United States women's national under-20 soccer team
The United States U-20 women's national soccer team is a youth soccer team operated under the auspices of U.S. Soccer. Its primary role is the development of players in preparation for the senior women's national team. The team most recently appeared in the 2018 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in France, where they failed to progress from the group stage for the first time in the competition's history. The team competes in a variety of competitions, including the biennial FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, which is the top competition for this age group.
| Nickname(s) | Team USA The Stars and Stripes The Yanks |
|---|---|
| Association | United States Soccer Federation |
| Confederation | CONCACAF (North America) |
| Head coach | Tracey Kevins |
| Most caps | Maya Hayes (43) |
| Top scorer | Kelly Wilson (31) |
| FIFA code | USA |
| CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship | |
| Appearances | 12 (first in 2002) |
| Best result | Champions (2006, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2020, 2022) |
| FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup | |
| Appearances | 10 (first in 2002) |
| Best result | Champions (2002, 2008, 2012) |
History edit
Beginnings as a U-18 program edit
The United States U-20 team has been active since 1998; however, it was run as a U-18 team from its inception until 2001.[1] It was led by Shannon Higgins-Cirovski, the first coach in the team's history, through the middle of 1999 before she left for the Maryland Terrapins soccer team. Jay Hoffman, who served as Higgins-Cirovski's assistant, took charge of the team and led them to a gold medal for the 1999 Pan American Games, the first time the tournament was open to women's teams. Among the U-18 women playing at the 1999 Pan American Games were future senior national team members Cat Whitehill and Hope Solo.[2]
The switch to U-19 edit
2001 through 2003 edit
In 2001, the United States Soccer Federation decided to change the age limit from the U-18 team to U-19. The move was in preparation for FIFA's introduction of the first ever FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship (which has since changed). The new U-19 squad won the inaugural 2002 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship in Canada, where they beat the hosts on a golden goal by captain and future United States women's national team mainstay Lindsay Tarpley. Five other members of that same team would join Tarpley as teammates on the senior international team: Rachel Buehler, Lori Chalupny, Heather O'Reilly, Leslie Osborne and Angie Woznuk. Other notable 2002 team members were Kelly Wilson, the all-time leading goal scorer in the history of the U-20 team, as well as two-time Hermann Trophy winner Kerri Hanks, who would go on to become one of the most decorated players in women's collegiate soccer.
2004 edit
In 2004, the U-19 team placed third at the 2004 FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship in Thailand, after having been defeated by Germany in the semifinals.[3] The tournament marked the world championship debut of future senior national team members Yael Averbuch, Stephanie Lopez, Amy Rodriguez and Megan Rapinoe. However, in 2006, FIFA increased the age limit of the FIFA U-19 Women's World Championship to 20. 2004 also saw the first loss to a similar-aged team in the history of the program when the squad lost to Japan.
Competing as a U-20 team edit
2005 and 2006 edit
As the United States Soccer Federation did in 2001 prior to the introduction of the U-19 tournament, they raised the age of the squad from U-19 to U-20 in 2005. The move was, again, in response to FIFA's altering of the competition from U-19 to U-20. The actual team's play in 2005 was quiet due to a transition in coaches.
In 2006, the United States U-20 team played in a whopping 50 matches prior to the 2006 FIFA U-20 Women's World Championship in Russia; however, the team finished in fourth place. The U.S. lost to China in penalties in the semifinal and followed up the loss with another to Brazil in the third-place match, also on penalties.[4] Seven members of that 2006 team: Lauren Cheney, Christina DiMartino, Tobin Heath, Stephanie Lopez, Casey Nogueira, Kelley O'Hara and Amy Rodriguez, have made appearances for the senior national team. Lopez played in the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup, and, joined by Cheney, Heath and Rodriguez, also represented the United States at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Nogueira and O'Hara helped the 2008 U-20 team to qualify for the 2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup that same year.
2007 and 2008 edit
2007 saw the squad sent to the 2007 Pan American Games, just as they had done prior in the 1999 Pan American Games. This time around, the United States sent along two "over-aged players" in Lauren Cheney and Brittany Taylor. The decision proved costly as the supplemented U-20 team were dismantled in the finals, 5–0, to a full-strength Brazil squad.[5]
In 2008, two years removed from the disastrous fourth-place finish at the 2006 U-20 World Championship, the United States U-20 women finally reclaimed the World Cup title at the 2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in Chile, with Sydney Leroux winning the Golden Ball and Golden Shoe for being named the best player of the tournament as well as scoring the most goals. Alex Morgan earned the Silver Shoe as the tournament's second-highest scorer and the Silver Ball as the tournament's second-best player behind teammate Leroux.[6] To date, Alex Morgan, Sydney Leroux, Christine Nairn, Alyssa Naeher, and Meghan Klingenberg are the only members of the 2008 squad to be capped by the senior national team.
