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Forced induction in motorcycles

December 01, 2023

Forced induction in motorcycles is the application of forced induction (turbochargers or superchargers) to a motorcycle engine. Special automotive engineering and human factors considerations exist for the application of forced induction with motorcycles, compared to other forms of motorized transportation.

Forced induction in production motorcycles edit

Prior to the late 2010s, forced induction was only used on a handful of production motorcycles, all from Japanese Big Four manufacturers in the early 1980s.[1][2][3]

Honda CX650 Turbo had a 674 CC, 100 BHP V-twin engine. It is contestably the best forced induction production bike of the 1980s from any Japanese manufacturer. The 1983 model Honda CX650 Turbos had solved the lag problems that earlier models like the CX500 Turbo had encountered. To rectify turbo lags capacity and compression ratio was raised from 7.2:1 to 7.8:1.[4]

Additionally, in 1978 Kawasaki offered the Z1R-TC, a semi-production model built by Turbo Cycle Corporation and sold through Kawasaki dealers. This is generally considered to be the first Japanese turbocharged motorcycle.[5]

The Honda, Kawasaki and Suzuki bikes were all listed on a State Farm insurance "blacklist" published by American Motorcyclist in 1989.[6]

21st century edit

A scooter with a supercharger, the Peugeot JetForce Compressor, was available in late 2003.

Kawasaki confirmed it would be re-entering the market with the supercharged Kawasaki Ninja H2, announced in October, 2014.[7][8][9] This was followed by the H2 SX SE sports tourer,[10] and for 2020 Kawasaki announced a new naked model, designated Z H2.[11][12]

Engineering and usability challenges edit

Designers have been able to address packaging issues and fit turbochargers even in fully faired motorcycles.[13][14]

Turbo lag was noted as a problem with all four Japanese turbos of the 1980s by several critics.[15][16][17][18] Motorcycle engineering expert and journalist Kevin Cameron has said that turbo lag is a critical problem with turbocharger applications on motorcycles: "[U]nless you are a pure drag racer, most of your riding will be off-boost. The lower your compression ratio, the less snap your bike will have...don't expect your turbo bike to be much use in sportbike-type canyon racing."[19] Using a variable-geometry turbocharger can mitigate turbo lag,[20][1] but has not yet been used in series production (the first mass market application was to late 1980s automobiles; see Variable-geometry turbocharger#History).

Writer Mick Walker has listed turbo lag along with other challenges like a higher center of gravity and heat transfer to rider due to turbocharger and associated exhaust plumbing.[13] Bennett noted excessive weight and complexity in addition to weak bottom-end performance.[21]

The German magazine Motorrad said in 2014, that a turbocharger would probably never be practical on mass market motorcycles due to cost of high-tech materials able to withstand the high temperatures of a variable geometry turbocharger, plus weight and space considerations, though they left the door open for a good supercharged solution.[22]

Emissions edit

Emissions considerations, driven in particular by carbon dioxide limits in the European emission standards, are leading motorcycle manufacturers in the 2010s to reconsider applications of forced induction.[23][24]

In racing edit

In road racing, superchargers were not uncommon in the 1930s, and machines originally built for road racing also set many land speed records (see the list below for examples). Motorcycle racing in Europe went through a hiatus during the 1940s as World War II and its aftermath, and racing only restarted in 1946.[25] That same year, forced induction was banned from road racing by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM),[25][26][27][28] effectively relegating it to specialized forms of racing and speed record runs, discussed further below. Rules from the FIM and other sanctioning bodies cover aspects of motorcycle design as diverse as motorcycle fairing coverage, gasoline direct injection, and the use of dual-clutch transmissions, and may influence street bike design by setting public expectations.[29]

Drag racing edit

Specialized motorcycles used in drag racing, called dragbikes, are an application for forced induction, including nitrous oxide and multistage turbochargers.[30] The first dragbike to run the quarter-mile in under 7 seconds was using a Roots-type supercharger.[19][31]

Motorcycle clubs edit

At least one motorcycle club, Turbo Motorcycle International Owners Association, has been formed to support turbo motorcycle enthusiasts.[32]

Notable prototypes and record setters edit

 
BMW WR 750 from 1930s, note supercharger under rider's saddle
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Turbocharged motorcycles.

