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Typhoon Caitlin

April 11, 2024

For the 1994 tropical storm, see 1994 Pacific typhoon season § Tropical Storm Caitlin (Pasing).

Typhoon Caitlin, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ising, contributed to major drought relief in Okinawa. A tropical disturbance formed in the middle of July 1991 in the eastern portion of the Western Pacific monsoon trough, and while tracking to the west-northwest, was designated a tropical depression on July 21. Thunderstorm activity associated with the depression increased markedly on July 22, and two days later, the depression was upgraded into Tropical Storm Caitlin. The storm turned northward as it rounded a subtropical ridge while gradually intensifying. Caitlin became a typhoon on July 25 and peaked in intensity on July 27 near Okinawa. The typhoon began to weaken as it turned northeast over the Korea Strait. On July 30, Catlin transitioned into an extratropical cyclone as it entered the Sea of Japan.

Typhoon Caitlin
Typhoon Caitlin early on July 28
Meteorological history
FormedJuly 21, 1991 (July 21, 1991)
DissipatedJuly 30, 1991 (July 30, 1991)
Typhoon
10-minute sustained (JMA)
Highest winds150 km/h (90 mph)
Lowest pressure940 hPa (mbar); 27.76 inHg
Category 2-equivalent typhoon
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds175 km/h (110 mph)
Overall effects
Fatalities26 total
Damage$81.3 million (1991 USD)
Areas affectedPhilippines, Japan, South Korea
IBTrACS
Part of the 1991 Pacific typhoon season

Across the Philippines, heavy rains triggered mudslides that claimed 16 lives and forced over 20,000 others to be evacuated. Due to the storm, reservoir levels in Okinawa on the island rose from only 35% to over 80% of its capacity and crop damage amounted to $7.4 million USD. On Kagoshima Prefecture, 72 homes were damaged and five million people were left without power. Twenty-three people suffered injuries in Nagasaki Prefecture while 116 ships were damaged offshore. On the Goto Islands, 32 people were rendered homeless. Throughout Japan, six fatalities were reported and thirty-nine others sustained injuries. A total of 64 houses were destroyed while 1,472 others were flooded. Moreover, 120 ships and 263 ha (650 acres) of farmland were destroyed. Damages totaled ¥10.1 billion ($75 million USD). In South Korea, two people were killed and another two were listed as missing. Heavy rains caused flooding across residential areas and destroyed farmland. Around 30 ships were destroyed or damaged. Damage throughout the country was estimated at $6.3 million USD.

Meteorological history edit

 
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
  Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The origins of Typhoon Caitlin can be traced back to a disturbance that formed in the middle of July in the eastern portion of the Western Pacific monsoon trough that extended south of Pohnpei in the eastern Caroline Islands. The disturbance moved west-northwestward, and although the low level center was initially displaced to the west of the deep convection, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began tracking the system at 06:00 UTC on July 20.[1] On the next day, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) designated the system a tropical depression.[2][nb 1] Wind shear began to diminish on July 22, coinciding with falling pressures at Yap and increased convective activity. At 05:00 UTC on July 23, a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert was issued by the JTWC, and eight hours later, the JTWC declared the system Tropical Depression 09W.[1] On July 24, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) also started watching the storm and assigned it the local name Ising.[4] A rapid increase in convection prompted both the JTWC and JMA to upgrade the depression into Tropical Storm Caitlin the same day.[5][nb 2]

