Umbra was one of the first post-civil rights Black literary groups to make an impact as radical in the sense of establishing their own voice distinct from, and sometimes at odds with, the prevailing white literary establishment. The attempt to merge a Black-oriented activist thrust with a primarily artistic orientation produced a classic split in Umbra between those who wanted to be activists and those who thought of themselves as primarily writers, though to some extent all members shared both views. Black writers have always had to face the issue of whether their work was primarily political or aesthetic. Moreover, Umbra itself had evolved out of similar circumstances: in 1960, a Black nationalist literary organization, On Guard for Freedom, had been founded on the Lower East Side by Calvin Hicks. Its members included Nannie and Walter Bowe, Harold Cruse (who was then working on The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual, 1967), Tom Dent, Rosa Guy, Joe Johnson, LeRoi Jones, and Sarah Wright, among others. On Guard was active in a famous protest at the United Nations of the American-sponsored Bay of Pigs Cuban invasion and was active in support of the Congolese liberation leader Patrice Lumumba. From On Guard, Dent,[1] Johnson, and Brenda Walcott and Askia Touré established Umbra.
Umbra Magazineedit
The Umbra collective produced Umbra Magazine, which grew out of Friday-night workshops, meetings, and readings on Manhattan's Lower East Side in summer 1962, "and out of the need expressed for it at those meetings".[2] Two issues, edited by Calvin Hernton, David Henderson and Tom Dent, were produced during the group's life-time, including a 'Richard Wright Mnemonicon' in the second issue. After the group split and the workshops themselves ended following the assassinations of Malcolm X and John F. Kennedy, David Henderson took over as editor. A third issue appeared as Umbra Anthology: 1967–1968, followed by the fourth issue, Umbra Blackworks, in 1970, and Umbra Latin / Soul, co-edited by Henderson, Barbara Christian and Victor Hernandez Cruz, in 1974.[3]
Askia Touré, a major shaper of "cultural nationalism", directly influenced LeRoi Jones, along with Umbra writer Charles Patterson and Charles's brother, William Patterson. Touré joined Jones, Steve Young, and others at BART/S (Black Arts Repertory Theatre/School). Umbra is often cited as a predecessor to the Black Arts Movement, and is discussed in books such as Eugene Redmond's Drumvoices, Aldon Nielsen's Black Chant, Kalamu ya Salaam's The Magic of Juju and Lorenzo Thomas's Extraordinary Measures. Many members of Umbra took part in Black Arts and post-Black Arts activity, including Ishmael Reed's Before Columbus Foundation in California, David Henderson's involvement with the Nuyorican Poets Cafe in New York, and Tom Dent's work with The Free Southern Theatre in New Orleans. (Dent also established the long-running magazine Callaloo, alongside Charles Henry Rowell and Jerry Ward.)[4]
Further readingedit
Fortune, Angela Joy, "Keeping the Communal Tradition of the Umbra Poets: Creating Space for Writing", Black History Bulletin, Vol. 75, No. 1, Spring 2012.
Grundy, David, A Black Arts Poetry Machine: Amiri Baraka and the Umbra Poets, Bloomsbury Academic, 2019.
"Umbra and Lower East Side Poetics" in Daniel Kane, All Poets Welcome: The Lower East Side Poetry Scene in the 1960s, University of California Press, 2003, pp. 79–90.
Oren, Michel, 'A '60s Saga: The Life and Death of Umbra', Freedomways, Volume 24, issue 3, (Third Quarter) 1984, 167–181 (Part 1), and Volume 24, issue 4, (Fourth Quarter) 1984, 237–254 (Part 2). A longer version of the same essay appears in Joseph Weixlmann and Chester J. Fontenot (eds), Belief Vs. Theory in Black American Literary Criticism, Penkevill Publishing Company, 1986.
Thomas, Lorenzo, "The Shadow World: New York's Umbra Workshop & Origins of the Black Arts Movement", Callaloo No. 4 (October 1978), pp. 53–72.
Referencesedit
^"Dent, Tom (1932-1998)", in William L. Andrews, Frances Smith Foster & Trudier Harris (eds), The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature, Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 106–07.
^"Umbra Poets Read Their Own Poetry", Vassar Miscellany News, Volume XXXXVII, Number 24, 1 May 1963.
^Grundy, David, A Black Arts Poetry Machine: Amiri Baraka and the Umbra Poets, Bloomsbury Academic, 2019, pp. 13 and 100.
^Tom Dent, 'Preface', Callaloo No. 1 (December 1976), pp. v–vi.
External linksedit
Historical Overviews of The Black Arts Movement
Rone Shavers, , Black Issues Book Review, Vol. 3 Issue 1, January/February 2001, p. 32.
