United Nations Development Fund for Women
The United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM, French: Fonds de développement des Nations unies pour la femme,[1] Spanish: Fondo de Desarrollo de las Naciones Unidas para la Mujer[2]) was established in December 1976 originally as the Voluntary Fund for the United Nations Decade for Women in the International Women's Year. Its first director was Margaret C. Snyder. UNIFEM provided financial and technical assistance to innovative programmes and strategies that promoted women's human rights, political participation and economic security. Since 1976 it supported women's empowerment and gender equality through its programme offices and links with women's organizations in the major regions of the world. Its work on gender responsive budgets began in 1996 in Southern Africa and expanded to include East Africa, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central America and the Andean region. It worked to increase awareness throughout the UN system of gender responsive budgets as a tool to strengthen economic governance in all countries. In 2011, UNIFEM merged with some other smaller entities to become UN Women.
| Abbreviation | UNIFEM |
|---|---|
| Merged into | UN Women |
Parent organization | United Nations |
About edit
UNIFEM was an autonomous organization working closely with the UN Development Program (UNDP), although the resolution also specified that the fund's resources should supplement, not substitute for, the responsibilities of other United Nations development cooperation agencies.[3][4] UNIFEM helped fund projects that aided women and their families.[5] UNIFEM developed a strategy of aiding women to become their "own agents for change rather than recipients of charity."[5] UNIFEM also helped to ensure that UN programs followed guidelines developed by the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW).[6] UNIFEM was also involved in recognizing women's rights as human rights.[7] It advocated gender equality around the world.[7] UNIFEM also saw women's rights as an issue of peace and security.[8]
UNIFEM operated on a budget of voluntary contributions to the organization.[9] The organization was based in New York City.[10] Different countries and regions had their own committees within UNIFEM.[11] UNIFEM was one of the smaller agencies at the UN and was situated lower in the UN hierarchy, according to Canadian politician Stephen Lewis.[12]
History edit
The First World Conference on Women in 1975 influenced the creation of UNIFEM.[7] World governments saw the need to put resources into dealing with women's issues after the First Conference.[9] The United Nations Voluntary Fund for the Decade for Women (UNVFDW) was established by the United Nations General Assembly in December 1976 right after the conference.[13][7] Margaret Snyder started working as the leader of the organization in 1978.[14]
1980s edit
The UNVFDW was given an expanded mandate by the General Assembly in February 1985, when it became the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM).[10] Under resolution 39/125, the new fund was called on to support and advocate for innovative and catalytic activities that would give voice and visibility to the women of the developing world.
Funding for UNIFEM projects doubled in size between 1985 and 1988.[5]
1990s edit
In the 1990s, UNIFEM became involved in broadening its scope.[15] The organization began a campaign to define "women's rights as human rights" and how violence against women was also an economic development issue.[15] UNIFEM hired researchers such as Roxanna Carrillo to demonstrate how violence against women was linked to a lack of women's access to economic opportunity.[15] The campaign for "women's rights as human rights" was especially effective.[16] UNIFEM began working on projects to reduce gender based violence and also to raise awareness of the problem.[17]
Also in the 1990s, African Women in Crisis (AFWIC) was created by UNIFEM to focus on issues facing people in Africa.[18] AFWIC helped women who were displaced due to violence or emergencies in their own countries.[5] AFWIC expanded on work begun by Laketch Dirasse in East Africa.[5]
The work of UNIFEM helped shape the issues addressed at the Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995.[19] Women at the conference decided that it was important that they "claim formal power to directly shape public policy."[20]
UNIFEM created a trust fund to help support twenty-three projects to combat gender-based violence and war crimes against women.[21][22] The fund began funding projects in 1997.[23]
2000s edit
UNIFEM was granted "executing agency status" by UNDP in 2000.[24] This allowed the organization to complete and work on projects for UNDP that related to women's rights and gender equality.[24]
UNIFEM released a new biennial report, Progress of the World's Women in 2001.[24] The report outlined what UNIFEM had achieved in previous decades.[24] Also in 2001, in conjunction with International Alert, UNIFEM launched the Millennium Peace Prize for Women.[25]
Noeleen Heyzer, head of UNIFEM asked for the creation of an international commission on violence against women.[26]
On January 26, 2006, UNIFEM nominated Nicole Kidman as its goodwill ambassador.[27]
The last executive director of UNIFEM was Inés Alberdi.[28]
2010s edit
In January 2011, UNIFEM was merged into UN Women,[29][30] a composite entity of the UN, with International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW), Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues (OSAGI), and Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW).