Tropical Storm Caitlin tracked west-northwestward until July 24, when a semi-permanent subtropical ridge weakened near 130°E, which caused the tropical storm to make a sharp northward turn; this turn was forecast well in advance by the Navy Operational Global Prediction System. Caitlin slowly intensified,[1] and on the evening of July 24, the JMA classified Caitlin as a severe tropical storm.[2] Satellite imagery depicted a cloud-filled eye,[1] and midday on July 25, the JTWC upgraded Caitlin into a typhoon,[7] with the JMA following suit that evening.[1] At the time of the upgrade, Typhoon Caitlin was located around 440 km (275 mi) south of Okinawa.[8] Continuing to intensify,[5] Caitlin turned to the north-northwest. The typhoon passed 110 km (70 mi) west of Kadena Air Base at 15:32 UTC on July 27. Less than three hours later, the JTWC reported that Caitlin attained its peak intensity of 175 km/h (110 mph).[1] Meanwhile, the JMA estimated a peak intensity of 145 km/h (90 mph) and a minimum barometric pressure of 940 mbar (28 inHg).[2] After passing Okinawa, the typhoon tracked north-northeastward around the periphery of a broad subtropical ridge. On July 29, Caitlin, while weakening, accelerated towards the northeast through the Korea Strait, and gradually transitioned into a typhoon force extratropical low as it moved into the Sea of Japan. The JTWC issued its final warning was issued early on July 30 when satellite imagery indicated the system had lost most of its tropical characteristics.[1] Six hours later, the JMA also declared Caitlin extratropical.[2]

Impact edit

Philippines edit

The typhoon enhanced the monsoon across the northern Philippines, and caused rainfall to areas already deluged by prior floods. Manila received 210 mm (8.38 in) of rain on July 26; the rain triggered mudslides in the valleys near Mount Pinatubo while widespread flooding resulted in 16 deaths and the evacuation of more than 20,000 people.[1]

Japan edit

The typhoon dropped heavy rainfall across much of the Japanese archipelago, as far south as Okinawa and as far north as Chūbu region.[9] A peak rainfall total occurred of 468 mm (18.4 in) at Mount Akita-Komagatake.[10] A peak hourly rainfall total of 68 mm (2.7 in) was observed in Yusuhara.[11] Meanwhile, a peak daily precipitation total of 301 mm (11.9 in) fell in Naha.[12] Nearby, Kadena Air Base recorded a total of 320 mm (12.51 in) of rain during a four day period, which was its heaviest precipitation record there since 1987.[1] A wind gust of 116 km/h (72 mph) was recorded on Tokashiki Island.[13] Nationwide, six fatalities were reported and thirty-nine others sustained injuries. A total 64 houses were destroyed while 1,472 others were flooded.[9] Moreover, 120 ships were damaged.[9] Monetary damage totaled ¥10.1 billion ($75 million USD).[9][nb 3][nb 4]

Caitlin provided welcome relief to the drought-stricken island of Okinawa, which caused the reservoir levels on the island to rise from only 35% to over 80% of its capacity. Islandwide, one death[1] and eight injuries were attributed to Caitlin.[14] Crop damage was estimated at $7.4 million while U.S. military damage exceeded $1.2 million.[1] On Shikoku Island, damage in Kōchi Prefecture was estimated at ¥132 million.[15] Seventy-two homes were damaged on Kyushu in Kagoshima Prefecture. Five million people in the prefecture lost power. Damage there totaled ¥768 million.[16] A 42-year old man from Hyūga died due to a lightning strike.[17] Seven homes were damaged in Kumamoto Prefecture. Damage to 22 fishing boats in the prefecture amounted for ¥456 million.[18] Twenty-three people were wounded in Nagasaki Prefecture, including one who suffered a spinal cord injury due to strong winds. A total of 116 ships were damaged. Along the Goto Islands, many homes were destroyed, resulting in 32 homeless. Damage through the prefecture amounted to ¥3.86 billion.[19] A 3 m (10 ft) wall collapsed in Oita Prefecture, killing one person. In separate incidents, three people were wounded.[20] In Saga Prefecture, three hundred and twenty-six homes were damaged and three other were destroyed while three individuals were hurt.[21] One person perished and two others were injured in Fukuoka Prefecture. Six homes were also damaged. Monetary damage estimates exceeded ¥294 million.[22]

On Honshu, two fatalities were reported in Kyoto Prefecture due to strong winds.[23] Storm surge also damaged 47 dwellings.[24] Elsewhere, 36 flights at the Kobe Airport were cancelled.[25] A total of 758 ha (1,870 acres) of arable land was damaged in Tottori prefecture.[26] Eighteen homes were damaged in eastern Shimane Prefecture. There, damage was estimated at ¥146 million.[27] Five homes were damaged or destroyed and seventy other lost power in Fukui Prefecture.[28] Across southern portions of Nagano Prefecture, 20 cars were stranded in floodwaters.[29]

