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Type 94 75 mm mountain gun

October 22, 2023

The Type 94 75 mm mountain gun (九四式山砲, Kyūyon-shiki nanagō-miri Sanpō) was a mountain gun used as a general-purpose infantry support gun by the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. It superseded the Type 41 75 mm mountain gun to become the standard pack artillery piece of Japanese infantry divisions. It was superior to the Type 41 in range and in weight.[5] The Type 94 number was designated for the year the gun was accepted, 2594 in the Japanese imperial year calendar, or 1934 in the Gregorian calendar.[6]

Japanese Type 94 75 mm mountain gun
A Type 94 75 mm mountain gun model 1934 in the Great Patriotic War Museum.
TypeMountain gun
Place of origin Empire of Japan
Service history
In service1935–1945
Used byImperial Japanese Army
WarsSecond Sino-Japanese War, World War II
Production history
Unit cost11,700 yen ($3,144 USD) in August 1939[1][2]
No. builtApprox. 1,500
Specifications
Mass544 kg (1,199 lb) Firing
495 kg (1,091 lb) Traveling
Length3.81 m (12 ft 6 in) Firing (trails open)
3.89 m (12 ft 9 in) (trails closed)
3.96 m (13 ft 0 in) Traveling
Barrel length1.56 m (5 ft 1 in) L/20.8
Width1.023 m (3 ft 4 in) Track 1.354 m (4 ft 5 in) Maximum
Height2 ft 11 in (0.89 m)
Crew4-5[3]
Shell75 x 294 mm R[4]
Caliber75 mm (2.95 in)
Barrelssingle
BreechHorizontal sliding-block
RecoilHydro-pneumatic
CarriageSplit trail with demountable spade plates, and fixed trail blocks, 2 steel band tires on spoked wheels
Elevation−10° to +45°
Traverse40°
Rate of fire15 rpm for 2 minutes
4 rpm for 15 minutes
2 rpm continuous
Muzzle velocity(HE) 355 m/s (1,165 ft/s)
Effective firing range(HE) 8 km (5.0 mi)
Feed systemManual
SightsPanoramic

History and development Edit

Combat experience with the Type 41 mountain gun during the invasion of Manchuria indicated to the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff that the existing primary mountain gun lacked not only in firepower and accuracy, but also was not as easily transportable under difficult terrain as had been hoped. The army technical bureau was assigned a project to develop a replacement in 1931. The first prototype was tested in 1932, and the design released for production by September 1934 as the "Type 94". However, plans to re-equip all artillery regiments with the new weapon were continually postponed due to budgetary priorities.

Design Edit

 
Rear view of the Type 94 75 mm mountain gun

The Type 94 75 mm mountain gun had a single-piece gun barrel with a sliding breechblock based on German Krupp designs, and a long split-trail carriage with spade plates for stabilizers with a hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism based on French Schneider designs.[7] The crew was partially protected by a gun shield made of 1/8-inch (3 mm) thick armor plate. It had pintle traverse, and an equalizing arrangement which gave it three-point suspension. Since it was trunnioned at the center of balance, it did not require equilibrators. It could be fired with trails closed or open.[6]

The gun could be broken down into eleven pack loads within three to five minutes for transport by animals or men.[8] The heaviest component weighed 210 pounds (95 kg), and the weapon was intended to be transported by six pack horses, or 18 men (although during the Bougainville campaign of 1943–1945 it was carried by 41 men because of the extremely difficult terrain on Bougainville). In daylight, the gun could be reassembled within 10 minutes and disassembled in from three to five minutes. The tasks also could be performed at night after the parts were rubbed with luminous bark, but took five to 10 minutes longer.[6]

The gun fired the same projectiles as other 75 mm pieces and had a cartridge case identical in length with that used in the Type 38 75 mm field gun. This case was longer than that used in the Type 41 mountain gun because the propelling charge used in Model 94 ammunition was less than that used in the ammunition for the Type 38, and firing the Type 38's ammunition from the Type 94 would damage the gun. The Type 38 lacked both a howitzer trajectory and varying charges with which to adjust the trajectory of rounds it fired, and this increased the dead space for the Model 94 when it fired in mountainous terrain. The Type 94's counterrecoil was said to be so slow when the piece was fired at elevations above 30° that, rather than fire above that elevation, the artillery battery displaced forward to maintain a higher rate of fire.[6]

