In December 1963 the President of the Republic of Cyprus, Archbishop Makarios, citing Turkish Cypriot tactics aimed at obstructing the normal functioning of government, proposed several amendments to the post-colonial constitution of 1960. This precipitated a crisis between the Greek Cypriot majority and the Turkish Cypriot minority, and Turkish Cypriot representation in the government ended. The nature of this event is controversial. Greek Cypriots claim that Turkish Cypriots voluntarily withdrew from the institutions of the Republic of Cyprus, while the Turkish Cypriot narrative has it that the Turkish Cypriots were forcibly excluded.[2]
After the rejection of the constitutional amendments by the Turkish Cypriot community the situation escalated into island-wide intercommunal violence. 103 to 109 Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages were attacked and 25,000-30,000 Turkish Cypriots became refugees.[3][4] According to official records, 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed.[5] Turkish Cypriots consequently started living in enclaves; the republic's structure was changed unilaterally by Makarios and Nicosia was divided by the Green Line, with the deployment of UNFICYP troops.[4]
Situation in the enclaves
The enclaves were scattered all over the island. The enclaves were deprived of many necessities. Restrictions on the enclaves began to be eased after 1967 and many Turkish Cypriots began to return to the villages they'd left in 1963.[citation needed]
Ban on goods
The Greek Cypriot-run Republic of Cyprus banned the possession of certain items by Turkish Cypriots and the entrance of these items to the enclaves. The restrictions were aimed not only at restricting the military activities of Turkish Cypriots, but also to prevent their return to economic normality. As for fuels, all kinds of fuels including kerosene were initially banned, but the ban on kerosene was lifted by October 1964. The ban on petrol and diesel did remain in force until that time and hindered food supply to the enclaves. Ban on building materials prevented the restoration of houses damaged by fighting when winter approached, and the ban on woolen clothing affected the supply of clothing to Turkish Cypriots, especially putting the displaced in a concerning situation. The restriction on tent materials further blocked the construction of temporary places of residence for the displaced. Below is a list of banned items as of 7 October 1964, according to a report by the United Nations Secretary-General:[6]
The freedom of movement of Turkish Cypriots were restricted in this period. The Greek Cypriot police committed what was called by the UN Secretary-General "excessive checks and searches and apparently unnecessary obstructions", which instilled fear in Turkish Cypriots who had to travel.[6] Turkish Cypriots suffered the harassment of nationalist Greek Cypriot officers at control points, airports and government offices.[7] The Secretary-General also noted his concerns about arbitrary arrest and detention. Greek Cypriot police imposed restrictions on Turkish Cypriot travel outside the enclave of North Nicosia. Initially, the movement of Turkish Cypriots in and out of Lefka was not allowed at all, the restriction was relaxed by October 1964 to allow them to travel eastwards, but not westwards towards Limnitis. Turkish Cypriot doctors were also not allowed to travel freely to carry out their profession, the Greek Cypriots insisted that they should be searched.[6]
Economic situation
The period of 1963-74 saw widening economic disparities between the two communities. Whilst the Greek Cypriot economy benefited from flourishing tourism and finance sectors, Turkish Cypriots grew increasingly poor and unemployment increased.[8] The enclaves were put under an economic embargo by the Greek Cypriot administration of the Republic of Cyprus, trade between communities was blocked. Due to travel restrictions, a large number of Turkish Cypriots had to leave their previous jobs. Refugees, meanwhile, had been uprooted from their old sources of income. The period thus saw the beginning of aid from the Turkish government, as by 1968, Turkey had started to give about £8,000,000 a year to Turkish Cypriots.[9]
^Ker-Lindsay, James (2011). The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. pp. 35–6. ISBN9780199757169.
^John Terence O'Neill, Nicholas Rees. United Nations peacekeeping in the post-Cold War era, p.81
^ abHoffmeister, Frank (2006). Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession. EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 17–20. ISBN978-90-04-15223-6.
^Oberling, Pierre. The road to Bellapais (1982), Social Science Monographs, p.120: "According to official records, 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the 1963-1964 crisis."
^ abc"REPORT BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON THE UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN CYPRUS (For the period 10 September to 12 December 1964) - Annex II. Doc S/6103" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
^Asmussen, Jan (2014). "Escaping the Tyranny of History". In Ker-Lindsay, James (ed.). Resolving Cyprus: New Approaches to Conflict Resolution. I.B.Tauris. p. 35. ISBN9781784530006.
^Ker-Lindsay, James, ed. (2014). Resolving Cyprus: New Approaches to Conflict Resolution. I.B.Tauris. p. 35. ISBN978-0857736017.
^Navaro-Yashin, Yael (2012). The Make-Believe Space: Affective Geography in a Postwar Polity. Duke University Press. p. 87. ISBN978-0822352044.
