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Typometry (printing)

Typometry was a short-lived relief printing technique developed during the 18th and 19th centuries to compose maps, drawings and other designs, using moveable type to reproduce words, lineworks and map symbols.[1][2][3]

Typometric map of the region of Galicia (Eastern Europe) by Franz Raffelsperger (detail)

History edit

Renaissance precursors edit

During the European Renaissance, many engravers and printers revolved to typography to solve the problem of small lettering on maps, which was very difficult to reproduce solely by using custom engraved lettering. One of the techniques they relied on was the setting of metal type, which was fitted inside a special form, surrounded by spacing material. Words set that way could then be overprinted over woodcut-printed maps as a separate plate, either in black or coloured ink.[1] This technique has been considered a precursor of the typometric technique of the 18th century.[4]

18th-century inventors edit

In the 18th century, the German deacon August Gottlieb Preuschen (1734–1803), from Karlsruhe, published two books on the art of printing maps using movable type.[5] The books were printed in Basel, Switzerland, using type from the foundry Haas'sche Schriftgiesserei, by Wilhelm Haas-Münch (1741–1800). Wilhelm Haas-Münch has been quoted as the inventor of typometry in 1776,[6] in competition with Johann Gottlob Breitkopf of Leipzig.[7] The name typometrie was proposed by August Gottlieb Preuschen himself, the former name of the method being ingénieurie d'estampes (sic.) (engraving's engineering, in French in the original).[3][8]

After some rudimentary tests by Preuschen, the 1776 map of the Canton of Basel[9] (in cuarto format) was the first map created by this technique.[5] Some others would follow, such as the 1777 map of Sicily,[10] which features toponyms printed with moveable type as well as roads, coasts, divisions and rivers printed with folding metal filaments. Special moveable topographic symbols mark the mountain ranges of the island, its fortifications, and other landmarks.

The printer Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf, based in Leipzig (Germany) was at first critical with the invention, claiming that it was impossible to accurately adapt and assemble different shapes of types to create a new form.[11] But, after the typometric prints were proven to be successful, he began experimenting himself with the technique,[12] and he printed a map of the whereabouts of Leipzig by using it.

19th-century researchers edit

 
Portrait of Kaiser Ferdinand by Franz Raffelsperger, printed with movable type

In the early 19th century, two different issues of a French review called the Bulletin de la Société d’Encouragement pour l’Industrie Nationale contains articles about typometry. The first one, of 1808, refers to the research work of Mr. Periaux and Mr. Poterat, to produce typometric maps, to generate a viable alternative to engraved maps.[13] The second article, of 1825, introduces the advancements made by Firmin Didot, son, in the technique of printing maps by using typographic means.[14]

The polychrome maps of France[15] made by Didot were sold at the price of 1 franc and 50 cents, which was more affordable than the monochrome engraved maps of the time.[16] Typometric maps, even with their inferior detail quality, were also considerably faster to produce than engraved maps. After Didot, and until 1832, printers Wegener the Young in Berlin[3] and Georg Michael Bauerkeller (1805–1886) in Frankfurt am Main[8] did some essays with the technique for producing maps, but without attaining much success.

It was not until 1839 in Vienna that the Austrian geographer Franz Raffelsperger (1793–1861), having perfected his own printing methods without knowing the work of his predecessors, produced a typometric postal card of the Austrian Empire of unprecedented quality.[3] This postal card was rewarded with the golden medal at the industrial exhibition that took place that year in Vienna,[3] and the next year he opened his own typometric press in that city.[2] Raffelsperger produced moveable type characters that allowed him to print every possible feature in a map, including geographic and topographic features, mathematical and geometric symbols, architectural landmarks and even plants and animals. He also designed custom symbols for cities, forests and other elements, that he printed in five different text sizes and in several languages. He then combined these this typometric technique with polychromy, so he could print moveable type characters for each geographical feature of the map with their very own precise colour hue. The different available sizes of his printing components allowed him to print his maps in several sizes without losing quality, and that at a very reduced cost.[3]

After Raffelsperger, other European printers continued to experiment with typometry, and several examples were presented at the 1855 International Exhibition in Paris.[3][17] However, with the advent of lithography, invented by Alois Senefelder in 1796, typometry was confronted with another method that was even better at reproducing detail and that allowed to print several solid colours at a low price, so it was progressively abandoned.[12]

