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Urocortin III

January 01, 1970

Urocortin III, a 38–41 amino acid peptide, is a member of the CRF (corticotropin-releasing factor), also known as CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone)[1] family of peptides, with a long evolutionary lineage.[2][3]

Separate chromosomes harboring two exons each are home to the genes encoding UCN, UCN2, and UCN3.[4] A gene on human chromosome 10p15 at location 5.40 Mb encodes the urocortin, UCN III, which has been discovered more recently. A 161 amino acid precursor is produced when the UCN III gene is translated.[5] Mature UCN III with 38 or 41 amino acids would be produced by proteolytic cleavage between arginine- or threonine-lysine residues. Human plasma contains both the 38 and 41 amino acid forms of UCN III, although the 38 amino acid form is more prevalent, according to findings from high-performance liquid chromatography.[2]

Each urocortin peptide has a distinct expression location and function, yet they all share conserved structural similarity.[4] Urocortins' structures, as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance, exhibit alpha-helical secondary structures, which support biological activity and binding selectivity.[6]

Evolutionary view edit

Multiple urocortin genes are present in vertebrate lineages as a result of the two waves of vertebrate whole-genome duplication.[7] Two ligands, the CRF/UCN1 and UCN2/UCN3 paralogs, and two receptors, CRFR1 and CRFR2, were produced by a first genome duplication in early vertebrates.[8][9] The CRF system observed in modern vertebrates, which has four ligands and two receptors, was then created by a second genome duplication that split the gene between UCN2 and UCN3 and between CRF and UCN1.[10] Two peptide genes were hypothesized to have been present in a vertebrate progenitor that gave rise to the different lineages that contained urocortin (UCN I), CRH1, and CRH2 in one group and urocortin II (UCN II) and urocortin III (UCN III ) in the other.[7]

In many vertebrates, there are five members of the corticotropin-releasing hormone and urocortin family of peptides: CRH (crha/crhb in teleosts), CRH2, UCN/UTS1, UCN II, and UCN III.[11] The two receptors, CRFR1 and CRFR2, and the four ligands, CRF, Urocortin1 (UCN1), UCN2, and UCN3, make up the mammalian CRF system.[12] Genes for mentioned proteins can perform a multitude of tasks in a wide range of animals due to differences in their expression patterns and receptor affinities.[11]

Urocortin affinity to receptors edit

Compared to UCN II or UCN III , UCN I has a greater binding affinity for the CRHR1 receptor.[6] Urocortin III is extremely selective for the CRF2 receptor, in contrast to Urocortin I and comparable to Urocortin II.[5] Of the two closely related CRF receptors (CRFR1 and CRFR2) that are members of the class B family of G protein-coupled receptors, each peptide activates at least one of them.[13] CRFR2 can be effectively activated by UCN II and UCN III.[2][14] By attaching itself to CRHR2 with a strong affinity, this peptide (UCNIII) helps regulate a number of bodily processes.[15] All things considered, UCNs have approximately ten times more affinity for CRHR2 than CRH.[16]

Distribution edit

UCN III is widely distributed throughout the brain and is present in many bodily tissues—including the skin, gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), pancreatic beta cells, kidneys, heart, endocrine system, and brain.[11][15] The medial amygdala (MeA), rostral perifornical area of the hypothalamus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), superior paraolivary nucleus, nucleus parabrachialis, and premammillary nucleus are the primary locations where UCN III is expressed.[5][17]

Expression of UCN III occurs late in the differentiation process of beta cells, where it is necessary for complete insulin secretion triggered by glucose and incretin, and is shown in mature beta cells in both mice and humans.[13][18] Beta cells use the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP channel) to facilitate the glucose-dependent release of UCN III.[18] This is corroborated by the expression of PC1/3, Nkx6.1, and Pdx1 in hESC-derived UCN III + beta cells. But human UCN III is not specific to the beta cell lineage; rather, it is a generic marker for both the alpha and beta cell lineages, as seen by its expression in primary and hESC-derived alpha cells.[13][19] A universal marker of alpha and beta cell development in humans is Ucn III.[19]

