The Usatove culture (Usatove in Ukrainian, Usatovo in Russian) is an Eneolithic group of the North Pontic region with influences from the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture as well as the Eneolithic steppe cultures of the North Pontic. Usatove flourished northwest of the Black Sea during the 4th millennium BCE. The culture got its name from the name of the village of Usatove in the Odesa Oblast of Ukraine.[1]
The Usatove culture appears to be a mixture of the Eneolithic agrarian cultures of Southeast Europe, with influences from the steppe cultures from the Pontic steppe. The Eneolithic farming culture influences on Usatove include clay figurines and painted ceramics, while it shares tumulus (kurgan) burials and shell-tempered coarse wares with steppe cultures. It also displays items made of metal, such as arsenical bronze and silver, which suggests contacts with the North Caucasus as well as Anatolia.
In Ukraine, Usatove culture sites are predominantly located in the Dniester-Danube interfluve. The two largest Usatove archaeological sites in Ukraine, Usatove-Velykyj Kuyalnik and Mayaky, contain kurgan and ground cemeteries (necropoli). The total number of Usatove sites in northwest and west Pontic is currently estimated at around 100.[2]
Within the Kurgan hypothesis, the Usatove culture represents the domination of native Cucuteni–Trypillia agriculturalists by Indo-European peoples from the steppe. According to Anthony, the roots of the pre-Germanic languages lay in the Usatove culture.[3]
While the generally accepted chronological placement of Usatove is in the second half of the 4th millennium BCE, radiocarbon dates on human remains identified as Usatove are consistently older. Most of these dates cluster around the last quarter of the 5th - first quarter of the 4th millennium BCE.[4][5] It is likely that the dates on human remains are influenced by aquatic reservoir effect, the precise quantification of which is not possible at the moment due the lack of radiocarbon and stable isotope data from contextual faunal remains.
Radiocarbon dates on pottery are between 3400 and 2900 BCE, around 600 years later than analyses in human bones, which indicate Usatove culture would have lasted (c. 4000-3500 BCE).[6]
Galleryedit
Metal, bone and ceramic artefacts
Ceramic and metal artefacts
Ceramic vessels, metal tools and burial
Metal, bone and ceramic artefacts
Ceramic figurines and metal dagger
Burial mounds with stone constructions
Nevsha stele, c. 3000 BC
Stele, 3500-3000 BC
See alsoedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Usatovo culture.
^Nikitin, Alexey G.; Ivanova, Svetlana; Budd, Chelsea E.; Culleton, Brendan J.; Potekhina, Inna; Lillie, Malcolm C.; Reich, David (2022-10-03). "Radiocarbon Dating and Stable Isotope Analysis of Human Remains from the Usatovo Culture Site of Mayaki in Ukraine". Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4236123. SSRN 4236123. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^Nikitin, Alexei, (2023). "Interpreting genetic ancestry of the builders of first kurgans", min. 21:50 to 24:30, ARWA Association, 14 May 2023.
Sourcesedit
Манзура, Игорь; Петренко, Владислав. (2022) УСАТОВСКИЙ КУРГАННЫЙ МОГИЛЬНИК II (по раскопкам 1984 г.). Tyragetia, s.n., vol. XVI [XXXI], nr. 1, 2022, 83-101.
Патокова, Э.Ф. (1979) Усатовское поселение и могильники. Киев: Наукова Думка.
Петренко, В.Г.; Кайзер, Э. (2011). Комплексный памятник Маяки: новые изотопные даты и некоторые вопросы хронологии наличных культур. Материалы по археологии Северного Причерноморья 12, 31-61.
Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press. ISBN978-0-691-14818-2.