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b Motorrad 2014.
  2. ^ Walker 2006,  "other manufacturers built prototypes and small batches of turbocharged machines, only the Japanese giants attempted to exploit the turbo for series-production bikes".
  3. ^ Bennett 1999, p. 57a "Neither system [superchargers nor turbochargers] has found acceptance in the mass-produced motorcycle market, although a significant effort to build turbos was made by the Japanese motorcycle makers in the early 1980s. Factory turbos were shipped by Honda (the 82-horsepower CX500T V-twin), Yamaha (the 85-horsepower XJ650T transverse-four), Suzuki (the 85-horsepower XN85, using a GS650 transverse-four) and Kawasaki (the 110-horsepower ZX750 transverse-four)."
  4. ^ Siegal 2009.
  5. ^ Smith 2013.
  6. ^ American Motorcyclist 1989.
  7. ^ Newland 2014.
  8. ^ Stock 2014.
  9. ^ Cameron 2014b.
  10. ^ Kunitsugu 2018.
  11. ^ Motorcycle News 2019.
  12. ^ Bike Sport News 2019.
  13. ^ a b Walker 2006.
  14. ^ Cycle World 1981.
  15. ^ American Motorcyclist 1998 said low compression ratio made for sluggish around-town riding
  16. ^ Cycle World 1981,  Problems faced by Honda included charge stagnation with twins, no off-the-shelf turbo sized properly for a bike, and packaging inside fairing. Unsolved problems included throttle lag, throttle-close lag leading to a rider sensation like a stuck throttle..
  17. ^ Bennett 1999, p. 57b,  "At the top end, they were fantastic speed machines, but only once you got into fifth and opened the throttle. Too many compromises were made ... retarded ignition timing; extra weight due to the turbo and beefed-up crank, rods, bearings, etc.; exotic carburetion; extra cooling devices and turbo lag all hurt the bottom-end performance... mechanically... the turbos were extremely complex. Riders did not buy them.".
  18. ^ Siegal 2009 quotes an expert's dry summary of these bikes' "difficult power characteristics"
  19. ^ a b Cameron 2008.
  20. ^ Rook 2007.
  21. ^ Bennett 1999, p. 57b.
  22. ^ Motorrad 2014, "Kompressor oder Turbo?" "Perhaps the use of a so-called VTG charger with variable turbine geometry, which improves the responsiveness of the charger at low gas flow might be accomplished. A possible but expensive option, since the VTG charger now widely used in Diesel vehicles must deal with significantly higher exhaust gas temperatures in the gasoline engine (about 1100° instead of the usual 850° for Diesel) by resorting to special heat-resistant, but also particularly expensive alloys... A lot of expensive, heavy and space-consuming techniques are necessary. The bottom line: probably too much." [Translated from original German]
  23. ^ Tibu 2014 "With the displacement of bikes being one of the key factors in the CO2 emissions, finding ways to raise or maintain the power output of the engines while lowering the cc figures seems like one solution Honda and possibly more manufacturers will have to consider very seriously in the upcoming years."
  24. ^ Gentili 2014.
  25. ^ a b Hough & Setright 1966, p. 153.
  26. ^ Walker 2006b, p. 33.
  27. ^ Wilson 2002, p. 50.
  28. ^ Falloon 2011, pp. 10–11.
  29. ^ Cameron 2014a.
  30. ^ Lee 2010.
  31. ^ Cycle World 1979.
  32. ^ Holmstrom & Everett 2004.
  33. ^ a b c d'Orléans 2014.
  34. ^ New Zealand Herald 2014.
  35. ^ Hindustan Times 2014.
  36. ^ Crowe 2006.
  37. ^ Slotnik 2013.
  38. ^ Quinn 2004.
  39. ^ Robinson 2007, p. 126.
  40. ^ Inman 2014.
  41. ^ Visordown 2014.
  42. ^ Mann 2014.
  43. ^ Cathcart 2009.
  44. ^ Clink 2012.
  45. ^ Patil 2018.

