 2021 (aged 74) |
| Political party | Pan-Armenian National Movement |
| Alma mater | Yerevan State University |
| Occupation | Politician, writer |
Early years
Siradeghyan was born on November 13, 1946 in the village of Koti (then called Shavarshavan) in northeastern Armenia, near the Azerbaijani border. From 1966 to 1969, he served in the Soviet Army. He graduated from Yerevan State University in 1974.[6] In 1983 he published his first book titled Kiraki ("Sunday").[7]
Political career
In 1988, Siradeghyan became one of the main members of the Karabakh Committee, which demanded that the Soviet authorities transfer the Armenian-populated Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of the Azerbaijan SSR to the Armenian SSR. In December 1989, Siradeghyan and other leading members of the Karabakh Committee were arrested, but were freed in May 1990. The Pan-Armenian National Movement was founded by members of the Karabakh Committee the same year.[3]
Siradeghyan was appointed the Minister of Interior Affairs in 1992 by President Levon Ter-Petrosyan, a post he held until 1996. According to journalist David Petrosyan, Siradeghyan "controlled part of the local market in oil products, part of the incomes generated from transport junctions, the greater part of the food market, the smaller part of bread production, and the woodwork and timber industry."[8]
Siradeghyan was criticized for his harshness against political opposition. In 1994, Ashot Manucharyan, Siradeghyan's former colleague from the Karabakh Committee, accused him of "subverting democracy and fueling corruption", while another former Karabakh Committee member, Hambartsum Galstyan, claimed Siradeghyan was responsible for 30 politically motivated murders (Galstyan was killed by unknown assailants in December 1994, which was followed by speculation that Siradeghyan had ordered the killing).[9] He also played a key role in the forcible crackdown against Vazgen Manukyan's supporters' protests after the controversial 1996 presidential election.[10] In an interview in January 1999, Siradeghyan admitted that the government had resorted to vote-rigging to secure Ter-Petrosyan's victory without a runoff election and stated that after the crackdown, President Ter-Petrosyan fell into a three-month depression and wanted Siradeghyan and Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan to resign.[11][12] According to Siradeghyan, "the whole state apparatus was demoralized, paralyzed and no government was formed during [the ensuing] three months."[13][12]
In November 1996, Siradeghyan resigned from his position at the Interior Ministry. On November 14, 1996 he was appointed Mayor of Yerevan by presidential decree.[8] In July 1997, Siradeghyan was elected head of the Pan-Armenian National Movement's executive body.[14] He was a member of the National Assembly of Armenia from 1997 to 1999.[6]
Charges and arrests
On February 1, 1998, Siradeghyan resigned from his position as Mayor of Yerevan.[15] Two days later, on February 3, 1998, President Levon Ter-Petrosyan resigned as a result of disagreements with "hard-line military leaders" Defence Minister Vazgen Sargsyan, Prime Minister Robert Kocharyan and Interior and National Security Minister Serzh Sargsyan over the Nagorno-Karabakh settlement negotiations with Azerbaijan. After Ter-Petrosyan's resignation, Siradeghyan became the leader of the Pan-Armenian National Movement.[16]
In January 1999, Aghvan Hovsepyan, the Prosecutor General of Armenia, called on the National Assembly of Armenia to strip Siradeghyan of his parliamentary immunity for allegedly ordering the murder of two police officers in January 1994. Siradeghyan was charged with 10 offenses, including arson, murder, attempted murder and conspiracy.[16] Days earlier two dozen armed militiamen were arrested by the National Security Service, headed by former President Serzh Sargsyan at the time.[17][failed verification] As a response to these actions, Siradeghyan claimed that "they [the authorities, i.e. Robert Kocharyan's administration] want to strengthen their power and strengthen their grip on power in Armenia."[17] Meanwhile, Siradeghyan left Armenia for two weeks. In February the National Assembly voted in favor of depriving him of his parliamentary immunity from prosecution.[4][14] In February 1999 the Deputy Minister of the Interior and National Security and commander of Armenia's internal troops, General Artsrun Makaryan was shot dead, "prompting speculation that he had been killed to prevent him from giving evidence against Siradeghyan."[4]