Notes and references edit

  1. ^ a b Woodward, David (2007). The History of Cartography (PDF). Vol. 3. The University of Chicago Press. p. 600.
  2. ^ a b Hammann, J. M. Hermann (1857). Des arts graphiques destinés à multiplier par l'impression, considérés sous le double point de vue historique et pratique (in French). J. Cherbuliez (Geneva). pp. 128–131. On comprend sous le nom collectif et générique de typomètre l'art de composer et imprimer, au moyen de types mobiles, les cartes géographiques, les dessins mathématiques et géométriques, ceux des plans des machines, d'objets d'histoire naturelle, et même des portraits. [English: We understand typometry, collectively and generically, as the art of composing and printing, by means of mobile type, geographical maps, mathematical and geometrical drawings, plans for machines, natural history objects, and even portraits.]
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Hammann, J. M. Herman (1857). "Typométrie". Des arts graphiques destinés à multiplier par l'impression, considérés sous le double point de vue historique et pratique (in French). Paris: Cherbuliez. pp. 128–132. LCCN 12011908.
  4. ^ Harris, Elizabeth (1975). "Miscellaneous Map Printing Processes in the Nineteenth Century". Five Centuries of Map Printing. David Woodward, Ed. pp. 113–36.
  5. ^ a b Mayeul Chaudon, Louis (1810). Dictionnaire universel, historique, critique et bibliographique [Universal, historical, critical and bibliographic dictionary] (in French). Vol. VIII. pp. 198–199.
  6. ^ "Haas, Wilhelm". Historische Lexikon der Schweiz (in French). Il inventa en 1772 une presse à bras où les jumelles de bois étaient remplacées par des pièces métalliques et en 1776 l'impression cartographique en caractères mobiles.
  7. ^ "Typometry: a successful technique for producing up-to-date maps". Cartographica Helvetica (35–38). Arbeitsgruppe für Kartengeschichte der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Kartographie. 2007.
  8. ^ a b Falkenstein, Constantin Karl (1856). Geschichte der Buchdruckerkunst in ihrer Entstehung und Ausbildung: ein Denkmal zur vierten Säcular-Feier der Erfindung der Typographie (in German). Teubner. p. 380. Der Name "Typometrie" stammt von dem Diakon Preuschen, der feine Methode zuerst "Ingenieurie d'Estampes" getauft hatte.
  9. ^ Prodromus tentaminis typometrici maioris Rempublicam Basileensem / secundum Aug. Gotl. Preuschenii nec non Gullielmi Haasii systema typometricum describens (18 x 22 cm) (Map). Ca. 1:180 000 (in Latin and German). 1776. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  10. ^ Jaillot, Alexis-Hubert; Preuschen, August Gotlieb; Haas, Guillaume (1777). Carte de la Sicile, composée d'après celle de Jaillot avec des caractères mobiles suivant le nouveau système typométrique de Auguste Gottlieb Preuschen diacre à la cour de Bade / perfectionné et executé par Guillaume Haas (Map) (in French).
  11. ^ Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne: ou, Histoire, par ordre alphabétique, de la vie publique et privée de tous les hommes qui se sont fait remarquer par leurs écrits, leurs actions, leurs talents, leurs vertus ou leurs crimes. Ouvrage entièrement neuf, redigé par une société de gens de lettres et de savants. L. G. Michaud, Paris. 1823. p. 54.
  12. ^ a b Von Ralf Herrmann (7 February 2013). "Typometrie – ein vergessenes Stück Druckkunst-Geschichte" [Typometry – a forgotten piece of printing art history]. typographie.info (in German). Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  13. ^ "Cartes typo-géographiques". Bulletin de la Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale, septième année (in French). 1808. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  14. ^ "Typographie". Bulletin de la Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale, vingt-quatrième année: 62. 1825. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
  15. ^ Langlois, Joseph; Barbié Du Bocage, Jean-Denis; Firmin-Didot (1823). Cartes Typo-géographiques, inventées et imprimées par Firmin Didot. France. 25 Lieues [=Om. 037; 1 : 3 000 000 ]; Jos. Langlois delin.; Barbié du Bocage dir (Map). 1 : 3.000.000 (in French).
  16. ^ "Charten-Recensionen". Neue allgemeine geographische und statistische Ephemeriden [New general geographic and statistical ephemerides] (in German). Vol. 13. 1824. pp. 216–217.
  17. ^ See, on that issue, Madinier, Henry (1855). Notes sur les principaux produits exposés de l'imprimerie (in French). Imprimerie Administrative de P. Dupont., where typometry is referred to as travail en filets typographiques (work with typographic threads in French).