South Korea edit

Prior to affecting South Korea, typhoon warnings were posted for the entire country. The U.S. military television network on South Korea went overtime to broadcast warnings. In advance of the storm, flights in and out of Cheju were cancelled.[30] In all, two people were killed and another two were reported missing. Torrential rains caused flooding in residential areas and destroyed farmland.[8] About 30 ships were destroyed or damaged. Five roads, a 500 m (1,600 ft) long railway, and a bridge were also damaged.[31] Damage amounted to $6.3 million USD.[8]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean.[3]
  2. ^ Wind estimates from the JMA and most other basins throughout the world are sustained over 10 minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1 minute. 10-minute winds are about 1.14 times the amount of 1-minute winds.[6]
  3. ^ All currencies are converted from Japanese yen to United States Dollars using this with an exchange rate of the year 1991.
  4. ^ All damage totals are in 1991 values of their respective currencies.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Joint Typhoon Warning Center; Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (1992). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1991 (PDF) (Report). United States Navy, United States Air Force. pp. 67, 68. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d Japan Meteorological Agency (October 10, 1992). RSMC Best Track Data – 1990–1999 (.TXT) (Report). Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  3. ^ "Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center 2000" (PDF). Japan Meteorological Agency. February 2001. p. 3. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  4. ^ Old PAGASA Names: List of names for tropical cyclones occurring within the Philippine Area of Responsibility 1991–2000. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (Report). Typhoon 2000. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  5. ^ a b Kenneth R. Knapp; Michael C. Kruk; David H. Levinson; Howard J. Diamond; Charles J. Neumann (2010). . The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  6. ^ Christopher W Landsea; Hurricane Research Division (April 26, 2004). "Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?". Frequently Asked Questions. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  7. ^ Typhoon 12W Best Track (TXT) (Report). Joint Typhoon Warning Center. December 17, 2002. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  8. ^ a b c Hong Kong Observatory (1992). "Part III – Tropical Cyclone Summaries". Meteorological Results: 1991 (PDF). Meteorological Results (Report). Hong Kong Observatory. p. 15. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
  9. ^ a b c d Asanobu, Kitamoto. Typhoon 199109 (Caitlin). Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  10. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. AMeDAS KOMAGATAKE (33341) @ Typhoon 199109. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  11. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. AMeDAS YUSUHARA (74296) @ Typhoon 199109. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  12. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. AMeDAS NAHA (91197) @ Typhoon 199109. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  13. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. AMeDAS TOKASHIKI (91181) @ Typhoon 199109. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  14. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-936-05. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  15. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-893-04. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  16. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-827-09. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  17. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-830-09. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  18. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-819-06. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  19. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-817-13. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  20. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-815-06. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  21. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-813-04. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  22. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-807-08. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  23. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-759-11. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  24. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-759-10. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  25. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-770-06. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  26. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-746-05. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  27. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-741-08. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  28. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-616-05. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  29. ^ Asanobu, Kitamoto. 1991-610-05. Digital Typhoon (Report). National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  30. ^ "S. Korea prepares for typhoon Caitlin". Agence France Presse. July 29, 1991.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  31. ^ "Typhoon Caitlin brushes past South Korea's east coast". Agence France Presse. July 30, 1991.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)