After triggering the receptors in the cerebral endothelial cells, UCN III crosses the blood–brain barrier, as demonstrated by a transneuronal tracer injection into the ventral pre-mammillary nucleus of the rat brain.[20] Further research using tracer molecule injections to examine the function of UCN III reveals that UCN III is located rostral to the hypothalamus and projects to the ventromedial hypothalamus. It is well recognized that this brain region controls energy balance and hunger. In the same brain regions, UCN III and CRHR2 are expressed, and different physiological and behavioral processes result from their activation.[21][22]

Stress edit

One important neuropeptide that modulates various aspects of behavior and brain function is UCN III. In the brain, UCN III mRNA was specifically detected in the perifornical region, the medial nucleus of the amygdala, and the median preoptic nucleus.[23][20][24][17]

The endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral reactions to stress are all regulated by the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system, which is widely recognized for this function.[25] When stress levels are elevated, UCN III expression increases. UCN III is mostly expressed in areas linked to stress-related behaviors.[26]

The origin of projection to the midbrain's median amygdala region is the ventral pre-mammillary nucleus, which exhibited high UCN III positivity.[16][23][27] The confirmation of UCN III 's essential role in numerous brain activities linked to anxiety, such as aggression and sexual behaviors, comes from its engagement in this circuit.[28][29] Mammalian stress reactions are known to be modulated by urocortins. It alters mammals' reactions to stress and functions in the stress recovery mechanism. UCN III and its receptor's function in clinical disorders linked to stress,[15]

Stress homeostasis is known to be mediated via a regulatory axis that includes the neuropeptide urocortin III (UCN III ) and the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 (CRHR2). Cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other stress-related health issues are thought to be associated with dysregulation of this peptide/receptor axis. To develop a workable clinical laboratory diagnostic, it is crucial to comprehend the physiology and measurement of the UCN III /CRHR2 axis.[15]