Executive directors edit
Executive directors of the organization have been:[31]
| Nr | Director | From country | Term |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4. | Inés Alberdi | Spain | 2007–2014 |
| 3. | Noeleen Heyzer | Singapore | 1994–2007 |
| 2. | Sharon Capeling-Alakija | Canada | 1989–1994 |
| 1. | Margaret C. Snyder | United States | 1978–1989 |
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Nicole Kidman, Ambassadrice de Bonne Volonté Pour l'Unifem, Devant Le Congrès Américain". Le Monde. 23 October 2009. Retrieved 27 June 2020 – via EBSCOhost.
- ^ Alberdi 2019, p. 12.
- ^ Service, UN-NGLS Non Governmental Liaison. "UN-NGLS Publications: NGLS Handbook". www.un-ngls.org. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
- ^ Jain 2005, p. 127.
- ^ a b c d e Jain 2005, p. 128.
- ^ Hintjens, Helen (November 2008). "UNIFEM, CEDAW and the Human Rights-based Approach: Assessment: UNIFEM, CEDAW and the Human Rights-based Approach". Development and Change. 39 (6): 1181–1192. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2008.00513.x. hdl:1765/17998.
- ^ a b c d Stange, Mary Zeiss; Oyster, Carol K.; Sloan, Jane E. (2011-02-23). Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World. SAGE. p. 1496. ISBN 978-1-4129-7685-5.
- ^ Hudson 2010, p. 101-102.
- ^ a b Shahani, Leticia Ramos (2004). "The UN, Women, and Development: The World Conferences on Women". In Fraser, Arvonne S.; Tinker, Irene (eds.). Developing Power: How Women Transformed International Development. New York: The Feminist Press. pp. 30–31. ISBN 1-55861-485-0. OCLC 56214177 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ a b "UNIFEM--United Nations Development Fund for Women". Women's International Network News. 24 (3): 3. Summer 1998 – via EBSCOhost.
- ^ Stewart, Randa (1994). "UNIFEM Vows to Empower Women in Developing Countries". Herizons. 8 (1): 11 – via EBSCOhost.
- ^ Heartfield, Kate (2006-01-09). "To Get Women's Voices Into the UN, Start at the Top". The Ottawa Citizen. p. 12. Retrieved 2020-06-27 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 31 Resolution 133. A/RES/31/133 16 December 1976. Retrieved 2008-04-18.
- ^ Snyder 2004, p. 624.
- ^ a b c Hudson 2010, p. 99.
- ^ Snyder 2004, p. 628.
- ^ Heyzer 1998, p. 22.
- ^ Hudson 2010, p. 99-100.
- ^ Hudson 2010, p. 101.
- ^ Jain 2005, p. 151.
- ^ "UNIFEM Launches Trust Fund to Eliminate Violence against Women". Women's International Network News. 24 (2): 35. Spring 1998 – via EBSCOhost.
- ^ Heyzer 1998, p. 20-21.
- ^ Heyzer 1998, p. 20.
- ^ a b c d "UNIFEM Biennial Report: Progress of the World's Women 2000". Women's International Network News. 37 (1): 3. Winter 2001 – via EBSCOhost.
- ^ Bell, Imogen, ed. (2003). Central and South-Eastern Europe 2004. Regional Surveys of the World (4th ed.). Europa Publications. p. 699. ISBN 9781857431865.
- ^ "UNIFEM: Director Heyzer Calls for Commission on Violence". Women's International Network News. 29 (3): 4. Summer 2003 – via EBSCOhost.
- ^ BBC (2006-01-26). "Kidman becomes ambassador for UN". BBC. Retrieved 2009-02-02.
- ^ UNIFEM (2008). "Inés Alberdi Appointed as UNIFEM Executive Director". Retrieved 2009-09-16.
- ^ Alberdi 2019, p. 10.
- ^ . Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved May 15, 2012.
- ^ "UNIFEM is now UN Women". www.unifem.org. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
Sources edit
- Alberdi, Ines (October 2019). "Las Naciones Unidas y Su Defensa de Los Derechos de Las Mujeres". Tiempo de Paz (in Spanish) (134): 10–19 – via EBSCOhost.
- Heyzer, Noeleen (November 1998). "Working Towards a World Free from Violence Against Women: UNIFEM's Contribution". Gender and Development. 6 (3): 17–26. doi:10.1080/741922830. JSTOR 4030498. PMID 12294408.
- Hudson, Natalie Florea (2010). Gender, Human Security and the United Nations: Security Language as a Political Framework for Women. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-19693-6.
- Jain, Devaki (2005). Women, Development, and the UN: A Sixty-Year Quest for Equality and Justice. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253218195.
- Snyder, Margaret (2004). "Women Determine Development: The Unfinished Revolution". Signs. 29 (2): 619–631. doi:10.1086/378112. JSTOR 10.1086/378112. S2CID 143412580.
External links edit
- UNIFEM website now redirects to UN Women website.