External links edit

  • The Land of Enthusiasm and the Empire of Love, an article on Breitkopf's typometric efforts.
  • Wilhelm Haas, Mapmaker

typometry, printing, other, uses, typometry, disambiguation, typometry, short, lived, relief, printing, technique, developed, during, 18th, 19th, centuries, compose, maps, drawings, other, designs, using, moveable, type, reproduce, words, lineworks, symbols, t. For other uses see Typometry disambiguation Typometry was a short lived relief printing technique developed during the 18th and 19th centuries to compose maps drawings and other designs using moveable type to reproduce words lineworks and map symbols 1 2 3 Typometric map of the region of Galicia Eastern Europe by Franz Raffelsperger detail Contents 1 History 1 1 Renaissance precursors 1 2 18th century inventors 1 3 19th century researchers 2 Notes and references 3 External linksHistory editRenaissance precursors edit During the European Renaissance many engravers and printers revolved to typography to solve the problem of small lettering on maps which was very difficult to reproduce solely by using custom engraved lettering One of the techniques they relied on was the setting of metal type which was fitted inside a special form surrounded by spacing material Words set that way could then be overprinted over woodcut printed maps as a separate plate either in black or coloured ink 1 This technique has been considered a precursor of the typometric technique of the 18th century 4 18th century inventors edit In the 18th century the German deacon August Gottlieb Preuschen 1734 1803 from Karlsruhe published two books on the art of printing maps using movable type 5 The books were printed in Basel Switzerland using type from the foundry Haas sche Schriftgiesserei by Wilhelm Haas Munch 1741 1800 Wilhelm Haas Munch has been quoted as the inventor of typometry in 1776 6 in competition with Johann Gottlob Breitkopf of Leipzig 7 The name typometrie was proposed by August Gottlieb Preuschen himself the former name of the method being ingenieurie d estampes sic engraving s engineering in French in the original 3 8 After some rudimentary tests by Preuschen the 1776 map of the Canton of Basel 9 in cuarto format was the first map created by this technique 5 Some others would follow such as the 1777 map of Sicily 10 which features toponyms printed with moveable type as well as roads coasts divisions and rivers printed with folding metal filaments Special moveable topographic symbols mark the mountain ranges of the island its fortifications and other landmarks The printer Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf based in Leipzig Germany was at first critical with the invention claiming that it was impossible to accurately adapt and assemble different shapes of types to create a new form 11 But after the typometric prints were proven to be successful he began experimenting himself with the technique 12 and he printed a map of the whereabouts of Leipzig by using it 19th century researchers edit nbsp Portrait of Kaiser Ferdinand by Franz Raffelsperger printed with movable type In the early 19th century two different issues of a French review called the Bulletin de la Societe d Encouragement pour l Industrie Nationale contains articles about typometry The first one of 1808 refers to the research work of Mr Periaux and Mr Poterat to produce typometric maps to generate a viable alternative to engraved maps 13 The second article of 1825 introduces the advancements made by Firmin Didot son in the technique of printing maps by using typographic means 14 The polychrome maps of France 15 made by Didot were sold at the price of 1 franc and 50 cents which was more affordable than the monochrome engraved maps of the time 16 Typometric maps even with their inferior detail quality were also considerably faster to produce than engraved maps After Didot and until 1832 printers Wegener the Young in Berlin 3 and Georg Michael Bauerkeller 1805 1886 in Frankfurt am Main 8 did some essays with the technique for producing maps but without attaining much success It was not until 1839 in Vienna that the Austrian geographer Franz Raffelsperger 1793 1861 having perfected his own printing methods without knowing the work of his predecessors produced a typometric postal card of the Austrian Empire of unprecedented quality 3 This postal card was rewarded with the golden medal at the industrial exhibition that took place that year in Vienna 3 and the next year he opened his own typometric press in that city 2 Raffelsperger produced moveable type characters that allowed him to print every possible feature in a map including geographic and topographic features mathematical and geometric symbols architectural landmarks and even plants and animals He also designed custom symbols for cities forests and other elements that he printed in five different text sizes and in several languages He then combined these this typometric technique with polychromy so he could print moveable type characters for each geographical feature of