References edit

Books edit

  • Bennett, Jim (1999), "Mechanics and mechanisms", The Complete Motorcycle Book: A Consumer's Guide (Second ed.), ISBN 0-8160-3854-6
  • Holmstrom, Darwin; Everett, Charles (2004), "The Motorcycling Community", Complete Idiot's Guide to Motorcycles (Third ed.), ISBN 1-59257-303-7
  • Rook, Bill (2007), "Supercharger and turbocharger", How to Build a Harley-Davidson Torque Monster, MotorBooks International, p. 51, ISBN 9781610609692
  • Robinson, Rocky (2007), Flat Out: The Race for the Motorcycle Land Speed Record, Motorbooks, ISBN 9781610609296
  • Cameron, Kevin (2008), "Turbocharging, supercharging, and nitrous oxide" (eBook), Sportbike Performance Handbook (2nd ed.), Motorbooks, p. 103, ISBN 9781616730710
  • Walker, Mick (2006), "Turbocharging", Motorcycle: Evolution, Design, Passion, JHU Press, p. 166, ISBN 9780801885303
  • Lee, Keith (2010), Drag Bike Racing in Britain From the Mid '60s to the Mid '80s, Veloce, p. 90, ISBN 9781845843144
  • Walker, Mick (2006b), The Manx Norton, Redline Books, ISBN 9780954435790
  • Wilson, Hugo (2002), Hot Bikes, DK ADULT, ISBN 978-0789483966
  • Falloon, Ian (2011), The Book of the Classic MV Agusta Fours, Veloce Publishing, ISBN 9781845842031
  • Hough, Richard Alexander; Setright, L.J.K. (1966), A history of the world's motorcycles, New York: Harper & Row, LCCN 66018583

Periodicals edit

  • "Race watch—Teson/Bernard Top Fuel XS11". Cycle World. September 1979. p. 85.
  • "Honda CX500 Turbo". Cycle World. January–February 1981. p. 26.
  • "The insurance blacklist: Like a good neighbor, State Farm is there?". American Motorcyclist. January 1989. pp. 24–27.
  • Quinn, James F. (December 26, 2004). "Motorcycle stops traffic, starts conversations: Ecomobiles offer bike riders the chance to tool around under glass, with A/C and entertainment center". The Chicago Tribune.
  • "Honda CX500TC Turbo". American Motorcyclist. June 1998. p. 79.
  • Crowe, Paul (June 2006). "Turbo Egli Kawasaki". The Kneeslider.
  • Cathcart, Alan (February 24, 2009). "Neander 1400 Turbo Diesel Motorcycle Test & Review". Motorcycle Cruiser. Bonnier Group.
  • Siegal, Margie (May–June 2009). "1983 Honda CX650 Turbo". Motorcycle Classics.
  • Clink (October 19, 2012). . Super Streetbike. Bonnier Group. Archived from the original on 2015-05-04.
  • Smith, Robert (January 2013). "1978 Kawasaki Z1R-TC: Turbo Power". Motorcycle Classics.
  • Slotnik, Daniel E. (July 17, 2013). "Bill Warner, Who Set Speed Record on Motorcycle, Dies at 44". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-07-22.
  • d'Orléans, Paul (January 12, 2014). . The Vintagent. Archived from the original on 2014-09-11. Retrieved 2014-09-04. (Originally published in Café Racer magazine 'Speed' special issue)
  • "Aufladung beim Motorrad: Kommt der Turbo wieder?" [Motorcycle induction: Is the turbo coming back?]. Motorrad (in German). Motor Presse Stuttgart. January 30, 2014.
  • Mann, Michael (May 9, 2014). "Guy Martin aims to break bike speed record at Pikes Peak International Hill Climb". Bennetts.
  • "Guy Martin wins class at Pikes Peak on turbocharged GSX-R1100". Visordown. June 30, 2014.
  • Cameron, Kevin (August 1, 2014a). "Is motorcycle development stymied by FIM rules?". Cycle World.
  • Tibu, Florin (August 6, 2014). "Honda Rumored to Start Manufacturing Smaller, Supercharged Motorcycle Engines". Autoevolution.
  • "BMW brings together past and present on the Isle of Man". New Zealand Herald. August 22, 2014.
  • Gentili, Marco (August 15, 2014). "Honda "spezza" il motore della VFR1200F e gli mette il turbo". La Gazzetta dello Sport (in Italian).
  • Newland, Richard (September 1, 2014). "Supercharged Ninja imminent". Motorcycle News.
  • . Hindustan Times. September 11, 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-09-10.
  • Stock, Kyle (October 1, 2014). . Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 2014-10-02.
  • Inman, Gary (October 2014). "Change in Pressure". Cycle World. Vol. 53, no. 10. p. 68.
  • Cameron, Kevin (November 4, 2014b). "Kawasaki Ninja H2 Streetbike! AKA "THE DISRUPTOR"—CW EXCLUSIVE". Cycle World. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
  • Kunitsugu, Kent (March 28, 2018). "Kawasaki's 2018 H2 SX SE Is The Most Powerful Sport-Tourer You Can Buy". Cycle World. Retrieved 2020-07-31.
  • Patil, Sagar (August 29, 2018). "Kawasaki Team 38 Set A New World Record For The Fastest Ninja H2". Top Speed. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
  • "Kawasaki launch supercharged Z H2 hypernaked". Bike Sport News. October 23, 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
  • "Kawasaki Z H2 Ultimate Test Ride Competition victors revealed, bike pricing confirmed". Motorcycle News. December 19, 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-13.

