The Banu 'l-Ukhaidhir (Arabic: بنو الأخيضر, romanized: Banū ʾl-Ukhayḍir), informally as Ukhaydhirites, was an Arab dynasty that ruled in Najd and al-Yamama (central Arabia) from 867 to at least the mid-eleventh century. An Alid dynasty, they were descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatima and his grandson Al-Hasan, and at least one contemporary traveler[1] describes them as having been Shi'ites of the Zaydi persuasion. Their capital was known as al-Khidhrimah, which lay near the present-day city of Al-Kharj in Saudi Arabia.
The founder of the dynasty was Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Ukhaidhir ibn Ibrahim ibn Musa al-Djawn ibn Abd Allah al-Kāmil ibn Al-Hasan al-Mu'thannā bin Al-Hassan al-mujtaba bin Ali al Murtaza bin Abi Talib. Muhammad's brother Isma'il had launched a rebellion in the Tihamah in 865 against the Abbasid government and temporarily occupied the city of Mecca.[2] After Isma'il's death the following year, Muhammad began stirring up trouble along the road running between the Hejaz and Iraq, but was defeated by the road's governor Abu 'l-Saj Dewdad.[3] Fleeing from the government forces, he made his way in al-Yamamah and established himself there in 867.[4]
Al-Yamamah at the time was nominally part of the Abbasid Caliphate, but the central government had largely neglected the area for years due to its remoteness. With the exception of the occasional raid by government forces,[5] the tribes there were largely self-governing. When Muhammad arrived in al-Yamamah, he likely gained the support of the Banu Hanifa, the largest tribe in the area, and created an independent amirate.[6]
It is not known how much of al-Yamamah was ruled by Muhammad and his descendants. Descriptions of the extent of the amirate by medieval Muslim historians vary; one source states that it controlled only al-Khidhrimah and its outskirts, while another claims that it ruled over a territory that extended as far north as Qurran.[7]
The early rule of the Banu 'l-Ukhaidhir was characterized by a sustained economic depression. Thousands of people are recorded as having emigrated from al-Yamamah to various provinces of the caliphate in order to escape the turmoil. Muhammad has been blamed for this period of hardship due to his oppressive rule,[8] although it has been noted that reports of mass emigration from al-Yamamah began years before his arrival.[9]
Muhammad was succeeded as amir by his son Yusuf, who was himself succeeded by his son Isma'il. Isma'il established an alliance with the powerful Qarmatians of neighboring Al-Hasa. He participated in the capture of Kufa in 925 and was given command of the town by the Qarmatian leader Abu Tahir. Relations between the two sides, however, subsequently soured, and in 928 Isma'il and several members of his family were killed in a battle with the Qarmatians.[9]
Isma'il was succeeded by his son al-Hasan, and at this point the amirate likely subordinate to the Qarmatians.[10] After the rule of al-Hasan's son Ahmad, the history of the Banu 'l-Ukhaidhir becomes obscure. When the traveler Nasir-i Khusraw arrived in al-Yamamah in 1051, the Banu 'l-Ukhaidhir were still ruling there, but at some point after this the Banu Kilab took over the country.[9]
Rulersedit
Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Ukhaidhir (from 866)
Yusuf ibn Muhammad
Isma'il ibn Yusuf (to 928)
Al-Hasan ibn Yusuf
Ahmad ibn al-Hasan
Abu 'l-Muqallid Ja'far
Descendants of Abu 'l-Muqallid Ja'far
After Ahmad, the list of rulers becomes uncertain, but later amirs were descendants of his son Abu 'l-Muqallid Ja'far.[9]
Al-Askar, Abdullah. Al-Yamama in the Early Islamic Era. Reading, UK: Ithaca Press, 2002. ISBN0-86372-400-0
Al-Juhany, Uwaidah M. Najd Before the Salafi Reform Movement: Social, Political, and Religious Conditions During the Three Centuries Preceding the Rise of the Saudi State. Reading, UK: Ithaca Press, 2002. ISBN0-86372-401-9
Madelung, W. "Banu Saj." Encyclopaedia Iranica. Ed. Ehsan Yarshater. Columbia University. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