External linksedit
Photos of Usatove culture metal and ceramic artefacts
January 01, 1970
usatove, culture, usatove, ukrainian, usatovo, russian, eneolithic, group, north, pontic, region, with, influences, from, cucuteni, trypillia, culture, well, eneolithic, steppe, cultures, north, pontic, usatove, flourished, northwest, black, during, millennium. The Usatove culture Usatove in Ukrainian Usatovo in Russian is an Eneolithic group of the North Pontic region with influences from the Cucuteni Trypillia culture as well as the Eneolithic steppe cultures of the North Pontic Usatove flourished northwest of the Black Sea during the 4th millennium BCE The culture got its name from the name of the village of Usatove in the Odesa Oblast of Ukraine 1 Usatove cultureGeographical rangeNorthwest Black SeaPeriodCopper AgeDatesca 3400 2900 BCEPreceded byMikhaylovka culture Kemi Oba culture Cucuteni Trypillia culture Cernavodă cultureFollowed byYamnaya culture Ezero culture Coţofeni culture Baden culture possibly Troad Aegean civilisation Map The Usatove culture appears to be a mixture of the Eneolithic agrarian cultures of Southeast Europe with influences from the steppe cultures from the Pontic steppe The Eneolithic farming culture influences on Usatove include clay figurines and painted ceramics while it shares tumulus kurgan burials and shell tempered coarse wares with steppe cultures It also displays items made of metal such as arsenical bronze and silver which suggests contacts with the North Caucasus as well as Anatolia In Ukraine Usatove culture sites are predominantly located in the Dniester Danube interfluve The two largest Usatove archaeological sites in Ukraine Usatove Velykyj Kuyalnik and Mayaky contain kurgan and ground cemeteries necropoli The total number of Usatove sites in northwest and west Pontic is currently estimated at around 100 2 Within the Kurgan hypothesis the Usatove culture represents the domination of native Cucuteni Trypillia agriculturalists by Indo European peoples from the steppe According to Anthony the roots of the pre Germanic languages lay in the Usatove culture 3 While the generally accepted chronological placement of Usatove is in the second half of the 4th millennium BCE radiocarbon dates on human remains identified as Usatove are consistently older Most of these dates cluster around the last quarter of the 5th first quarter of the 4th millennium BCE 4 5 It is likely that the dates on human remains are influenced by aquatic reservoir effect the precise quantification of which is not possible at the moment due the lack of radiocarbon and stable isotope data from contextual faunal remains Contents 1 Chronology 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 External linksChronology editRadiocarbon dates on pottery are between 3400 and 2900 BCE around 600 years later than analyses in human bones which indicate Usatove culture would have lasted c 4000 3500 BCE 6 Gallery edit nbsp Metal bone and ceramic artefacts nbsp Ceramic and metal artefacts nbsp Ceramic vessels metal tools and burial nbsp Metal bone and ceramic artefacts nbsp Ceramic figurines and metal dagger nbsp Burial mounds with stone constructions nbsp Nevsha stele c 3000 BC nbsp Stele 3500 3000 BCSee also edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Usatovo culture Suvorovo culture Novodanilovka groupReferences edit Entry Display Web Page Dergachev V A 2021 Late Tripolye and Maykop Rzeszow Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego Anthony 2007 p 359 360 Mattila Tiina Svensson Emma Juras Anna Gunther Torsten Kashuba Natalija Ala Hulkko Terhi Chylenski Maciej Pospieszny Lukasz Constantinescu Mihai Rotea Mihai Palincaș Nona Wilk Stanislaw Czerniak Lech Kruk Janusz Lapo Jerzy Makarowicz Przemyslaw Potekhina Inna Soficaruc Andrei Szmyt Marzena Szostek Krzysztof Gotherstrom Anders Stora Jan Netea Mihai Nikitin Alexey Persson Per Malmstrom Helena Jakobsson Mattias 2022 09 12 Genetic continuity isolation and gene flow in Stone Age Central and Eastern Europe www researchsquare com doi 10 21203 rs 3 rs 1966812 v1 Retrieved 2023 01 29 Nikitin Alexey G Ivanova Svetlana Budd Chelsea E Culleton Brendan J Potekhina Inna Lillie Malcolm C Reich David 2022 10 03 Radiocarbon Dating and Stable Isotope Analysis of Human Remains from the Usatovo Culture Site of Mayaki in Ukraine Rochester NY doi 10 2139 ssrn 4236123 SSRN 4236123 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Nikitin Alexei 2023 Interpreting genetic ancestry of the builders of first kurgans min 21 50 to 24 30 ARWA Association 14 May 2023 Sources editManzura Igor Petrenko Vladislav 2022 USATOVSKIJ KURGANNYJ MOGILNIK II po raskopkam 1984 g Tyragetia s n vol XVI XXXI nr 1 2022 83 101 Patokova E F 1979 Usatovskoe poselenie i mogilniki Kiev Naukova Dumka Petrenko V G Kajzer E 2011 Kompleksnyj pamyatnik Mayaki novye izotopnye daty i nekotorye voprosy hronologii nalichnyh kultur Materialy po arheologii Severnogo Prichernomorya 12 31 61 Mallory J P Adams Douglas Q 1997 Ustatovo culture Encyclopedia of Indo European Culture Taylor amp Francis p 614 ISBN 1884964982 Anthony David W 2007 The Horse the Wheel and Language How Bronze Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World Princeton University Press ISBN 978 0 691 14818 2 External links editPhotos of Usatove culture metal and ceramic artefacts Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Usatove culture amp oldid 1221865367, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