References edit

  1. ^ Deussing JM, Chen A (October 2018). "The Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Family: Physiology of the Stress Response". Physiological Reviews. 98 (4): 2225–2286. doi:10.1152/physrev.00042.2017. PMID 30109816. S2CID 52008037.
  2. ^ a b c Hsu SY, Hsueh AJ (May 2001). "Human stresscopin and stresscopin-related peptide are selective ligands for the type 2 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor". Nature Medicine. 7 (5): 605–611. doi:10.1038/87936. PMID 11329063. S2CID 22916906.
  3. ^ Wu V, Yuan PQ, Larauche M, Wang L, Million M (January 2013). "Chapter 183 - Urocortins". In Kastin AJ (ed.). Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides (Second ed.). Boston: Academic Press. pp. 1346–1353. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385095-9.00183-4. ISBN 978-0-12-385095-9.
  4. ^ a b Squillacioti C, Pelagalli A, Liguori G, Mirabella N (October 2019). "Urocortins in the mammalian endocrine system". Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 61 (1): 46. doi:10.1186/s13028-019-0480-2. PMC 6778379. PMID 31585551.
  5. ^ a b c Lewis K, Li C, Perrin MH, Blount A, Kunitake K, Donaldson C, et al. (June 2001). "Identification of urocortin III, an additional member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family with high affinity for the CRF2 receptor". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (13): 7570–7575. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.7570L. doi:10.1073/pnas.121165198. PMC 34709. PMID 11416224.
  6. ^ a b Grace CR, Perrin MH, Cantle JP, Vale WW, Rivier JE, Riek R (December 2007). "Common and divergent structural features of a series of corticotropin releasing factor-related peptides". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 129 (51): 16102–16114. doi:10.1021/ja0760933. PMID 18052377.
  7. ^ a b Bale TL, Vale WW (2004-02-10). "CRF and CRF receptors: role in stress responsivity and other behaviors". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 44 (1): 525–557. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121410. PMID 14744257.
  8. ^ Kuperman Y, Chen A (May 2008). "Urocortins: emerging metabolic and energy homeostasis perspectives". Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 19 (4): 122–129. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2007.12.002. PMID 18337115. S2CID 7941033.
  9. ^ Richard D, Lin Q, Timofeeva E (April 2002). "The corticotropin-releasing factor family of peptides and CRF receptors: their roles in the regulation of energy balance". European Journal of Pharmacology. The pharmacotherapy of obesity. 440 (2–3): 189–197. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01428-0. PMID 12007535.
  10. ^ Denver RJ (April 2009). "Structural and functional evolution of vertebrate neuroendocrine stress systems". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1163 (1): 1–16. Bibcode:2009NYASA1163....1D. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04433.x. hdl:2027.42/74370. PMID 19456324. S2CID 18786346.
  11. ^ a b c Grone BP, Butler JM, Wayne CR, Maruska KP (July 2021). "Expression patterns and evolution of urocortin and corticotropin-releasing hormone genes in a cichlid fish". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 529 (10): 2596–2619. doi:10.1002/cne.25113. PMID 33474732. S2CID 231665410.
  12. ^ Dedic N, Chen A, Deussing JM (2018). "The CRF Family of Neuropeptides and their Receptors - Mediators of the Central Stress Response". Current Molecular Pharmacology. 11 (1): 4–31. doi:10.2174/1874467210666170302104053. PMC 5930453. PMID 28260504.
  13. ^ a b c Li C, Chen P, Vaughan J, Blount A, Chen A, Jamieson PM, et al. (July 2003). "Urocortin III is expressed in pancreatic beta-cells and stimulates insulin and glucagon secretion". Endocrinology. 144 (7): 3216–3224. doi:10.1210/en.2002-0087. PMID 12810578.
  14. ^ Reyes TM, Lewis K, Perrin MH, Kunitake KS, Vaughan J, Arias CA, et al. (February 2001). "Urocortin II: a member of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neuropeptide family that is selectively bound by type 2 CRF receptors". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (5): 2843–2848. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.2843R. doi:10.1073/pnas.051626398. PMC 30227. PMID 11226328.
  15. ^ a b c d Alghamdi NJ, Burns CT, Valdes R (December 2022). "The urocortin peptides: biological relevance and laboratory aspects of UCN3 and its receptor". Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences. 59 (8): 573–585. doi:10.1080/10408363.2022.2080175. PMID 35738909. S2CID 249989614.