Further reading edit

  • Haile, Joe (1997), Motorcycle Turbocharging, Supercharging, & Nitrous Oxide: A Complete Guide to Forced Induction and its use on Modern Motorcycle Engines, Whitehorse, ISBN 978-1884313073
  • Cameron, Kevin (2013), Classic Motorcycle Race Engines, Haynes, ISBN 978-1844259946
  • Walker, Mick (2013), Italian Racing Motorcycles, M-Y Books, ISBN 9781783180066
  • Cameron, Kevin (November 22, 2013), "Redefining high performance: Is supercharging the future for motorcycling?", Cycle World
  • Florin Tibu (September 4, 2014), Hail the New Supercharged Era, Autoevolution
  • Abrahams, Dave (October 1, 2014). . IOL. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2018-10-03.

December 01, 2023
forced, induction, motorcycles, application, forced, induction, turbochargers, superchargers, motorcycle, engine, special, automotive, engineering, human, factors, considerations, exist, application, forced, induction, with, motorcycles, compared, other, forms. Forced induction in motorcycles is the application of forced induction turbochargers or superchargers to a motorcycle engine Special automotive engineering and human factors considerations exist for the application of forced induction with motorcycles compared to other forms of motorized transportation Contents 1 Forced induction in production motorcycles 1 1 21st century 1 2 Engineering and usability challenges 1 3 Emissions 2 In racing 2 1 Drag racing 3 Motorcycle clubs 4 Notable prototypes and record setters 5 Notes 6 References 6 1 Books 6 2 Periodicals 7 Further readingForced induction in production motorcycles editPrior to the late 2010s forced induction was only used on a handful of production motorcycles all from Japanese Big Four manufacturers in the early 1980s 1 2 3 Honda 1982 CX 500 Turbo 1983 650 Turbo Yamaha 1982 1983 XJ 650 Seca Turbo Suzuki 1983 XN 85 Turbo Kawasaki 1983 1985 GPZ750 TurboHonda CX650 Turbo had a 674 CC 100 BHP V twin engine It is contestably the best forced induction production bike of the 1980s from any Japanese manufacturer The 1983 model Honda CX650 Turbos had solved the lag problems that earlier models like the CX500 Turbo had encountered To rectify turbo lags capacity and compression ratio was raised from 7 2 1 to 7 8 1 4 Additionally in 1978 Kawasaki offered the Z1R TC a semi production model built by Turbo Cycle Corporation and sold through Kawasaki dealers This is generally considered to be the first Japanese turbocharged motorcycle 5 The Honda Kawasaki and Suzuki bikes were all listed on a State Farm insurance blacklist published by American Motorcyclist in 1989 6 21st century edit A scooter with a supercharger the Peugeot JetForce Compressor was available in late 2003 Kawasaki confirmed it would be re entering the market with the supercharged Kawasaki Ninja H2 announced in October 2014 7 8 9 This was followed by the H2 SX SE sports tourer 10 and for 2020 Kawasaki announced a new naked model designated Z H2 11 12 Engineering and usability challenges edit Designers have been able to address packaging issues and fit turbochargers even in fully faired motorcycles 13 14 Turbo lag was noted as a problem with all four Japanese turbos of the 1980s by several critics 15 16 17 18 Motorcycle engineering expert and journalist Kevin Cameron has said that turbo lag is a critical problem with turbocharger applications on motorcycles U nless you are a pure drag racer most of your riding will be off boost The lower your compression ratio the less snap your bike will have don t expect your turbo bike to be much use in sportbike type canyon racing 19 Using a variable geometry turbocharger can mitigate turbo lag 20 1 but has not yet been used in series production the first mass market application was to late 1980s automobiles see Variable geometry turbocharger History Writer Mick Walker has listed turbo lag along with other challenges like a higher center of gravity and heat transfer to rider due to turbocharger and associated exhaust plumbing 13 Bennett noted excessive weight and complexity in addition to weak bottom end performance 21 The German magazine Motorrad said in 2014 that a