April 11, 2024
typhoon, caitlin, 1994, tropical, storm, 1994, pacific, typhoon, season, tropical, storm, caitlin, pasing, known, philippines, typhoon, ising, contributed, major, drought, relief, okinawa, tropical, disturbance, formed, middle, july, 1991, eastern, portion, we. For the 1994 tropical storm see 1994 Pacific typhoon season Tropical Storm Caitlin Pasing Typhoon Caitlin known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ising contributed to major drought relief in Okinawa A tropical disturbance formed in the middle of July 1991 in the eastern portion of the Western Pacific monsoon trough and while tracking to the west northwest was designated a tropical depression on July 21 Thunderstorm activity associated with the depression increased markedly on July 22 and two days later the depression was upgraded into Tropical Storm Caitlin The storm turned northward as it rounded a subtropical ridge while gradually intensifying Caitlin became a typhoon on July 25 and peaked in intensity on July 27 near Okinawa The typhoon began to weaken as it turned northeast over the Korea Strait On July 30 Catlin transitioned into an extratropical cyclone as it entered the Sea of Japan Typhoon Caitlin Typhoon Caitlin early on July 28Meteorological historyFormedJuly 21 1991 July 21 1991 DissipatedJuly 30 1991 July 30 1991 Typhoon10 minute sustained JMA Highest winds150 km h 90 mph Lowest pressure940 hPa mbar 27 76 inHgCategory 2 equivalent typhoon1 minute sustained SSHWS JTWC Highest winds175 km h 110 mph Overall effectsFatalities26 totalDamage 81 3 million 1991 USD Areas affectedPhilippines Japan South KoreaIBTrACSPart of the 1991 Pacific typhoon seasonAcross the Philippines heavy rains triggered mudslides that claimed 16 lives and forced over 20 000 others to be evacuated Due to the storm reservoir levels in Okinawa on the island rose from only 35 to over 80 of its capacity and crop damage amounted to 7 4 million USD On Kagoshima Prefecture 72 homes were damaged and five million people were left without power Twenty three people suffered injuries in Nagasaki Prefecture while 116 ships were damaged offshore On the Goto Islands 32 people were rendered homeless Throughout Japan six fatalities were reported and thirty nine others sustained injuries A total of 64 houses were destroyed while 1 472 others were flooded Moreover 120 ships and 263 ha 650 acres of farmland were destroyed Damages totaled 10 1 billion 75 million USD In South Korea two people were killed and another two were listed as missing Heavy rains caused flooding across residential areas and destroyed farmland Around 30 ships were destroyed or damaged Damage throughout the country was estimated at 6 3 million USD Contents 1 Meteorological history 2 Impact 2 1 Philippines 2 2 Japan 2 3 South Korea 3 See also 4 Notes 5 ReferencesMeteorological history edit nbsp Map plotting the storm s track and intensity according to the Saffir Simpson scaleMap keySaffir Simpson scale Tropical depression 38 mph 62 km h Tropical storm 39 73 mph 63 118 km h Category 1 74 95 mph 119 153 km h Category 2 96 110 mph 154 177 km h Category 3 111 129 mph 178 208 km h Category 4 130 156 mph 209 251 km h Category 5 157 mph 252 km h Unknown Storm type nbsp Tropical cyclone nbsp Subtropical cyclone nbsp Extratropical cyclone remnant low tropical disturbance or monsoon depressionThe origins of Typhoon Caitlin can be traced back to a disturbance that formed in the middle of July in the eastern portion of the Western Pacific monsoon trough that extended south of Pohnpei in the eastern Caroline Islands The disturbance moved west northwestward and although the low level center was initially displaced to the west of the deep convection the Joint Typhoon Warning Center JTWC began tracking the system at 06 00 UTC on July 20 1 On the next day the Japan Meteorological Agency JMA designated the system a tropical depression 2 nb 1 Wind shear began to diminish on July 22 coinciding with falling pressures at Yap and increased convective activity At 05 00 UTC on July 23 a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert was issued by the JTWC and eight hours later the JTWC declared the system Tropical Depression 09W 1 On July 24 the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration PAGASA also started watching the storm and assigned it the local name Ising 4 A rapid increase in convection prompted both the JTWC and JMA to upgrade the depression into Tropical Storm Caitlin the same day 5 nb 2 Tropical Storm Caitlin tracked west northwestward until July 24 when a semi permanent subtropical ridge weakened near 130 E which caused the tropical storm to make a sharp northward turn this turn was forecast well in advance by the Navy Operational Global Prediction System Caitlin slowly intensified 1 and on the evening of July 24 the JMA classified Caitlin as a severe tropical