  16. ^ a b Vaughan J, Donaldson C, Bittencourt J, Perrin MH, Lewis K, Sutton S, et al. (November 1995). "Urocortin, a mammalian neuropeptide related to fish urotensin I and to corticotropin-releasing factor". Nature. 378 (6554): 287–292. Bibcode:1995Natur.378..287V. doi:10.1038/378287a0. PMID 7477349. S2CID 4373077.
  17. ^ a b Deussing JM, Breu J, Kühne C, Kallnik M, Bunck M, Glasl L, et al. (July 2010). "Urocortin 3 modulates social discrimination abilities via corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 2". The Journal of Neuroscience. 30 (27): 9103–9116. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1049-10.2010. PMC 6632482. PMID 20610744.
  18. ^ a b Li C, Chen P, Vaughan J, Lee KF, Vale W (March 2007). "Urocortin 3 regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and energy homeostasis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (10): 4206–4211. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.4206L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0611641104. PMC 1820733. PMID 17360501.
  19. ^ a b van der Meulen T, Xie R, Kelly OG, Vale WW, Sander M, Huising MO (2012-12-14). "Urocortin 3 marks mature human primary and embryonic stem cell-derived pancreatic alpha and beta cells". PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e52181. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...752181V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052181. PMC 3522648. PMID 23251699.
  20. ^ a b Pan W, Kastin AJ (February 2008). "Urocortin and the brain". Progress in Neurobiology. 84 (2): 148–156. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.10.008. PMC 2267723. PMID 18078706.
  21. ^ Chalmers DT, Lovenberg TW, De Souza EB (October 1995). "Localization of novel corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRF2) mRNA expression to specific subcortical nuclei in rat brain: comparison with CRF1 receptor mRNA expression". The Journal of Neuroscience. 15 (10): 6340–6350. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-10-06340.1995. PMC 6577987. PMID 7472399.
  22. ^ Van Pett K, Viau V, Bittencourt JC, Chan RK, Li HY, Arias C, et al. (December 2000). "Distribution of mRNAs encoding CRF receptors in brain and pituitary of rat and mouse". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 428 (2): 191–212. doi:10.1002/1096-9861(20001211)428:2<191::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-U. PMID 11064361. S2CID 21338401.
  23. ^ a b Li C, Vaughan J, Sawchenko PE, Vale WW (February 2002). "Urocortin III-immunoreactive projections in rat brain: partial overlap with sites of type 2 corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor expression". The Journal of Neuroscience. 22 (3): 991–1001. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-03-00991.2002. PMC 6758528. PMID 11826127.
  24. ^ Wittmann G, Füzesi T, Liposits Z, Lechan RM, Fekete C (December 2009). "Distribution and axonal projections of neurons coexpressing thyrotropin-releasing hormone and urocortin 3 in the rat brain". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 517 (6): 825–840. doi:10.1002/cne.22180. PMC 2849936. PMID 19844978.
  25. ^ Wagner S (January 2019). "Urocortins and their unfolding role in mammalian social behavior". Cell and Tissue Research. 375 (1): 133–142. doi:10.1007/s00441-018-2962-3. PMID 30465153. S2CID 53714270.
  26. ^ Venihaki M, Sakihara S, Subramanian S, Dikkes P, Weninger SC, Liapakis G, et al. (May 2004). "Urocortin III, a brain neuropeptide of the corticotropin-releasing hormone family: modulation by stress and attenuation of some anxiety-like behaviours". Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 16 (5): 411–422. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2004.01170.x. PMID 15117334. S2CID 8783242.
  27. ^ Chen P, Lin D, Giesler J, Li C (July 2011). "Identification of urocortin 3 afferent projection to the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus in rat brain". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 519 (10): 2023–2042. doi:10.1002/cne.22620. PMC 3694597. PMID 21452217.
  28. ^ Koob GF, Heinrichs SC (November 1999). "A role for corticotropin releasing factor and urocortin in behavioral responses to stressors". Brain Research. 848 (1–2): 141–152. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01991-5. PMID 10612706. S2CID 9724640.
  29. ^ De Fanti BA, Martínez JA (March 2002). "Central urocortin activation of sympathetic-regulated energy metabolism in Wistar rats". Brain Research. 930 (1–2): 37–41. doi:10.1016/S0006-8993(01)03401-1. hdl:10171/17847. PMID 11879793. S2CID 6034947.