In March 1999, Siradeghyan was reelected chairman of the Pan-Armenian National Movement. At the 11th PANM congress, Siradeghyan criticized President Kocharyan and his alleged "military-police system".[4]
Siradeghyan was arrested on May 3, 1999 at Zvartnots Airport after returning to Armenia from Bulgaria. However, the Office of the Prosecutor General did not submit a request describing accusations against Siradeghyan. On May 7, Siradeghyan was released from custody and continued the election campaign.[18][19]
The parliamentary election in Armenia took place on May 30, 1999. Siradeghyan's Pan-Armenian National Movement won only 1.2% of the overall vote. However, Siradeghyan was elected from a single-constituency district in Yerevan.[14]
Disappearance
Siradeghyan left Armenia in early April 2000[14] after the National Assembly lifted his parliamentary immunity to allow for his criminal prosecution.[14][20] Armenia's former Foreign Minister Alexander Arzoumanian replaced him as leader of the Pan-Armenian National Movement in December 2000.[14] Siradeghyan was deprived of his parliamentary mandate later in November 2001 due to missing more than half of the parliamentary sessions.[21][22]
Following his disappearance, Siradeghyan wrote a number of political articles for the newspaper Haykakan Zhamanak under the pen name Avetis Harutyunyan, which were later published in a collection titled Gyadaneri Zhamanakě.[23]
In July 2012, a petition for the return of Siradeghyan was initiated by a social network group.[24]
On July 25, 2012, Siradeghyan's former bodyguard Suren Sirunyan held a press conference. He claimed that he is the last person to see Siradeghyan on April 3, 2000, when Siradeghyan allegedly fled Armenia.[25] In 2012, both Sirunyan and Siradeghyan's wife, Ruzan Tonoyan, denied reports that Siradeghyan had died in exile.[26]
Political commentary
On January 26, 1999 in his first interview since resignation in February 1998 Levon Ter-Petrosyan harshly criticized the charges against Siradeghyan.[27]
During parliamentary talks on Siradeghyan's issue, Hovik Abrahamyan, the Speaker of the National Assembly stated "I’m not expecting him; if he wants to come back, let him come, it’s his business."[24] Hayk Babukhanyan, MP from the Republican Party of Armenia, stated in August 2012 that Siradeghyan "should face a trial" and "should carry the responsibility for the crimes he committed." Babukhanyan claimed that if Siradeghyan were to return, Levon Ter-Petrosyan "will run away".[28]
Siradeghyan's supporters credit him with fighting rampant organized crime in Yerevan during his time as minister of internal affairs and praise his written works. Writer Sergey Galoyan stated that Siradeghyan is "one of the best modern writers, [and] a charismatic figure." Galoyan also claimed that "in the 90s Siradeghyan did in Armenia what Benito Mussolini did in 1923, that is, he ‘uprooted mobsters’."[24]
Personal life
Siradeghyan was married with five children.[6] His wife, Ruzan Tonoyan, is the director of Khnko Aper Children's Library in Yerevan.[29]
Death
Siradeghyan died on 15 October 2021 at the age of 74.[30] A governmental commission was formed in Armenia to transfer his body (it was never disclosed where Siradeghyan had died). His remains were buried in his home village of Koti on 4 December 2021 after a wake at the Yerevan Opera Theatre.[31]
Publications
- Kiraki (Կիրակի, "Sunday", short stories), Yerevan, 1983
- Tsanr luys (Ծանր լույս, "Heavy light", short stories), Yerevan, 1987
- Shat chʻhamarvi (Շատ չհամարվի, "Let it not be considered too much"), Yerevan, 1993
- Dzeṛkd yet tar tsʻavi vrayitsʻ (Ձեռքդ ետ տար ցավի վրայից, "Take your hand off of pain", Yerevan, 2000
- Gyadaneri zhamanakě (Գյադաների ժամանակը, "The Time of Rascals"), Yerevan, 2005
- Yerkir Tsʻpahanj (Երկիր Ցպահանջ, "Country on demand"),Yerevan, 2011
References
- ^ "Previous ministers" (in Armenian). Government of the Republic of Armenia. from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ "Վանո Սիրադեղյան (Vano Siradeghyan)" (PDF) (in Armenian). Yerevan City Municipality. (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
- ^ a b Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010). Historical dictionary of Armenia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 158–160. ISBN 9780810860964.