2009 and 2010 edit
In 2009, Tony DiCicco handed the coaching reins back to Jill Ellis, who had coached the 2007 Pan American Games squad. 2009 also saw the influx of players who took part in the inaugural FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup into the U-20s, including Kristen Mewis, US Soccer's 2008 Young Female Player of the Year, and Vicki DiMartino, younger sister of U-20 alumni Christina (2006) and Gina (2007–2008). Two members of the 2008 squad, Sydney Leroux and Christine Nairn, returned to captain the team through the next World Cup cycle.
The team won the 2010 CONCACAF Under-20 Women's Championship title the next year and secured a berth to the 2010 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, to be held in Germany. Sydney Leroux was the leading scorer at the tournament with six goals.[7] In the World Cup, they won their group, but lost on penalty kicks to Nigeria in the quarterfinals. Leroux was again their leading scorer, tallying five goals in their four matches.
2011 and 2012 edit
In 2011, Steve Swanson was named coach of the squad for the second time, after having coached in 2000. To prepare for the 2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup in Japan, the team played 8 friendlies (winning seven) and qualifying with ease for the World Cup, scoring 24 goals in the qualifying tournament, while conceding only once.
In the World Cup, the squad was led by a Maya Hayes hat trick en route to beating Ghana 4–0. After a 1–1 draw against China, and a 3–0 loss to Germany, the US qualified for the quarterfinals over China on goal differential. In the quarterfinals, Chioma Ubogagu scored in extra time in a 2–1 victory over North Korea. In the semifinal, Morgan Brian and Kealia Ohai scored in a 2–0 win over Nigeria. The final was a rematch with Germany. Ohai scored right before halftime, and the US held on for a 1–0 win and their third World Cup championship.
2013 and 2014 edit
Following the 2012 World Cup win, Michelle French took over the U-20 program. Defenders Cari Roccaro and Stephanie Amack returned from the 2012 World Cup winning side to lead the team along with Paris Saint-Germain target woman Lindsey Horan, the first American woman to skip college and turn professional, and Andi Sullivan, who was named co-captain despite being the youngest player on the squad during qualifiers. The US team again coasted through the CONCACAF qualifying tournament, winning all 5 matches without even conceding a single goal. However, the World Cup would offer much greater resistance as they started out in the Group of Death with international powerhouses Germany, Brazil, and China.
The World Cup tournament would feature a large sense of deja vu from two years prior, with the Americans grouped with China and Germany again. The US opened in a rematch of the previous final against Germany, this time coming up short, losing 2–0. But in a similar manner that they had in the previous World Cup, they survived the group stage with wins against Brazil and China behind strong performances by Lindsey Horan and central midfielder Rose Lavelle. The second-place finish in their group would match them for the second tournament in a row against North Korea and as they had two years before, the match went into extra time. Unfortunately for the Americans, this time the winning magic was not to be found as the game went into a shootout from the penalty spot and the Korean keeper dominated. Savannah Jordan, Lindsey Horan, and Rose Lavelle were all denied by Korean keeper Kim on weak efforts from the spot and the Americans exited the tournament earlier than expected.
2016–present edit
In 2016, the team participated in the 2016 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, and made it to the semifinals, where they lost to North Korea again in extra time.[8] They then lost to Japan in the third-place match.[9]
In February 2017, US Soccer reassigned Michelle French to be a full-time assistant coach for the senior women's national team,[10] with Jitka Klimková replacing her as head coach in April 2017.[11] Jitka Klimkova replaced Michelle French as the new coach of the under-20 team.[12]
The team finished runners-up in the 2018 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship. In the 2018 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, the team failed to progress from the group stage for the first time in history. Mark Carr took over the team from Jitka Klimkova in 2019 and prepared them for the upcoming competition year.