January 01, 1970
urocortin, amino, acid, peptide, member, corticotropin, releasing, factor, also, known, corticotropin, releasing, hormone, family, peptides, with, long, evolutionary, lineage, separate, chromosomes, harboring, exons, each, home, genes, encoding, ucn2, ucn3, ge. Urocortin III a 38 41 amino acid peptide is a member of the CRF corticotropin releasing factor also known as CRH corticotropin releasing hormone 1 family of peptides with a long evolutionary lineage 2 3 Separate chromosomes harboring two exons each are home to the genes encoding UCN UCN2 and UCN3 4 A gene on human chromosome 10p15 at location 5 40 Mb encodes the urocortin UCN III which has been discovered more recently A 161 amino acid precursor is produced when the UCN III gene is translated 5 Mature UCN III with 38 or 41 amino acids would be produced by proteolytic cleavage between arginine or threonine lysine residues Human plasma contains both the 38 and 41 amino acid forms of UCN III although the 38 amino acid form is more prevalent according to findings from high performance liquid chromatography 2 Each urocortin peptide has a distinct expression location and function yet they all share conserved structural similarity 4 Urocortins structures as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance exhibit alpha helical secondary structures which support biological activity and binding selectivity 6 Contents 1 Evolutionary view 2 Urocortin affinity to receptors 3 Distribution 4 Stress 5 ReferencesEvolutionary view editMultiple urocortin genes are present in vertebrate lineages as a result of the two waves of vertebrate whole genome duplication 7 Two ligands the CRF UCN1 and UCN2 UCN3 paralogs and two receptors CRFR1 and CRFR2 were produced by a first genome duplication in early vertebrates 8 9 The CRF system observed in modern vertebrates which has four ligands and two receptors was then created by a second genome duplication that split the gene between UCN2 and UCN3 and between CRF and UCN1 10 Two peptide genes were hypothesized to have been present in a vertebrate progenitor that gave rise to the different lineages that contained urocortin UCN I CRH1 and CRH2 in one group and urocortin II UCN II and urocortin III UCN III in the other 7 In many vertebrates there are five members of the corticotropin releasing hormone and urocortin family of peptides CRH crha crhb in teleosts CRH2 UCN UTS1 UCN II and UCN III 11 The two receptors CRFR1 and CRFR2 and the four ligands CRF Urocortin1 UCN1 UCN2 and UCN3 make up the mammalian CRF system 12 Genes for mentioned proteins can perform a multitude of tasks in a wide range of animals due to differences in their expression patterns and receptor affinities 11 Urocortin affinity to receptors editCompared to UCN II or UCN III UCN I has a greater binding affinity for the CRHR1 receptor 6 Urocortin III is extremely selective for the CRF2 receptor in contrast to Urocortin I and comparable to Urocortin II 5 Of the two closely related CRF receptors CRFR1 and CRFR2 that are members of the class B family of G protein coupled receptors each peptide activates at least one of them 13 CRFR2 can be effectively activated by UCN II and UCN III 2 14 By attaching itself to CRHR2 with a strong affinity this peptide UCNIII helps regulate a number of bodily processes 15 All things considered UCNs have approximately ten times more affinity for CRHR2 than CRH 16 Distribution editUCN III is widely distributed throughout the brain and is present in many bodily tissues including the skin gastrointestinal tract GI tract pancreatic beta cells kidneys heart endocrine system and brain 11 15 The medial amygdala MeA rostral perifornical area of the hypothalamus bed nucleus of the stria terminalis BNST superior paraolivary nucleus nucleus parabrachialis and premammillary nucleus are the primary locations where UCN III is expressed 5 17 Expression of UCN III occurs late in the differentiation process of beta cells where it is necessary for complete insulin secretion triggered by glucose and incretin and is shown in mature beta cells in both mice and humans 13 18 Beta cells use the ATP sensitive potassium channel KATP channel to facilitate the glucose dependent release of UCN III 18 This is corroborated by the expression of PC1 3 Nkx6 1 and Pdx1 in hESC derived UCN III beta cells But human UCN III is not specific to the beta cell lineage rather it is a generic marker for both the alpha and beta cell lineages as seen by its expression in primary and hESC derived alpha cells 13 19 A universal marker of alpha and beta cell development in humans is Ucn III 19 After triggering the receptors in the cerebral endothelial cells UCN III crosses the blood brain barrier as demonstrated by a transneuronal tracer injection into the ventral pre mammillary nucleus of the rat brain 20 Further research using tracer molecule injections to examine the function of UCN III reveals that UCN III is