turbocharger would probably never be practical on mass market motorcycles due to cost of high tech materials able to withstand the high temperatures of a variable geometry turbocharger plus weight and space considerations though they left the door open for a good supercharged solution 22 Emissions edit Emissions considerations driven in particular by carbon dioxide limits in the European emission standards are leading motorcycle manufacturers in the 2010s to reconsider applications of forced induction 23 24 In racing editIn road racing superchargers were not uncommon in the 1930s and machines originally built for road racing also set many land speed records see the list below for examples Motorcycle racing in Europe went through a hiatus during the 1940s as World War II and its aftermath and racing only restarted in 1946 25 That same year forced induction was banned from road racing by the Federation Internationale de Motocyclisme FIM 25 26 27 28 effectively relegating it to specialized forms of racing and speed record runs discussed further below Rules from the FIM and other sanctioning bodies cover aspects of motorcycle design as diverse as motorcycle fairing coverage gasoline direct injection and the use of dual clutch transmissions and may influence street bike design by setting public expectations 29 Drag racing edit Specialized motorcycles used in drag racing called dragbikes are an application for forced induction including nitrous oxide and multistage turbochargers 30 The first dragbike to run the quarter mile in under 7 seconds was using a Roots type supercharger 19 31 Motorcycle clubs editAt least one motorcycle club Turbo Motorcycle International Owners Association has been formed to support turbo motorcycle enthusiasts 32 Notable prototypes and record setters edit nbsp BMW WR 750 from 1930s note supercharger under rider s saddleBMW WR 750 supercharged boxer twin set several Motorcycle land speed records 1930 1935 33 BMW Type 255 RS 500 supercharged boxer twin ridden by Georg Meier to first Isle of Man TT win by non Briton in 1939 auctioned in 2014 for the second highest price ever for a motorcycle 34 35 Gilera Rondine 4 cylinder DOHC supercharged Piero Taruffi set land speed record with it in 1937 33 Fritz Egli s turbo Kawasaki covered in August 1988 Cycle as world s fastest 36 Bill Warner s 300 mph turbo Hayabusa set speed record for non enclosed bike in 2011 Warner crashed it in 2013 resulting in his death 37 Cabin motorcycles Peraves Ecomobile available with turbocharged BMW K1200 inline four engine the only fully enclosed motorcycle to enter long term production 38 Motorcycle land speed record streamliners Ernst Jakob Henne s BMW RS 500 based streamliner The Egg set record in 1937 that stood 14 years 33 integral supercharger NSU Delphin III set record in 1956 rotary supercharger Lightning Bolt Don Vesco s streamliner set record in 1978 that stood 12 years twin turbo 2 inline four engines 39 BUB Seven streamliner set speed records in 2006 and 2009 500 hp 370 kW turbo V 4 engine Ack Attack has held speed record since 2013 more than 900 hp 670 kW twin turbo 2 inline four engines Castrol Rocket more than 1 000 hp 750 kW quad turbo 2 straight three engines Guy Martin s Pikes Peak Hillclimb GSX R 1100 turbo 40 41 more than 300 hp 220 kW 42 Neander Motors diesel 94 hp 70 kW 129 lb ft 175 N m twin turbo parallel twin turbo diesel 43 Patrik Furstenhoff s aka Ghost Rider Guinness World Record turbo Suzuki Hayabusa first documented wheelie over 200 mph 320 km h c 500 hp 370 kW inline four 44 Suzuki Recursion concept motorcycle 100 hp 75 kW turbo intercooled straight twin Kawasaki s Team 38 racing team using a Ninja H2 at Bonneville Speedway recorded a 211 621 mph speed on the first pass on August 14 2018 and a return speed of 207 263 mph on August 15 to score a combined average of 209 442 mph This was a record for the Southern California Timing Association SCTA P PB 1000 class for stock under 1 000 cc displacement production supercharged motorcycles 45 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Turbocharged motorcycles Notes edit a b Motorrad 2014 Walker 2006 