Ammunition Edit

  • High-explosive
    • M94 6 kilograms (13.2 lb) with 0.8 kilograms (1.8 lb) of TNT and M88 impact or delay fuses.
    • "A" 6.46 kilograms (14.24 lb) with picric acid and dinitro and M3 combination fuse
    • "B" 6.6 kilograms (14.6 lb) with 0.66 kilograms (1.46 lb) of picric acid and dinitro and M88 impact or delay fuse
    • M90/97 6.18 kilograms (13.62 lb) with 0.42 kilograms (0.93 lb) of TNT and M88 impact or delay fuse
    • M90 pointed HE 6.35 kilograms (14.00 lb) with TNT and M88 impact or delay fuse
  • Armor-piercing
    • M95 APHE 6.2 kilograms (13.7 lb) with 0.045 kilograms (0.099 lb) of picric acid and dinitro M95 small AP base fuse
  • Shrapnel
    • M90 shrapnel 7 kilograms (15.4 lb) with 0.1 kilograms (0.22 lb) of black powder with M5 combination fuse
    • M38 shrapnel 6.83 kilograms (15.06 lb) with 0.1 kilograms (0.22 lb) of black powder with M3 combination fuse
  • Chemical
  • Star
    • M90 illumination 5.65 kilograms (12.46 lb) with M5 combination fuse
  • Incendiary
    • M90 incendiary 6.93 kilograms (15.28 lb) with black powder and M5 combination fuse
  • Smoke
    • M90 smoke 5.73 kilograms (12.63 lb) with 0.1 kilograms (0.22 lb) of picric acid and dinitro with M88 impact fuse

Combat record Edit

Type 94 75 mm mountain gun was used extensively in Manchukuo during the Pacification of Manchukuo (1931–1942) and in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). It was also assigned to units in the Southern Expeditionary Army and was sited in defensive positions on islands throughout the Netherlands East Indies and the South Seas Mandate. It was one of the most common weapons encountered by Allied forces in the closing stages of World War II.[9]

Both North Korea′s Korean People's Army and the People's Republic of China′s People's Volunteer Army used Chinese copies of the Type 94 during the Korean War (1950–1953).[10]

Notes Edit

  1. ^ Military catalogue of the Japanese military, p. 96
  2. ^ Banking and Monetary Statistics, 1914-1941, Part I, p. 673
  3. ^ Foss, Christopher (1977). Jane's pocket book of towed artillery. New York: Collier. p. 29. ISBN 0020806000. OCLC 911907988.
  4. ^ "75-77 MM CALIBRE CARTRIDGES". www.quarryhs.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
  5. ^ Mayer, the Rise and Fall of Imperial Japan. pp. 56
  6. ^ a b c d War Department Special Series No 25 Japanese Field Artillery October 1944
  7. ^ Bishop, The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. Pp.150
  8. ^ US Army Technical Manual
  9. ^ US Department of War. TM 30-480, Handbook on Japanese Military Forces
  10. ^ . Archived from the original on 2006-02-24. Retrieved 2005-08-12.

References Edit

  • Bishop, Chris (eds) The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. Barnes & Nobel. 1998. ISBN 0-7607-1022-8
  • Chant, Chris. Artillery of World War II, Zenith Press, 2001, ISBN 0-7603-1172-2
  • McLean, Donald B. Japanese Artillery; Weapons and Tactics. Wickenburg, Ariz.: Normount Technical Publications 1973. ISBN 0-87947-157-3.
  • Mayer, S.L. The Rise and Fall of Imperial Japan. The Military Press (1884) ISBN 0-517-42313-8
  • War Department Special Series No 25 Japanese Field Artillery October 1944
  • US Department of War, TM 30-480, Handbook on Japanese Military Forces, Louisiana State University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-8071-2013-8
  • "兵器臨時定価、予価、表送付の件 Military catalogue of the Japanese military". National Archives of Japan. Ministry of the Army.
  • "Banking and Monetary Statistics, 1914-1941, Part I". Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.). January 1943 [1943].