located rostral to the hypothalamus and projects to the ventromedial hypothalamus It is well recognized that this brain region controls energy balance and hunger In the same brain regions UCN III and CRHR2 are expressed and different physiological and behavioral processes result from their activation 21 22 Stress editOne important neuropeptide that modulates various aspects of behavior and brain function is UCN III In the brain UCN III mRNA was specifically detected in the perifornical region the medial nucleus of the amygdala and the median preoptic nucleus 23 20 24 17 The endocrine autonomic and behavioral reactions to stress are all regulated by the corticotropin releasing factor CRF system which is widely recognized for this function 25 When stress levels are elevated UCN III expression increases UCN III is mostly expressed in areas linked to stress related behaviors 26 The origin of projection to the midbrain s median amygdala region is the ventral pre mammillary nucleus which exhibited high UCN III positivity 16 23 27 The confirmation of UCN III s essential role in numerous brain activities linked to anxiety such as aggression and sexual behaviors comes from its engagement in this circuit 28 29 Mammalian stress reactions are known to be modulated by urocortins It alters mammals reactions to stress and functions in the stress recovery mechanism UCN III and its receptor s function in clinical disorders linked to stress 15 Stress homeostasis is known to be mediated via a regulatory axis that includes the neuropeptide urocortin III UCN III and the corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2 CRHR2 Cardiovascular disease sleep apnea post traumatic stress disorder and other stress related health issues are thought to be associated with dysregulation of this peptide receptor axis To develop a workable clinical laboratory diagnostic it is crucial to comprehend the physiology and measurement of the UCN III CRHR2 axis 15 References edit Deussing JM Chen A October 2018 The Corticotropin Releasing Factor Family Physiology of the Stress Response Physiological Reviews 98 4 2225 2286 doi 10 1152 physrev 00042 2017 PMID 30109816 S2CID 52008037 a b c Hsu SY Hsueh AJ May 2001 Human stresscopin and stresscopin related peptide are selective ligands for the type 2 corticotropin releasing hormone receptor Nature Medicine 7 5 605 611 doi 10 1038 87936 PMID 11329063 S2CID 22916906 Wu V Yuan PQ Larauche M Wang L Million M January 2013 Chapter 183 Urocortins In Kastin AJ ed Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides Second ed Boston Academic Press pp 1346 1353 doi 10 1016 b978 0 12 385095 9 00183 4 ISBN 978 0 12 385095 9 a b Squillacioti C Pelagalli A Liguori G Mirabella N October 2019 Urocortins in the mammalian endocrine system Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 61 1 46 doi 10 1186 s13028 019 0480 2 PMC 6778379 PMID 31585551 a b c Lewis K Li C Perrin MH Blount A Kunitake K Donaldson C et al June 2001 Identification of urocortin III an additional member of the corticotropin releasing factor CRF family with high affinity for the CRF2 receptor Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 13 7570 7575 Bibcode 2001PNAS 98 7570L doi 10 1073 pnas 121165198 PMC 34709 PMID 11416224 a b Grace CR Perrin MH Cantle JP Vale WW Rivier JE Riek R December 2007 Common and divergent structural features of a series of corticotropin releasing factor related peptides Journal of the American Chemical Society 129 51 16102 16114 doi 10 1021 ja0760933 PMID 18052377 a b Bale TL Vale WW 2004 02 10 CRF and CRF receptors role in stress responsivity and other behaviors Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 44 1 525 557 doi 10 1146 annurev pharmtox 44 101802 121410 PMID 14744257 Kuperman Y Chen A May 2008 Urocortins emerging metabolic and energy homeostasis perspectives Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 19 4 122 129 doi 10 1016 j tem 2007 12 002 PMID 18337115 S2CID 7941033 Richard D Lin Q Timofeeva E April 2002 The corticotropin releasing factor family of peptides and CRF receptors their roles in the regulation of energy balance European Journal of Pharmacology The pharmacotherapy of obesity 440 2 3 189 197 doi 10 1016 S0014 2999 02 01428 0 PMID 12007535 Denver RJ April 2009 Structural and functional evolution of vertebrate neuroendocrine stress systems Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1163 1 1 16 Bibcode 2009NYASA1163 1D doi 10 1111 j 1749 6632 2009 04433 x hdl 2027 42 74370 PMID 19456324 S2CID 18786346 a b c Grone BP Butler JM Wayne CR Maruska KP July 2021 Expression patterns and evolution of urocortin and corticotropin releasing hormone genes in a cichlid fish The Journal of Comparative Neurology 529 10 2596 2619 doi 10 1002 cne 25113 PMID 33474732 S2CID 231665410 Dedic N Chen A Deussing JM 2018 The CRF Family of Neuropeptides and their Receptors Mediators of the Central Stress Response Current Molecular