In January 2020, Laura Harvey was named the head coach[13] and lead the team to a 4–1 victory over Mexico in the 2020 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship Championship game[14] and qualifying the team for the 2020 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.[15] In November 2020, FIFA announced that the 2020 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup would be cancelled due to COVID-19.[16]
After an extended period off due to COVID restrictions, Tracey Kevins was named the head coach of the women's U-20 team.[17] The U-20 team returned to international soccer with a roar winning the 2022 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship and qualifying for the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.[18] Performance in the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup was similar to what the team had experienced in 2018, with the team unable to get out of the group stage.[19]
Competitive record edit
FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup edit
| Year | Result | Matches | Wins | Draws | Losses | GF | GA | Coach | Squad |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | Champions | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 2 | Tracey Leone | Squad |
| 2004 | Third place | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 14 | 4 | Mark Krikorian | Squad |
| 2006 | Fourth place | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 11 | 3 | Tim Schulz | Squad |
| 2008 | Champions | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 12 | 3 | Tony DiCicco | Squad |
| 2010 | Quarter-finals | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 2 | Jill Ellis | Squad |
| 2012 | Champions | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 10 | 5 | Steve Swanson | Squad |
| 2014 | Quarter-finals | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 3 | Michelle French | Squad |
| 2016 | Fourth place | 6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 6 | Michelle French | Squad |
| 2018 | Group stage | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 3 | Jitka Klimkova | Squad |
| 2022 | Group stage | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | Tracey Kevins | Squad |
| 2024 | Qualified | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Tracey Kevins | Squad |
| 2026 | To be determined | ||||||||
| Total | 11/12 | 50 | 32 | 9 | 9 | 105 | 37 | ||
CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship tournament record edit
The U-20 women have won the CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship six times, in 2006, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2015 and 2020;[20] the 2002 tournament did not have a championship final.[21] The U-20s finished as runners-up to Canada in 2004 and 2008 and to Mexico in 2018.
| Year | Result | Matches | Wins | Draws | Losses | GF | GA | Coach | Squad |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2002 | No final held | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 34 | 1 | Tracey Leone | Squad |
| 2004 | Runners-up | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 32 | 3 | Mark Krikorian | Squad |
| 2006 | Champions | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 19 | 3 | Tim Schulz | Squad |
| 2008 | Runners-up | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 20 | 1 | Tony DiCicco | Squad |
| 2010 | Champions | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 2 | Jill Ellis | Squad |
| 2012 | Champions | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 1 | Steve Swanson | Squad |
| 2014 | Champions | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 29 | 0 | Michelle French | Squad |
| 2015 | Champions | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 22 | 3 | Michelle French | Squad |
| 2018 | Runners-up | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 4 | Jitka Klimková | Squad |
| 2020 | Champions | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 44 | 1 | Laura Harvey | Squad |
| 2022 | Champions | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 49 | 0 | Tracey Kevins | Squad |
| 2023 | Runners-up | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 18 | 5 | Tracey Kevins | Squad |
| Total | 12/12 | 61 | 54 | 4 | 3 | 314 | 24 |
Pan American Games edit
The under-18 team participated and won the inaugural soccer tournament in the 1999 Pan American Games,[22] while the under-20 team lost in the final of the 2007 Pan American Games,[23] competing against full national teams. These opportunities are a consequence of holding the FIFA Women's World Cup in the same year as the Pan American Games.
| Year | Result | Matches | Wins | Draws | Losses | GF | GA | Coach |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 | Champions | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 22 | 2 | Jay Hoffman |
| 2003 | No United States team participated | |||||||
| 2007 | Runners-up | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 17 | 11 | Jill Ellis |
| 2011 | No United States team participated | |||||||
| 2015 | ||||||||
| 2019 | ||||||||
| 2023 | ||||||||
| Total | 3/7 | 12 | 9 | 1 | 3 | 39 | 13 | |
Fixtures and results edit
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.