banu, ukhaidhir, banu, ukhaidhir, arabic, بنو, الأخيضر, romanized, banū, ukhayḍir, informally, ukhaydhirites, arab, dynasty, that, ruled, najd, yamama, central, arabia, from, least, eleventh, century, alid, dynasty, they, were, descendants, muhammad, through, . The Banu l Ukhaidhir Arabic بنو الأخيضر romanized Banu ʾl Ukhayḍir informally as Ukhaydhirites was an Arab dynasty that ruled in Najd and al Yamama central Arabia from 867 to at least the mid eleventh century An Alid dynasty they were descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatima and his grandson Al Hasan and at least one contemporary traveler 1 describes them as having been Shi ites of the Zaydi persuasion Their capital was known as al Khidhrimah which lay near the present day city of Al Kharj in Saudi Arabia Contents 1 History 2 Rulers 3 See also 4 Notes 5 ReferencesHistory edit nbsp Al Yamamah in the early Islamic periodThe founder of the dynasty was Muhammad ibn Yusuf al Ukhaidhir ibn Ibrahim ibn Musa al Djawn ibn Abd Allah al Kamil ibn Al Hasan al Mu thanna bin Al Hassan al mujtaba bin Ali al Murtaza bin Abi Talib Muhammad s brother Isma il had launched a rebellion in the Tihamah in 865 against the Abbasid government and temporarily occupied the city of Mecca 2 After Isma il s death the following year Muhammad began stirring up trouble along the road running between the Hejaz and Iraq but was defeated by the road s governor Abu l Saj Dewdad 3 Fleeing from the government forces he made his way in al Yamamah and established himself there in 867 4 Al Yamamah at the time was nominally part of the Abbasid Caliphate but the central government had largely neglected the area for years due to its remoteness With the exception of the occasional raid by government forces 5 the tribes there were largely self governing When Muhammad arrived in al Yamamah he likely gained the support of the Banu Hanifa the largest tribe in the area and created an independent amirate 6 It is not known how much of al Yamamah was ruled by Muhammad and his descendants Descriptions of the extent of the amirate by medieval Muslim historians vary one source states that it controlled only al Khidhrimah and its outskirts while another claims that it ruled over a territory that extended as far north as Qurran 7 The early rule of the Banu l Ukhaidhir was characterized by a sustained economic depression Thousands of people are recorded as having emigrated from al Yamamah to various provinces of the caliphate in order to escape the turmoil Muhammad has been blamed for this period of hardship due to his oppressive rule 8 although it has been noted that reports of mass emigration from al Yamamah began years before his arrival 9 Muhammad was succeeded as amir by his son Yusuf who was himself succeeded by his son Isma il Isma il established an alliance with the powerful Qarmatians of neighboring Al Hasa He participated in the capture of Kufa in 925 and was given command of the town by the Qarmatian leader Abu Tahir Relations between the two sides however subsequently soured and in 928 Isma il and several members of his family were killed in a battle with the Qarmatians 9 Isma il was succeeded by his son al Hasan and at this point the amirate likely subordinate to the Qarmatians 10 After the rule of al Hasan s son Ahmad the history of the Banu l Ukhaidhir becomes obscure When the traveler Nasir i Khusraw arrived in al Yamamah in 1051 the Banu l Ukhaidhir were still ruling there but at some point after this the Banu Kilab took over the country 9 Rulers editMuhammad ibn Yusuf al Ukhaidhir from 866 Yusuf ibn Muhammad Isma il ibn Yusuf to 928 Al Hasan ibn Yusuf Ahmad ibn al Hasan Abu l Muqallid Ja far Descendants of Abu l Muqallid Ja farAfter Ahmad the list of rulers becomes uncertain but later amirs were descendants of his son Abu l Muqallid Ja far 9 See also editAlids List of Shi a Muslim dynastiesNotes edit See Nasir Khusraw s Safarnameh Tabari v 35 pp 108 9 Mas udi p 395 Madelung Banu Saj Madelung Al Ukhaydir p 792 Mas udi pp 402 3 For one such incident see Tabari v 34 pp 46 51 Askar p 139 Juhany pp 45 6 Askar pp 139 40 a b c d Madelung Al Ukhaydir p 792 Askar p 140References editAl Askar Abdullah Al Yamama in the Early Islamic Era Reading UK Ithaca Press 2002 ISBN 0 86372 400 0 Al Juhany Uwaidah M Najd Before the Salafi Reform Movement Social Political and Religious Conditions During the Three Centuries Preceding the Rise of the Saudi State Reading UK Ithaca Press 2002 ISBN 0 86372 401 9 Madelung W Banu Saj Encyclopaedia Iranica Ed Ehsan Yarshater Columbia University Retrieved 21 August 2011 Madelung W 2000 al Uk h ayḍir In Bearman P J Bianquis Th Bosworth C E van Donzel E amp Heinrichs W P eds The Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition Volume X T U Leiden E J Brill p 792 ISBN 978 90 04 11211 7 Al Mas udi Ali ibn al Husain Les Prairies D Or Tome Septieme Trans C Barbier de Meynard Paris Imprimerie Nationale 1873 Yarshater Ehsan ed 1985 2007 The History of al Ṭabari 40 vols SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies Albany New York State University of New York Press ISBN 978 0 7914 7249 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Banu Ukhaidhir amp oldid 1174593895, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