turkish, cypriot, enclaves, were, inhabited, turkish, cypriots, between, intercommunal, violence, 1963, 1974, turkish, invasion, cyprus, ethnic, cyprus, 1973, greek, cypriots, british, military, bases, contents, events, leading, creation, enclaves, situation, . The Turkish Cypriot enclaves were inhabited by Turkish Cypriots between the intercommunal violence of 1963 64 and the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus Ethnic map of Cyprus in 1973 1 Greek Cypriots Turkish Cypriot enclaves British military bases Contents 1 Events leading to the creation of the enclaves 2 Situation in the enclaves 2 1 Ban on goods 2 2 Travel restrictions 2 3 Economic situation 3 List of Turkish Cypriot enclaves 4 References 5 See alsoEvents leading to the creation of the enclaves EditMain article Cyprus crisis of 1963 64 In December 1963 the President of the Republic of Cyprus Archbishop Makarios citing Turkish Cypriot tactics aimed at obstructing the normal functioning of government proposed several amendments to the post colonial constitution of 1960 This precipitated a crisis between the Greek Cypriot majority and the Turkish Cypriot minority and Turkish Cypriot representation in the government ended The nature of this event is controversial Greek Cypriots claim that Turkish Cypriots voluntarily withdrew from the institutions of the Republic of Cyprus while the Turkish Cypriot narrative has it that the Turkish Cypriots were forcibly excluded 2 After the rejection of the constitutional amendments by the Turkish Cypriot community the situation escalated into island wide intercommunal violence 103 to 109 Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages were attacked and 25 000 30 000 Turkish Cypriots became refugees 3 4 According to official records 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed 5 Turkish Cypriots consequently started living in enclaves the republic s structure was changed unilaterally by Makarios and Nicosia was divided by the Green Line with the deployment of UNFICYP troops 4 Situation in the enclaves EditThe enclaves were scattered all over the island The enclaves were deprived of many necessities Restrictions on the enclaves began to be eased after 1967 and many Turkish Cypriots began to return to the villages they d left in 1963 citation needed Ban on goods Edit The Greek Cypriot run Republic of Cyprus banned the possession of certain items by Turkish Cypriots and the entrance of these items to the enclaves The restrictions were aimed not only at restricting the military activities of Turkish Cypriots but also to prevent their return to economic normality As for fuels all kinds of fuels including kerosene were initially banned but the ban on kerosene was lifted by October 1964 The ban on petrol and diesel did remain in force until that time and hindered food supply to the enclaves Ban on building materials prevented the restoration of houses damaged by fighting when winter approached and the ban on woolen clothing affected the supply of clothing to Turkish Cypriots especially putting the displaced in a concerning situation The restriction on tent materials further blocked the construction of temporary places of residence for the displaced Below is a list of banned items as of 7 October 1964 according to a report by the United Nations Secretary General 6 Accumulators Ammonium nitrate Angle iron Automobile spare parts Bags Cables Camouflage netting Cartridges shotgun Cement Crushed metal Crushed stone Electrical detonators Exploders and explosives Fuel in large amounts Galvanometers Iron pickets Iron poles and rods Khaki colored cloth Mine detectors Radio sets Safety fuses Sand Studs for boots Sulfur Telephones Tents and tent material Thick steel plates Timber Tires Wire including barbed wire Wire cutters Woollen clothing if it can be used militarily Travel restrictions Edit The freedom of movement of Turkish Cypriots were restricted in this period The Greek Cypriot police committed what was called by the UN Secretary General excessive checks and searches and apparently unnecessary obstructions which instilled fear in Turkish Cypriots who had to travel 6 Turkish Cypriots suffered the harassment of nationalist Greek Cypriot officers at control points airports and government offices 7 The Secretary General also noted his concerns about arbitrary arrest and detention Greek Cypriot police imposed restrictions on Turkish Cypriot travel outside the enclave of North Nicosia Initially the movement of Turkish Cypriots in and out of Lefka was not allowed at all the restriction was relaxed by October 1964 to allow them to travel eastwards but not westwards towards Limnitis Turkish Cypriot doctors were also not allowed to travel freely to carry out their profession the Greek Cypriots insisted that they should be searched 6 Economic situation Edit The period of 1963 74 saw widening economic disparities between the two communities Whilst the Greek Cypriot economy benefited from flourishing tourism and finance sectors Turkish Cypriots grew increasingly poor and unemployment increased 8 The enclaves were put under an economic embargo by the Greek Cypriot administration of the Republic of Cyprus trade between communities was blocked Due to travel restrictions a large number of Turkish Cypriots had to leave their previous jobs Refugees meanwhile had been uprooted from their old sources of income The period thus saw the beginning of aid from the Turkish government as by 1968 Turkey had started to give about 8 000 000 a year to Turkish Cypriots 9 List of Turkish Cypriot enclaves EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed April 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Kokkina Erenkoy Limnitis Yesilirmak Lefka Lefke Lefkosia Agyrta Lefkosa Agirdag Tsatos Tziaos Serdarli Galinoporni Kuruova Kophinou Gecitkale Lourojina Akincilar Angolemi Gaziveren Pergamos Beyarmudu Smaller enclaves within the main cities Pafos Mouttalos Kasaba Larnaka Iskele Famagusta Magusa Surici This list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items August 2008 References Edit Cyprus Ethnic 1973 Ker Lindsay James 2011 The Cyprus Problem What Everyone Needs to Know Oxford University Press pp 35 6 ISBN 9780199757169 John Terence O Neill Nicholas Rees United Nations peacekeeping in the post Cold War era p 81 a b Hoffmeister Frank 2006 Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem Annan Plan and EU accession EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers pp 17 20 ISBN 978 90 04 15223 6 Oberling Pierre The road to Bellapais 1982 Social Science Monographs p 120 According to official records 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the 1963 1964 crisis a b c REPORT BY THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON THE UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN CYPRUS For the period 10 September to 12 December 1964 Annex II Doc S 6103 PDF United Nations Retrieved 4 August 2015 Asmussen Jan 2014 Escaping the Tyranny of History In Ker Lindsay James ed Resolving Cyprus New Approaches to Conflict Resolution I B Tauris p 35 ISBN 9781784530006 Ker Lindsay James ed 2014 Resolving Cyprus New Approaches to Conflict Resolution I B Tauris p 35 ISBN 978 0857736017 Navaro Yashin Yael 2012 The Make Believe Space Affective Geography in a Postwar Polity Duke University Press p 87 ISBN 978 0822352044 See also EditHistory of Cyprus Cyprus dispute Modern history of Cyprus Enclave Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Turkish Cypriot enclaves amp oldid 1096564101, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