other manufacturers built prototypes and small batches of turbocharged machines only the Japanese giants attempted to exploit the turbo for series production bikes Bennett 1999 p 57a Neither system superchargers nor turbochargers has found acceptance in the mass produced motorcycle market although a significant effort to build turbos was made by the Japanese motorcycle makers in the early 1980s Factory turbos were shipped by Honda the 82 horsepower CX500T V twin Yamaha the 85 horsepower XJ650T transverse four Suzuki the 85 horsepower XN85 using a GS650 transverse four and Kawasaki the 110 horsepower ZX750 transverse four Siegal 2009 Smith 2013 American Motorcyclist 1989 Newland 2014 Stock 2014 Cameron 2014b Kunitsugu 2018 Motorcycle News 2019 Bike Sport News 2019 a b Walker 2006 Cycle World 1981 American Motorcyclist 1998 said low compression ratio made for sluggish around town riding Cycle World 1981 Problems faced by Honda included charge stagnation with twins no off the shelf turbo sized properly for a bike and packaging inside fairing Unsolved problems included throttle lag throttle close lag leading to a rider sensation like a stuck throttle Bennett 1999 p 57b At the top end they were fantastic speed machines but only once you got into fifth and opened the throttle Too many compromises were made retarded ignition timing extra weight due to the turbo and beefed up crank rods bearings etc exotic carburetion extra cooling devices and turbo lag all hurt the bottom end performance mechanically the turbos were extremely complex Riders did not buy them Siegal 2009 quotes an expert s dry summary of these bikes difficult power characteristics a b Cameron 2008 Rook 2007 Bennett 1999 p 57b Motorrad 2014 Kompressor oder Turbo Perhaps the use of a so called VTG charger with variable turbine geometry which improves the responsiveness of the charger at low gas flow might be accomplished A possible but expensive option since the VTG charger now widely used in Diesel vehicles must deal with significantly higher exhaust gas temperatures in the gasoline engine about 1100 instead of the usual 850 for Diesel by resorting to special heat resistant but also particularly expensive alloys A lot of expensive heavy and space consuming techniques are necessary The bottom line probably too much Translated from original German Tibu 2014 With the displacement of bikes being one of the key factors in the CO2 emissions finding ways to raise or maintain the power output of the engines while lowering the cc figures seems like one solution Honda and possibly more manufacturers will have to consider very seriously in the upcoming years Gentili 2014 a b Hough amp Setright 1966 p 153 Walker 2006b p 33 Wilson 2002 p 50 Falloon 2011 pp 10 11 Cameron 2014a Lee 2010 Cycle World 1979 Holmstrom amp Everett 2004 a b c d Orleans 2014 New Zealand Herald 2014 Hindustan Times 2014 Crowe 2006 Slotnik 2013 Quinn 2004 Robinson 2007 p 126 Inman 2014 Visordown 2014 Mann 2014 Cathcart 2009 Clink 2012 Patil 2018 References editBooks edit Bennett Jim 1999 Mechanics and mechanisms The Complete Motorcycle Book A Consumer s Guide Second ed ISBN 0 8160 3854 6 Holmstrom Darwin Everett Charles 2004 The Motorcycling Community Complete Idiot s Guide to Motorcycles Third ed ISBN 1 59257 303 7 Rook Bill 2007 Supercharger and turbocharger How to Build a Harley Davidson Torque Monster MotorBooks International p 51 ISBN 9781610609692 Robinson Rocky 2007 Flat Out The Race for the Motorcycle Land Speed Record Motorbooks ISBN 9781610609296 Cameron Kevin 2008 Turbocharging supercharging and nitrous oxide eBook Sportbike Performance Handbook 2nd ed Motorbooks p 103 ISBN 9781616730710 Walker Mick 2006 Turbocharging Motorcycle Evolution Design Passion JHU Press p 166 ISBN 9780801885303 Lee Keith 2010 Drag Bike Racing in Britain From the Mid 60s to the Mid 80s Veloce p 90 ISBN 9781845843144 Walker Mick 2006b The Manx Norton Redline Books ISBN 9780954435790 Wilson Hugo 2002 Hot Bikes DK ADULT ISBN 978 0789483966 Falloon Ian 2011 The Book of the Classic MV Agusta Fours Veloce Publishing ISBN 9781845842031 Hough Richard Alexander Setright L J K 1966 