External links Edit

  • Taki's Imperial Japanese Army
  • US Technical Manual E 30-480
  • 75mm Type 94 mountain gun walkaround with extensive photos
  • 75mm Type 94 mountain gun preserved in Vladivostok walkaround

October 22, 2023
type, mountain, 九四式山砲, kyūyon, shiki, nanagō, miri, sanpō, mountain, used, general, purpose, infantry, support, imperial, japanese, army, during, second, sino, japanese, world, superseded, type, mountain, become, standard, pack, artillery, piece, japanese, inf. The Type 94 75 mm mountain gun 九四式山砲 Kyuyon shiki nanagō miri Sanpō was a mountain gun used as a general purpose infantry support gun by the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second Sino Japanese War and World War II It superseded the Type 41 75 mm mountain gun to become the standard pack artillery piece of Japanese infantry divisions It was superior to the Type 41 in range and in weight 5 The Type 94 number was designated for the year the gun was accepted 2594 in the Japanese imperial year calendar or 1934 in the Gregorian calendar 6 Japanese Type 94 75 mm mountain gunA Type 94 75 mm mountain gun model 1934 in the Great Patriotic War Museum TypeMountain gunPlace of originEmpire of JapanService historyIn service1935 1945Used byImperial Japanese ArmyWarsSecond Sino Japanese War World War IIProduction historyUnit cost11 700 yen 3 144 USD in August 1939 1 2 No builtApprox 1 500SpecificationsMass544 kg 1 199 lb Firing495 kg 1 091 lb TravelingLength3 81 m 12 ft 6 in Firing trails open 3 89 m 12 ft 9 in trails closed 3 96 m 13 ft 0 in TravelingBarrel length1 56 m 5 ft 1 in L 20 8Width1 023 m 3 ft 4 in Track 1 354 m 4 ft 5 in MaximumHeight2 ft 11 in 0 89 m Crew4 5 3 Shell75 x 294 mm R 4 Caliber75 mm 2 95 in BarrelssingleBreechHorizontal sliding blockRecoilHydro pneumaticCarriageSplit trail with demountable spade plates and fixed trail blocks 2 steel band tires on spoked wheelsElevation 10 to 45 Traverse40 Rate of fire15 rpm for 2 minutes4 rpm for 15 minutes 2 rpm continuousMuzzle velocity HE 355 m s 1 165 ft s Effective firing range HE 8 km 5 0 mi Feed systemManualSightsPanoramic Contents 1 History and development 2 Design 2 1 Ammunition 3 Combat record 4 Notes 5 References 6 External linksHistory and development EditCombat experience with the Type 41 mountain gun during the invasion of Manchuria indicated to the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff that the existing primary mountain gun lacked not only in firepower and accuracy but also was not as easily transportable under difficult terrain as had been hoped The army technical bureau was assigned a project to develop a replacement in 1931 The first prototype was tested in 1932 and the design released for production by September 1934 as the Type 94 However plans to re equip all artillery regiments with the new weapon were continually postponed due to budgetary priorities Design Edit nbsp Rear view of the Type 94 75 mm mountain gunThe Type 94 75 mm mountain gun had a single piece gun barrel with a sliding breechblock based on German Krupp designs and a long split trail carriage with spade plates for stabilizers with a hydro pneumatic recoil mechanism based on French Schneider designs 7 The crew was partially protected by a gun shield made of 1 8 inch 3 mm thick armor plate It had pintle traverse and an equalizing arrangement which gave it three point suspension Since it was trunnioned at the center of balance it did not require equilibrators It could be fired with trails closed or open 6 The gun could be broken down into eleven pack loads within three to five minutes for transport by animals or men 8 The heaviest component weighed 210 pounds 95 kg and the weapon was intended to be transported by six pack horses or 18 men although during the Bougainville campaign of 1943 1945 it was carried by 41 men because of the extremely difficult terrain on Bougainville In daylight the gun could be reassembled within 10 minutes and disassembled in from three to five minutes The tasks also could be performed at night after the parts were rubbed with luminous bark but took five to 10 minutes longer 6 The gun fired the same projectiles as other 75 mm pieces and had a cartridge case identical in length with that used in the Type 38 75 mm field gun This case was longer than that used in the Type 