storm 2 Satellite imagery depicted a cloud filled eye 1 and midday on July 25 the JTWC upgraded Caitlin into a typhoon 7 with the JMA following suit that evening 1 At the time of the upgrade Typhoon Caitlin was located around 440 km 275 mi south of Okinawa 8 Continuing to intensify 5 Caitlin turned to the north northwest The typhoon passed 110 km 70 mi west of Kadena Air Base at 15 32 UTC on July 27 Less than three hours later the JTWC reported that Caitlin attained its peak intensity of 175 km h 110 mph 1 Meanwhile the JMA estimated a peak intensity of 145 km h 90 mph and a minimum barometric pressure of 940 mbar 28 inHg 2 After passing Okinawa the typhoon tracked north northeastward around the periphery of a broad subtropical ridge On July 29 Caitlin while weakening accelerated towards the northeast through the Korea Strait and gradually transitioned into a typhoon force extratropical low as it moved into the Sea of Japan The JTWC issued its final warning was issued early on July 30 when satellite imagery indicated the system had lost most of its tropical characteristics 1 Six hours later the JMA also declared Caitlin extratropical 2 Impact editPhilippines edit The typhoon enhanced the monsoon across the northern Philippines and caused rainfall to areas already deluged by prior floods Manila received 210 mm 8 38 in of rain on July 26 the rain triggered mudslides in the valleys near Mount Pinatubo while widespread flooding resulted in 16 deaths and the evacuation of more than 20 000 people 1 Japan edit The typhoon dropped heavy rainfall across much of the Japanese archipelago as far south as Okinawa and as far north as Chubu region 9 A peak rainfall total occurred of 468 mm 18 4 in at Mount Akita Komagatake 10 A peak hourly rainfall total of 68 mm 2 7 in was observed in Yusuhara 11 Meanwhile a peak daily precipitation total of 301 mm 11 9 in fell in Naha 12 Nearby Kadena Air Base recorded a total of 320 mm 12 51 in of rain during a four day period which was its heaviest precipitation record there since 1987 1 A wind gust of 116 km h 72 mph was recorded on Tokashiki Island 13 Nationwide six fatalities were reported and thirty nine others sustained injuries A total 64 houses were destroyed while 1 472 others were flooded 9 Moreover 120 ships were damaged 9 Monetary damage totaled 10 1 billion 75 million USD 9 nb 3 nb 4 Caitlin provided welcome relief to the drought stricken island of Okinawa which caused the reservoir levels on the island to rise from only 35 to over 80 of its capacity Islandwide one death 1 and eight injuries were attributed to Caitlin 14 Crop damage was estimated at 7 4 million while U S military damage exceeded 1 2 million 1 On Shikoku Island damage in Kōchi Prefecture was estimated at 132 million 15 Seventy two homes were damaged on Kyushu in Kagoshima Prefecture Five million people in the prefecture lost power Damage there totaled 768 million 16 A 42 year old man from Hyuga died due to a lightning strike 17 Seven homes were damaged in Kumamoto Prefecture Damage to 22 fishing boats in the prefecture amounted for 456 million 18 Twenty three people were wounded in Nagasaki Prefecture including one who suffered a spinal cord injury due to strong winds A total of 116 ships were damaged Along the Goto Islands many homes were destroyed resulting in 32 homeless Damage through the prefecture amounted to 3 86 billion 19 A 3 m 10 ft wall collapsed in Oita Prefecture killing one person In separate incidents three people were wounded 20 In Saga Prefecture three hundred and twenty six homes were damaged and three other were destroyed while three individuals were hurt 21 One person perished and two others were injured in Fukuoka Prefecture Six homes were also damaged Monetary damage estimates exceeded 294 million 22 On Honshu two fatalities were reported in Kyoto Prefecture due to strong winds 23 Storm surge also damaged 47 dwellings 24 Elsewhere 36 flights at the Kobe Airport were cancelled 25 A total of 758 ha 1 870 acres of arable land was damaged in Tottori prefecture 26 Eighteen homes were damaged in eastern Shimane Prefecture There damage was estimated at 146 million 27 Five homes were damaged or destroyed and seventy other lost power in Fukui Prefecture 28 Across southern portions of Nagano Prefecture 20 cars were stranded in floodwaters 29 South Korea edit Prior to affecting South Korea typhoon warnings were posted for the entire country The U S military television network on South Korea went overtime to broadcast warnings In advance of the storm flights in and out of Cheju were cancelled 30 In all two people were killed and another two were reported missing Torrential rains caused flooding in residential areas and destroyed farmland 8 About 30 ships were destroyed or damaged Five roads a 500 m 1 600 ft long railway and a bridge were also damaged 31 Damage amounted to 6 3 million