Legend Win Draw Lose Fixture
2023 edit
| May 26, 2023 2023 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship | United States | 6–0 | Panama | Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic |
| 6:00 PM (CDT) | Report | Stadium: Félix Sánchez Olympic Stadium Referee: Katia García (Mexico) |
| May 28, 2023 2023 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship | Jamaica | 0–4 | United States | Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic |
| 5:00 PM (CDT) | Report |
| Stadium: Félix Sánchez Olympic Stadium Referee: Astrid Gramajo (Guatemala) |
| May 30, 2023 2023 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship | United States | 5–2 | Canada | Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic |
| 5:00 PM (CDT) | Report | Stadium: Félix Sánchez Olympic Stadium Referee: Katia García (Mexico) |
| June 2, 2023 2023 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship SF | United States | 2–1 | Costa Rica | Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic |
| Report | Stadium: Félix Sánchez Olympic Stadium Referee: Sandra Benítez (El Salvador) |
| June 4, 2023 2023 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship F | Mexico | 2–1 | United States | Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic |
| Report |
| Stadium: Félix Sánchez Olympic Stadium Referee: Marianela Araya (Costa Rica) |
Players edit
Current squad edit
The following 21 players were named to the squad for the 2023 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship.[24]
Caps and goals are updated as of June 2, 2023 after the match against Costa Rica.[25]
| No. | Pos. | Player | Date of birth (age) | Caps | Goals | Club |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | GK | Teagan Wy | July 30, 2004 | 4 | 0 | California |
| 12 | GK | Valentina Amaral | April 5, 2005 | 1 | 0 | Florida Kraze Krush SC |
| 21 | GK | Mackenzie Gress | October 3, 2005 | 0 | 0 | Penn State |
| 2 | DF | Gisele Thompson | December 2, 2005 | 4 | 1 | Total Futbol Academy |
| 3 | DF | Savannah King | February 7, 2005 | 5 | 0 | Slammers FC HB Køge (ECNL) |
| 4 | DF | Ella Emri | December 15, 2005 | 3 | 0 | San Diego Surf SC |
| 5 | DF | Elise Evans | November 28, 2005 | 5 | 0 | Stanford |
| 13 | DF | Tessa Dellarose | April 25, 2006 | 5 | 1 | North Carolina |
| 14 | DF | Leah Klenke | June 21, 2005 | 5 | 0 | University of Notre Dame |
| 6 | MF | Ally Lemos | March 4, 2004 | 5 | 1 | UCLA |
| 8 | MF | Lauren Martinho | October 9, 2005 | 4 | 2 | North Carolina Courage Academy |
| 10 | MF | Shae Harvey | November 28, 2004 | 3 | 0 | Slammers FC HB Køge (ECNL) |
| 16 | MF | Jill Flammia | June 29, 2005 | 3 | 0 | Virginia |
| 18 | MF | Jasmine Aikey | November 28, 2003 | 5 | 1 | Stanford |
| 20 | MF | Sofia Cook | November 30, 2003 | 3 | 0 | UCLA |
| 7 | FW | Jordynn Dudley | December 31, 2005 | 3 | 1 | United Futbol Academy |
| 9 | FW | Ally Sentnor | February 18, 2004 | 10 | 5 | North Carolina |
| 11 | FW | Kat Rader | June 30, 2004 | 3 | 1 | Duke |
| 15 | FW | Maggie Cagle | June 6, 2006 | 3 | 0 | Virginia |
| 17 | FW | Onyeka Gamero | February 23, 2006 | 5 | 1 | Beach FC (CA) |
| 19 | FW | Madeline Dahlien | November 28, 2006 | 4 | 4 | North Carolina |
Recent call-ups edit
The following players were named to a squad in the last 12 months.
Player records edit
International match statistics, as of August 12, 2014. All goals scored in international matches only.
Top scorers edit
| Most capped players edit
|
- Players still eligible for the U-20 player pool in bold.
Coaches edit
- Shannon Higgins-Cirovski (1998–1999)
- Jay Hoffman (1999)
- Steve Swanson (2000)
- Tracey Leone (2001–2004)
- Mark Krikorian (2004–2005)
- Tim Schulz (2005–2006)
- Jill Ellis (2007)
- Tony DiCicco (2008)
- Jill Ellis (2009–2010)
- Dave Chesler (2010–2011)
- Steve Swanson (2011–2012)
- Michelle French (2013–2017)
- Jitka Klimková (2017–2019)[26]
- Mark Carr (2019)[27]
- Laura Harvey (2020–2021)[28][29]
- Tracey Kevins (2021–)[30]
References edit
- ^ 2009 WNT U.S. Soccer Media Guide
- ^ U.S. Under-18 Women Defeat Mexico 1–0, Take Home Inaugural Pan Am Championship May 31, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, US Soccer, August 5, 1999.
- ^ U.S. Women Fall to Germany, 3–1, at U-19 World Championship June 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, US Soccer, November 24, 2004.
- ^ USA Falls to Brazil in Penalties to Finish Fourth at U-20 Women's World Championship June 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, US Soccer, September 3, 2006.