- ^ a b c d Taylor & Francis Group (2004). The Europa World yearbook 2004. London: Europa. p. 554. ISBN 9781857432541.
- ^ "Siradeghyan, Vano". Interpol. from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
- ^ a b c Վանո Սմբատի Սիրադեղյան [Vano Smbati Siradeghyan] (in Armenian). National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia. from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
- ^ Siradeghyan, Vano (1983). Kiraki. "Sovetakan Grogh" Hratakchʻutʻyun. p. 104. from the original on 2021-10-17. Retrieved 2021-03-24.
- ^ a b Astourian, Stephan H. (2000–2001). (PDF). University of California, Berkeley. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
- ^ Malkasian, Mark (1996). "Gha-ra-bagh!": the emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 204–205. ISBN 9780814326046.
- ^ Rutland, Peter (1998). Annual Survey of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union 1997: The Challenge of Integration. Armonk, NY: Sharpe. p. 361. ISBN 9780765603593.
- ^ Danielyan, Emil (1999-01-09). "Armenia: Ter-Petrossian Criticizes Charges Against Old Ally". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. from the original on 2019-12-09. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
- ^ a b Danielyan, Emil (9 January 1999). "Armenia: 1996 Presidential Election Was Rigged, Aide Suggests". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
- ^ Astourian, 2001, p. 45
- ^ a b c d e f Alan John Day; Roger East; Richard Thomas (2002). A Political and Economic Dictionary of Eastern Europe. Psychology Press. p. 426. ISBN 9781857430639.
- ^ "Vano Siradeghian Resigns more than 25 Armed Militiamen Arrested New National Council Formed". Asbarez. 1 February 1998. from the original on 3 March 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ a b "Armenia: The Armenian National Movement and 'Husos Paros'". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 31 August 1999. from the original on 8 March 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ a b "Prosecutor General Deman's Siradeghian's Arrest On Murder Charges". Asbarez. 25 January 1999. from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ "Republic of Armenia Parliamentary Election Final Report". Warsaw: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. 30 May 1999. p. 17. from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ "Armenian politician due to be released". BBC World Service. 7 May 1999. from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ "Parliament Postpones Consideration of Siradeghian Issue". Asbarez. 10 November 2000. from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ "Parliament Refuses to Oust Fugitive Siradeghian". from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
- ^ "Fugitive Ex-Minister Loses Parliament Seat". from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
- ^ Erevantsi, Voskan (2018-05-20). "Վանո Սիրադեղյանի վերադարձի առիթով" [On the occasion of Vano Siradeghyan's return]. Aravot. from the original on 2018-07-06. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
- ^ a b c Mkrtchyan, Gayane (19 July 2012). "Return of the prodigal son?: Initiative lobbies for Interpol-wanted Vano Siradeghyan's "right to live in his motherland"". ArmeniaNow. from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ "Last person to see Vano Siradeghyan in Armenia was head of his guard". Tert.am. 25 July 2012. from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
- ^ "Vano Siradeghyan dead, paper says". www.aysor.am. 2012-08-02. from the original on 2021-10-17. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
- ^ "Armenia: Ter-Petrossian Criticizes Charges Against Old Ally". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 28 January 1999. from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- ^ "If Vano Siradeghyan returns, Levon Ter-Petrosyan will run away". Panorama.am. 24 August 2012. from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
- ^ Alla, Serobyan (2013-08-07). "Վանո Սիրադեղյանի տիկինը՝ նրա բացակայության մասին․ «Այնքան դժվար, որ դժվար է ինձ համար խոսել այդ մասին»". Aravot. from the original on 2016-11-19. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
- ^ "Armenia's former Interior Minister Vano Siradeghyan dies aged 75". Public Radio of Armenia. from the original on 2021-10-16. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
- ^ Kocharyan, Stepan (2021-11-24). "Ex-minister of interior Vano Siradeghyan to lie in repose at Yerevan Opera building". armenpress.am. Retrieved 2022-05-01.