41 mountain gun because the propelling charge used in Model 94 ammunition was less than that used in the ammunition for the Type 38 and firing the Type 38 s ammunition from the Type 94 would damage the gun The Type 38 lacked both a howitzer trajectory and varying charges with which to adjust the trajectory of rounds it fired and this increased the dead space for the Model 94 when it fired in mountainous terrain The Type 94 s counterrecoil was said to be so slow when the piece was fired at elevations above 30 that rather than fire above that elevation the artillery battery displaced forward to maintain a higher rate of fire 6 Ammunition Edit High explosive M94 6 kilograms 13 2 lb with 0 8 kilograms 1 8 lb of TNT and M88 impact or delay fuses A 6 46 kilograms 14 24 lb with picric acid and dinitro and M3 combination fuse B 6 6 kilograms 14 6 lb with 0 66 kilograms 1 46 lb of picric acid and dinitro and M88 impact or delay fuse M90 97 6 18 kilograms 13 62 lb with 0 42 kilograms 0 93 lb of TNT and M88 impact or delay fuse M90 pointed HE 6 35 kilograms 14 00 lb with TNT and M88 impact or delay fuse Armor piercing M95 APHE 6 2 kilograms 13 7 lb with 0 045 kilograms 0 099 lb of picric acid and dinitro M95 small AP base fuse Shrapnel M90 shrapnel 7 kilograms 15 4 lb with 0 1 kilograms 0 22 lb of black powder with M5 combination fuse M38 shrapnel 6 83 kilograms 15 06 lb with 0 1 kilograms 0 22 lb of black powder with M3 combination fuse Chemical Star M90 illumination 5 65 kilograms 12 46 lb with M5 combination fuse Incendiary M90 incendiary 6 93 kilograms 15 28 lb with black powder and M5 combination fuse Smoke M90 smoke 5 73 kilograms 12 63 lb with 0 1 kilograms 0 22 lb of picric acid and dinitro with M88 impact fuseCombat record EditType 94 75 mm mountain gun was used extensively in Manchukuo during the Pacification of Manchukuo 1931 1942 and in China during the Second Sino Japanese War 1937 1945 It was also assigned to units in the Southern Expeditionary Army and was sited in defensive positions on islands throughout the Netherlands East Indies and the South Seas Mandate It was one of the most common weapons encountered by Allied forces in the closing stages of World War II 9 Both North Korea s Korean People s Army and the People s Republic of China s People s Volunteer Army used Chinese copies of the Type 94 during the Korean War 1950 1953 10 Notes Edit Military catalogue of the Japanese military p 96 Banking and Monetary Statistics 1914 1941 Part I p 673 Foss Christopher 1977 Jane s pocket book of towed artillery New York Collier p 29 ISBN 0020806000 OCLC 911907988 75 77 MM CALIBRE CARTRIDGES www quarryhs co uk Retrieved 2017 10 02 Mayer the Rise and Fall of Imperial Japan pp 56 a b c d War Department Special Series No 25 Japanese Field Artillery October 1944 Bishop The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II Pp 150 US Army Technical Manual US Department of War TM 30 480 Handbook on Japanese Military Forces Enemy Ordnance Materiel 45 Archived from the original on 2006 02 24 Retrieved 2005 08 12 References EditBishop Chris eds The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II Barnes amp Nobel 1998 ISBN 0 7607 1022 8 Chant Chris Artillery of World War II Zenith Press 2001 ISBN 0 7603 1172 2 McLean Donald B Japanese Artillery Weapons and Tactics Wickenburg Ariz Normount Technical Publications 1973 ISBN 0 87947 157 3 Mayer S L The Rise and Fall of Imperial Japan The Military Press 1884 ISBN 0 517 42313 8 War Department Special Series No 25 Japanese Field Artillery October 1944 US Department of War TM 30 480 Handbook on Japanese Military Forces Louisiana State University Press 1994 ISBN 0 8071 2013 8 兵器臨時定価 予価 表送付の件 Military catalogue of the Japanese military National Archives of Japan Ministry of the Army Banking and Monetary Statistics 1914 1941 Part I Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System U S January 1943 1943 External links EditTaki s Imperial Japanese Army US Technical Manual E 30 480 75mm Type 94 mountain gun walkaround with extensive photos 75mm Type 94 mountain gun preserved in Vladivostok walkaround Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Type 94 75 mm mountain gun amp oldid 1161075869, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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