Pharmacology 11 1 4 31 doi 10 2174 1874467210666170302104053 PMC 5930453 PMID 28260504 a b c Li C Chen P Vaughan J Blount A Chen A Jamieson PM et al July 2003 Urocortin III is expressed in pancreatic beta cells and stimulates insulin and glucagon secretion Endocrinology 144 7 3216 3224 doi 10 1210 en 2002 0087 PMID 12810578 Reyes TM Lewis K Perrin MH Kunitake KS Vaughan J Arias CA et al February 2001 Urocortin II a member of the corticotropin releasing factor CRF neuropeptide family that is selectively bound by type 2 CRF receptors Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 5 2843 2848 Bibcode 2001PNAS 98 2843R doi 10 1073 pnas 051626398 PMC 30227 PMID 11226328 a b c d Alghamdi NJ Burns CT Valdes R December 2022 The urocortin peptides biological relevance and laboratory aspects of UCN3 and its receptor Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences 59 8 573 585 doi 10 1080 10408363 2022 2080175 PMID 35738909 S2CID 249989614 a b Vaughan J Donaldson C Bittencourt J Perrin MH Lewis K Sutton S et al November 1995 Urocortin a mammalian neuropeptide related to fish urotensin I and to corticotropin releasing factor Nature 378 6554 287 292 Bibcode 1995Natur 378 287V doi 10 1038 378287a0 PMID 7477349 S2CID 4373077 a b Deussing JM Breu J Kuhne C Kallnik M Bunck M Glasl L et al July 2010 Urocortin 3 modulates social discrimination abilities via corticotropin releasing hormone receptor type 2 The Journal of Neuroscience 30 27 9103 9116 doi 10 1523 JNEUROSCI 1049 10 2010 PMC 6632482 PMID 20610744 a b Li C Chen P Vaughan J Lee KF Vale W March 2007 Urocortin 3 regulates glucose stimulated insulin secretion and energy homeostasis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 10 4206 4211 Bibcode 2007PNAS 104 4206L doi 10 1073 pnas 0611641104 PMC 1820733 PMID 17360501 a b van der Meulen T Xie R Kelly OG Vale WW Sander M Huising MO 2012 12 14 Urocortin 3 marks mature human primary and embryonic stem cell derived pancreatic alpha and beta cells PLOS ONE 7 12 e52181 Bibcode 2012PLoSO 752181V doi 10 1371 journal pone 0052181 PMC 3522648 PMID 23251699 a b Pan W Kastin AJ February 2008 Urocortin and the brain Progress in Neurobiology 84 2 148 156 doi 10 1016 j pneurobio 2007 10 008 PMC 2267723 PMID 18078706 Chalmers DT Lovenberg TW De Souza EB October 1995 Localization of novel corticotropin releasing factor receptor CRF2 mRNA expression to specific subcortical nuclei in rat brain comparison with CRF1 receptor mRNA expression The Journal of Neuroscience 15 10 6340 6350 doi 10 1523 JNEUROSCI 15 10 06340 1995 PMC 6577987 PMID 7472399 Van Pett K Viau V Bittencourt JC Chan RK Li HY Arias C et al December 2000 Distribution of mRNAs encoding CRF receptors in brain and pituitary of rat and mouse The Journal of Comparative Neurology 428 2 191 212 doi 10 1002 1096 9861 20001211 428 2 lt 191 AID CNE1 gt 3 0 CO 2 U PMID 11064361 S2CID 21338401 a b Li C Vaughan J Sawchenko PE Vale WW February 2002 Urocortin III immunoreactive projections in rat brain partial overlap with sites of type 2 corticotrophin releasing factor receptor expression The Journal of Neuroscience 22 3 991 1001 doi 10 1523 JNEUROSCI 22 03 00991 2002 PMC 6758528 PMID 11826127 Wittmann G Fuzesi T Liposits Z Lechan RM Fekete C December 2009 Distribution and axonal projections of neurons coexpressing thyrotropin releasing hormone and urocortin 3 in the rat brain The Journal of Comparative Neurology 517 6 825 840 doi 10 1002 cne 22180 PMC 2849936 PMID 19844978 Wagner S January 2019 Urocortins and their unfolding role in mammalian social behavior Cell and Tissue Research 375 1 133 142 doi 10 1007 s00441 018 2962 3 PMID 30465153 S2CID 53714270 Venihaki M Sakihara S Subramanian S Dikkes P Weninger SC Liapakis G et al May 2004 Urocortin III a brain neuropeptide of the corticotropin releasing hormone family modulation by stress and attenuation of some anxiety like behaviours Journal of Neuroendocrinology 16 5 411 422 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2826 2004 01170 x PMID 15117334 S2CID 8783242 Chen P Lin D Giesler J Li C July 2011 Identification of urocortin 3 afferent projection to the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus in rat brain The Journal of Comparative Neurology 519 10 2023 2042 doi 10 1002 cne 22620 PMC 3694597 PMID 21452217 Koob GF Heinrichs SC November 1999 A role for corticotropin releasing factor and urocortin in behavioral responses to stressors Brain Research 848 1 2 141 152 doi 10 1016 S0006 8993 99 01991 5 PMID 10612706 S2CID 9724640 De Fanti BA Martinez JA March 2002 Central urocortin activation of sympathetic regulated energy metabolism in Wistar rats Brain Research 930 1 2 37 41 doi 10 1016 S0006 8993 01 03401 1 hdl 10171 17847 PMID 11879793 S2CID 6034947 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Urocortin III amp oldid 1193277637, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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