USD 8 See also edit nbsp Tropical cyclones portalTyphoon Zola 1990 Notes edit The Japan Meteorological Agency is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the western Pacific Ocean 3 Wind estimates from the JMA and most other basins throughout the world are sustained over 10 minutes while estimates from the United States based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1 minute 10 minute winds are about 1 14 times the amount of 1 minute winds 6 All currencies are converted from Japanese yen to United States Dollars using this with an exchange rate of the year 1991 All damage totals are in 1991 values of their respective currencies References edit a b c d e f g h i j k Joint Typhoon Warning Center Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center 1992 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report 1991 PDF Report United States Navy United States Air Force pp 67 68 Retrieved July 18 2017 a b c d Japan Meteorological Agency October 10 1992 RSMC Best Track Data 1990 1999 TXT Report Retrieved July 18 2017 Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo Typhoon Center 2000 PDF Japan Meteorological Agency February 2001 p 3 Retrieved July 18 2017 Old PAGASA Names List of names for tropical cyclones occurring within the Philippine Area of Responsibility 1991 2000 Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration Report Typhoon 2000 Retrieved July 19 2017 a b Kenneth R Knapp Michael C Kruk David H Levinson Howard J Diamond Charles J Neumann 2010 1990PAGE 1990309N08167 The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship IBTrACS Unifying tropical cyclone best track data Report Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Archived from the original on August 2 2017 Retrieved July 18 2017 Christopher W Landsea Hurricane Research Division April 26 2004 Subject D4 What does maximum sustained wind mean How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones Frequently Asked Questions National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration s Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Retrieved July 18 2017 Typhoon 12W Best Track TXT Report Joint Typhoon Warning Center December 17 2002 Retrieved July 18 2017 a b c Hong Kong Observatory 1992 Part III Tropical Cyclone Summaries Meteorological Results 1991 PDF Meteorological Results Report Hong Kong Observatory p 15 Retrieved July 15 2017 a b c d Asanobu Kitamoto Typhoon 199109 Caitlin Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 18 2017 Asanobu Kitamoto AMeDAS KOMAGATAKE 33341 Typhoon 199109 Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 18 2017 Asanobu Kitamoto AMeDAS YUSUHARA 74296 Typhoon 199109 Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 18 2017 Asanobu Kitamoto AMeDAS NAHA 91197 Typhoon 199109 Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 18 2017 Asanobu Kitamoto AMeDAS TOKASHIKI 91181 Typhoon 199109 Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 18 2017 Asanobu Kitamoto 1991 936 05 Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 18 2017 Asanobu Kitamoto 1991 893 04 Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 18 2017 Asanobu Kitamoto 1991 827 09 Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 18 2017 Asanobu Kitamoto 1991 830 09 Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 18 2017 Asanobu Kitamoto 1991 819 06 Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 19 2017 Asanobu Kitamoto 1991 817 13 Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 19 2017 Asanobu Kitamoto 1991 815 06 Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 19 2017 Asanobu Kitamoto 1991 813 04 Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 19 2017 Asanobu Kitamoto 1991 807 08 Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 19 2017 Asanobu Kitamoto 1991 759 11 Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 19 2017 Asanobu Kitamoto 1991 759 10 Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 19 2017 Asanobu Kitamoto 1991 770 06 Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 19 2017 Asanobu Kitamoto 1991 746 05 Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 19 2017 Asanobu Kitamoto 1991 741 08 Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 19 2017 Asanobu Kitamoto 1991 616 05 Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 19 2017 Asanobu Kitamoto 1991 610 05 Digital Typhoon Report National Institute of Informatics Retrieved July 19 2017 S Korea prepares for typhoon Caitlin Agence France Presse July 29 1991 via Lexis Nexis subscription required Typhoon Caitlin brushes past South Korea s east coast Agence France Presse July 30 1991 via Lexis Nexis subscription required Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Typhoon Caitlin amp oldid 1179216892, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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