"A Black Arts Poetry Machine"
March 17, 2024
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This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Umbra poets news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message Umbra was a collective of young black writers based in Manhattan s Lower East Side that was founded in 1962 Contents 1 Background 2 Umbra Magazine 3 Major writers 4 Further reading 5 References 6 External linksBackground editUmbra was one of the first post civil rights Black literary groups to make an impact as radical in the sense of establishing their own voice distinct from and sometimes at odds with the prevailing white literary establishment The attempt to merge a Black oriented activist thrust with a primarily artistic orientation produced a classic split in Umbra between those who wanted to be activists and those who thought of themselves as primarily writers though to some extent all members shared both views Black writers have always had to face the issue of whether their work was primarily political or aesthetic Moreover Umbra itself had evolved out of similar circumstances in 1960 a Black nationalist literary organization On Guard for Freedom had been founded on the Lower East Side by Calvin Hicks Its members included Nannie and Walter Bowe Harold Cruse who was then working on The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual 1967 Tom Dent Rosa Guy Joe Johnson LeRoi Jones and Sarah Wright among others On Guard was active in a famous protest at the United Nations of the American sponsored Bay of Pigs Cuban invasion and was active in support of the Congolese liberation leader Patrice Lumumba From On Guard Dent 1 Johnson and Brenda Walcott and Askia Toure established Umbra Umbra Magazine editThe Umbra collective produced Umbra Magazine which grew out of Friday night workshops meetings and readings on Manhattan s Lower East Side in summer 1962 and out of the need expressed for it at those meetings 2 Two issues edited by Calvin Hernton David Henderson and Tom Dent were produced during the group s life time including a Richard Wright Mnemonicon in the second issue After the group split and the workshops themselves ended following the assassinations of Malcolm X and John F Kennedy David Henderson took over as editor A third issue appeared as Umbra Anthology 1967 1968 followed by the fourth issue Umbra Blackworks in 1970 and Umbra Latin Soul co edited by Henderson Barbara Christian and Victor Hernandez Cruz in 1974 3 Major writers editSteve Cannon Thomas Covington Dent Tom Dent Al Haynes David Henderson Calvin C Hernton Joe Johnson Norman Pritchard Lennox Raphael Ishmael Reed Archie Shepp musician writer Cecil Taylor musician poet Art Berger Lorenzo Thomas James Thompson Askia M Toure Roland Snellings also a visual artist Brenda Walcott Raymond R Patterson Rashidah IsmailiAskia Toure a major shaper of cultural nationalism directly influenced LeRoi Jones along with Umbra writer Charles Patterson and Charles s brother William Patterson Toure joined Jones Steve Young and others at BART S Black Arts Repertory Theatre School Umbra is often cited as a predecessor to the Black Arts Movement and is discussed in books such as Eugene Redmond s Drumvoices Aldon Nielsen s Black Chant Kalamu ya Salaam s The Magic of Juju and Lorenzo Thomas s Extraordinary Measures Many members of Umbra took part in Black Arts and post Black Arts activity including Ishmael Reed s Before Columbus Foundation in California David Henderson s involvement with the Nuyorican Poets Cafe in New York and Tom Dent s work with The Free Southern Theatre in New Orleans Dent also established the long running magazine Callaloo alongside Charles Henry Rowell and Jerry Ward 4 Further reading editFortune Angela Joy Keeping the Communal Tradition of the Umbra Poets Creating Space for Writing Black History Bulletin Vol 75 No 1 Spring 2012 Grundy David A Black Arts Poetry Machine Amiri Baraka and the Umbra Poets Bloomsbury Academic 2019 Umbra and Lower East Side Poetics in Daniel Kane All Poets Welcome The Lower East Side Poetry Scene in the 1960s University of California Press 2003 pp 79 90 Oren Michel A 60s Saga The Life and Death of Umbra Freedomways Volume 24 issue 3 Third Quarter 1984 167 181 Part 1 and Volume 24 issue 4 Fourth Quarter 1984 237 254 Part 2 A longer version of the same essay appears in Joseph Weixlmann and Chester J Fontenot eds Belief Vs Theory in Black American Literary Criticism Penkevill Publishing Company 1986 Thomas Lorenzo The Shadow World New York s Umbra Workshop amp Origins of the Black Arts Movement Callaloo No 4 October 1978 pp 53 72 References edit Dent Tom 1932 1998 in William L Andrews Frances Smith Foster amp Trudier Harris eds The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature Oxford University Press 2001 pp 106 07 Umbra Poets Read Their Own Poetry Vassar Miscellany News Volume XXXXVII Number 24 1 May 1963 Grundy David A Black Arts Poetry Machine Amiri Baraka and the Umbra Poets Bloomsbury Academic 2019 pp 13 and 100 Tom Dent Preface Callaloo No 1 December 1976 pp v vi External links editHistorical Overviews of The Black Arts Movement Rone Shavers Black Bohemia s Tribal Elder Black Issues Book Review Vol 3 Issue 1 January February 2001 p 32 A Black Arts Poetry Machine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Umbra poets amp oldid 1196115774, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