- ^ U-20 WNT Fall in Pan-Am Final to Full Brazilian National Team June 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, US Soccer, July 26, 2007.
- ^ , FIFA.com, December 8, 2008.
- ^ U.S. U-20 WNT Claim CONCACAF Crown with 1–0 Defeat of Mexico March 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, US Soccer, January 30, 2010.
- ^ . FIFA.com. November 29, 2016. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
- ^ . FIFA.com. December 3, 2016. Archived from the original on December 4, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
- ^ "Michelle French, B.J. Snow Join Senior WNT Staff". www.ussoccer.com. from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
- ^ "Jitka Klimkova, Mark Carr named head coaches of U.S. U-20, U-17 WNTs". SoccerWire. April 7, 2017. from the original on September 14, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
- ^ "Jitka Klimkova, Mark Carr named head coaches of U.S. U-20, U-17 WNTs". www.SoccerWire.com. Soccer Wire. April 7, 2017. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
- ^ "LAURA HARVEY HIRED AS NEW HEAD COACH OF U-20 USWNT". www.USSoccer.com. United States Soccer Federation. January 3, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
- ^ "USA ROLLS PAST MEXICO 4-1 TO WIN 2020 CONCACAF WOMEN'S U-20 CHAMPIONSHIP". www.USSoccer.com. United States Soccer Federation. March 8, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
- ^ "USA and Mexico seal FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup berths". www.FIFA.com. FIFA. March 6, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
- ^ "Update on FIFA Club World Cup 2020 and women's youth tournaments". www.FIFA.com. FIFA. November 17, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
- ^ "TRACEY KEVINS NAMED HEAD COACH OF U.S. UNDER-20 WOMEN'S NATIONAL TEAM; GONZALO SEGARES NAMED HEAD COACH OF U.S. UNDER-17 MEN'S NATIONAL TEAM". www.USSoccer.com. United States Soccer Federation. October 18, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2023.
- ^ "USA WINS CONCACAF WOMEN'S U-20 CHAMPIONSHIP WITH 2-0 VICTORY OVER MEXICO". www.USSoccer.com. United States Soccer Federation. March 12, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
- ^ "USA BOWS OUT OF FIFA U-20 WOMEN'S WORLD CUP WITH 3-1 LOSS TO JAPAN". www.USSoccer.com. United States Soccer Federation. August 17, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
- ^ "USA Earns Fourth CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship Crown with 4–0 Victory Against Mexico". from the original on March 26, 2014. Retrieved March 4, 2014.
- ^ CONCACAF Qualifying Set for U-20 WWC in Germany and U-17 WWC in Trinidad & Tobago December 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, US Soccer, November 30, 2009.
- ^ "U.S. Under-18 Women Defeat Mexico 1–0, Take Home Inaugural Pan Am Championship". U.S.Soccer. August 5, 1999. from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
- ^ "U-20 WNT Fall in Pan-Am Final to Full Brazilian National Team". U.S.Soccer. July 26, 2007. from the original on September 3, 2014. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
- ^ "Kevins Names USA Roster For 2023 Concacaf Women's Under-20 Championship In The Dominican Republic". USSF. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
- ^ "U.S. U-20 WOMEN'S YOUTH NATIONAL TEAM QUALIFIES FOR 2024 FIFA U-20 WOMEN'S WORLD CUP WITH 2-1 WIN AGAINST COSTA RICA IN CONCACAF U-20 WOMEN'S CHAMPIONSHIP SEMIFINAL". www.USSoccer.com. United States Soccer Federation. June 2, 2023. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
- ^ "Jitka Klimkova, Mark Carr named head coaches of U.S. U-20, U-17 WNTs". Soccer Wire. April 7, 2017. from the original on September 14, 2018. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
- ^ "University of Oklahoma hires Mark Carr as head soccer coach". Soccer Wire. December 23, 2019. from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
- ^ "Laura Harvey Hired as New Head Coach of U-20 USWNT". United States Soccer Federation. January 3, 2020. from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
- ^ "Laura Harvey Hired as Head Coach for OL Reign". United States Soccer Federation. July 15, 2021. from the original on July 26, 2022. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
- ^ "Tracey Kevins Named Head Coach of U.S. Under-20 Women's National Team; Gonzalo Segares Named Head Coach of U.S. Under-17 Men's National Team". United States Soccer Federation. October 18, 2021. from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved July 26, 2022.