the map with their very own precise colour hue The different available sizes of his printing components allowed him to print his maps in several sizes without losing quality and that at a very reduced cost 3 After Raffelsperger other European printers continued to experiment with typometry and several examples were presented at the 1855 International Exhibition in Paris 3 17 However with the advent of lithography invented by Alois Senefelder in 1796 typometry was confronted with another method that was even better at reproducing detail and that allowed to print several solid colours at a low price so it was progressively abandoned 12 Notes and references edit a b Woodward David 2007 The History of Cartography PDF Vol 3 The University of Chicago Press p 600 a b Hammann J M Hermann 1857 Des arts graphiques destines a multiplier par l impression consideres sous le double point de vue historique et pratique in French J Cherbuliez Geneva pp 128 131 On comprend sous le nom collectif et generique de typometre l art de composer et imprimer au moyen de types mobiles les cartes geographiques les dessins mathematiques et geometriques ceux des plans des machines d objets d histoire naturelle et meme des portraits English We understand typometry collectively and generically as the art of composing and printing by means of mobile type geographical maps mathematical and geometrical drawings plans for machines natural history objects and even portraits a b c d e f g Hammann J M Herman 1857 Typometrie Des arts graphiques destines a multiplier par l impression consideres sous le double point de vue historique et pratique in French Paris Cherbuliez pp 128 132 LCCN 12011908 Harris Elizabeth 1975 Miscellaneous Map Printing Processes in the Nineteenth Century Five Centuries of Map Printing David Woodward Ed pp 113 36 a b Mayeul Chaudon Louis 1810 Dictionnaire universel historique critique et bibliographique Universal historical critical and bibliographic dictionary in French Vol VIII pp 198 199 Haas Wilhelm Historische Lexikon der Schweiz in French Il inventa en 1772 une presse a bras ou les jumelles de bois etaient remplacees par des pieces metalliques et en 1776 l impression cartographique en caracteres mobiles Typometry a successful technique for producing up to date maps Cartographica Helvetica 35 38 Arbeitsgruppe fur Kartengeschichte der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fur Kartographie 2007 a b Falkenstein Constantin Karl 1856 Geschichte der Buchdruckerkunst in ihrer Entstehung und Ausbildung ein Denkmal zur vierten Sacular Feier der Erfindung der Typographie in German Teubner p 380 Der Name Typometrie stammt von dem Diakon Preuschen der feine Methode zuerst Ingenieurie d Estampes getauft hatte Prodromus tentaminis typometrici maioris Rempublicam Basileensem secundum Aug Gotl Preuschenii nec non Gullielmi Haasii systema typometricum describens 18 x 22 cm Map Ca 1 180 000 in Latin and German 1776 Retrieved 31 October 2016 Jaillot Alexis Hubert Preuschen August Gotlieb Haas Guillaume 1777 Carte de la Sicile composee d apres celle de Jaillot avec des caracteres mobiles suivant le nouveau systeme typometrique de Auguste Gottlieb Preuschen diacre a la cour de Bade perfectionne et execute par Guillaume Haas Map in French Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne ou Histoire par ordre alphabetique de la vie publique et privee de tous les hommes qui se sont fait remarquer par leurs ecrits leurs actions leurs talents leurs vertus ou leurs crimes Ouvrage entierement neuf redige par une societe de gens de lettres et de savants L G Michaud Paris 1823 p 54 a b Von Ralf Herrmann 7 February 2013 Typometrie ein vergessenes Stuck Druckkunst Geschichte Typometry a forgotten piece of printing art history typographie info in German Retrieved 31 October 2016 Cartes typo geographiques Bulletin de la Societe d Encouragement pour l Industrie Nationale septieme annee in French 1808 Retrieved 31 October 2016 Typographie Bulletin de la Societe d Encouragement pour l Industrie Nationale vingt quatrieme annee 62 1825 Retrieved 31 October 2016 Langlois Joseph Barbie Du Bocage Jean Denis Firmin Didot 1823 Cartes Typo geographiques inventees et imprimees par Firmin Didot France 25 Lieues Om 037 1 3 000 000 Jos Langlois delin Barbie du Bocage dir Map 1 3 000 000 in French Charten Recensionen Neue allgemeine geographische und statistische Ephemeriden New general geographic and statistical ephemerides in German Vol 13 1824 pp 216 217 See on that issue Madinier Henry 1855 Notes sur les principaux produits exposes de l imprimerie in French Imprimerie Administrative de P Dupont where typometry is referred to as travail en filets typographiques work with typographic threads in French External links editThe Land of Enthusiasm and the Empire of Love an article on Breitkopf s typometric efforts Wilhelm Haas Mapmaker Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Typometry printing amp oldid 1224234070, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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