A history of the world s motorcycles New York Harper amp Row LCCN 66018583Periodicals edit Race watch Teson Bernard Top Fuel XS11 Cycle World September 1979 p 85 Honda CX500 Turbo Cycle World January February 1981 p 26 The insurance blacklist Like a good neighbor State Farm is there American Motorcyclist January 1989 pp 24 27 Quinn James F December 26 2004 Motorcycle stops traffic starts conversations Ecomobiles offer bike riders the chance to tool around under glass with A C and entertainment center The Chicago Tribune Honda CX500TC Turbo American Motorcyclist June 1998 p 79 Crowe Paul June 2006 Turbo Egli Kawasaki The Kneeslider Cathcart Alan February 24 2009 Neander 1400 Turbo Diesel Motorcycle Test amp Review Motorcycle Cruiser Bonnier Group Siegal Margie May June 2009 1983 Honda CX650 Turbo Motorcycle Classics Clink October 19 2012 Guinness Book Wheelie Weekend World s Wildest Events Super Streetbike Bonnier Group Archived from the original on 2015 05 04 Smith Robert January 2013 1978 Kawasaki Z1R TC Turbo Power Motorcycle Classics Slotnik Daniel E July 17 2013 Bill Warner Who Set Speed Record on Motorcycle Dies at 44 The New York Times Retrieved 2013 07 22 d Orleans Paul January 12 2014 Absolute Speed Absolute Power Part 2 1930 1940 A Short History of the World Motorcycle Speed Records Part 2 1930 1940 The Vintagent Archived from the original on 2014 09 11 Retrieved 2014 09 04 Originally published in Cafe Racer magazine Speed special issue Aufladung beim Motorrad Kommt der Turbo wieder Motorcycle induction Is the turbo coming back Motorrad in German Motor Presse Stuttgart January 30 2014 Mann Michael May 9 2014 Guy Martin aims to break bike speed record at Pikes Peak International Hill Climb Bennetts Guy Martin wins class at Pikes Peak on turbocharged GSX R1100 Visordown June 30 2014 Cameron Kevin August 1 2014a Is motorcycle development stymied by FIM rules Cycle World Tibu Florin August 6 2014 Honda Rumored to Start Manufacturing Smaller Supercharged Motorcycle Engines Autoevolution BMW brings together past and present on the Isle of Man New Zealand Herald August 22 2014 Gentili Marco August 15 2014 Honda spezza il motore della VFR1200F e gli mette il turbo La Gazzetta dello Sport in Italian Newland Richard September 1 2014 Supercharged Ninja imminent Motorcycle News Bikes sold at auction 1939 BMW RS 255 Kompressor Hindustan Times September 11 2014 Archived from the original on 2014 09 10 Stock Kyle October 1 2014 Check out Kawasaki s totally illegal sportbike Bloomberg Businessweek Archived from the original on 2014 10 02 Inman Gary October 2014 Change in Pressure Cycle World Vol 53 no 10 p 68 Cameron Kevin November 4 2014b Kawasaki Ninja H2 Streetbike AKA THE DISRUPTOR CW EXCLUSIVE Cycle World Retrieved 2018 10 03 Kunitsugu Kent March 28 2018 Kawasaki s 2018 H2 SX SE Is The Most Powerful Sport Tourer You Can Buy Cycle World Retrieved 2020 07 31 Patil Sagar August 29 2018 Kawasaki Team 38 Set A New World Record For The Fastest Ninja H2 Top Speed Retrieved 2018 10 03 Kawasaki launch supercharged Z H2 hypernaked Bike Sport News October 23 2019 Retrieved 2020 01 13 Kawasaki Z H2 Ultimate Test Ride Competition victors revealed bike pricing confirmed Motorcycle News December 19 2019 Retrieved 2020 01 13 Further reading editHaile Joe 1997 Motorcycle Turbocharging Supercharging amp Nitrous Oxide A Complete Guide to Forced Induction and its use on Modern Motorcycle Engines Whitehorse ISBN 978 1884313073 Cameron Kevin 2013 Classic Motorcycle Race Engines Haynes ISBN 978 1844259946 Walker Mick 2013 Italian Racing Motorcycles M Y Books ISBN 9781783180066 Cameron Kevin November 22 2013 Redefining high performance Is supercharging the future for motorcycling Cycle World Florin Tibu September 4 2014 Hail the New Supercharged Era Autoevolution Abrahams Dave October 1 2014 Kawasaki s 220kW track day special IOL Archived from the original on 2016 03 06 Retrieved 2018 10 03 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Forced induction in motorcycles amp oldid 1180978739, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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