Tricholoma terreum, commonly known as the grey knight or dirty tricholoma, is a grey-capped mushroom of the large genus Tricholoma. It is found in coniferous woodlands in Europe, and has also been encountered under introduced pine trees in Australia and New Zealand. It is regarded as edible. A 2014 article speculated that it may be poisonous,[1] but Sitta et al. in 2016 published in the same journal a counter article demonstrating the unfounded nature of such speculation.[2]
The fungus was originally described as Agaricus terreus by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1762, and as Agaricus myomyces by mycologist Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1794. It was given its current binomial name by German Paul Kummer in 1871. It is commonly known as the grey knight[3] from its discoloured gills.[4]
Almost all modern sources consider Tricholoma myomyces to be a synonym of T. terreum,[5][6][7] but there are some exceptions.[8] Bon mentions that T. myomyces has been defined for lowland mushrooms with white gills and a fleecy cap and Courtecuisse separates it on the same basis.[9][10] Moser distinguished T. myomyces on the basis that the gills should go yellow.[11]
Descriptionedit
The cap is 4–7 centimetres (1+1⁄2–2+3⁄4 inches) wide and evenly covered in fine grey scales. Convex with a slight boss, it is broadly conical in shape. The whitish stipe is 3–8 centimetres (1+1⁄4–3+1⁄4 inches) high and 1.5 centimetres (1⁄2 inch) wide and has no ring. There is no ring or volva. The whitish flesh is thin, easily broken, and has a pleasant mild (not mealy) smell and taste. The widely spaced and uneven gills are free (unattached to the stipe). The spore print is white, the oval spores 6–7 μm long by 3.5–4.4 μm wide.[3][4]
It could be confused with the larger (and poisonous) T. pardinum has a mealy smell and cap scales; the edible T. orirubens has fine dark scales and pinkish gills.[12]
Distribution and habitatedit
Tricholoma terreum is found in Europe, where fruiting bodies appear under conifers, particularly pine and spruce, from late summer to late autumn.[3] They may also arise in parks near these trees, and grow in fairy rings.[4] They are generally in quite densely populated groups though not bunched. It has been recorded growing under exotic Pinus radiata plantations in Australia.[13][14]
Edibilityedit
With a mild taste, the species used to be regarded as a good edible. It is seen in markets in France, along with Clitocybe nebularis and Tricholoma portentosum.[4] However, some authorities recommend that inexperienced pickers avoid all grey tricholomas.[15] Recent chemical tests show that this species may contain toxins which can cause rhabdomyolysis.[1] However, from more recent investigations it has emerged that only an abnormal quantity of Tricholoma mushrooms may trigger the rhabdomyolysis and normal consumption of about 200g of mushroom is safe unless there is an individual reaction.[16]
^ abHeping Xia: Fatal toxins found in 'edible' wild mushrooms, in: Chemistry World, 16 June 2014
^Paolo Davoli, Marco Floriani, Francesca Assisi, Karl Kob, Nicola Sitta: Comment on “Chemical and Toxicological Investigations of a Previously Unknown Poisonous European Mushroom Tricholoma terreum ”, in: Chemistry Europe. First published: 10 March 2016, doi:10.1002/chem.201406655
^ abcdLamaison, Jean-Louis; Polese, Jean-Marie (2005). The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms. Könemann. p. 89. ISBN978-3-8331-1239-3.
^"Tricholoma terreum page". Species Fungorum. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 2017-03-22.
^"Tricholoma terreum (Schaeff.) P. Kumm., 1871 Synonyms". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. GBIF. Retrieved 2017-03-22.
^"Tricholoma terreum (Schaeff.) P. Kumm., 1871 Synonyms". Dyntaxa (in Swedish). Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Retrieved 2017-03-22.
^Bessette AE, Bessette AR, Trudell SA, Roody WC (2013). Tricholomas of North America: A Mushroom Field Guide. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 108.
^Marcel Bon (1987). The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-Western Europe. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 154. ISBN978-0-340-39935-4.
^Courtecuisse, R.; Duhem, B. (2013). Champignons de France et d'Europe (in French). Delachaux et Niestlé. p. 194. ISBN978-2-603-02038-8. Also available in English.
^Haas, Hans (1969). The Young Specialist looks at Fungi. Burke. p. 144. ISBN978-0-222-79409-3.
^Grey, Ed and Pat (2006). (PDF). Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne website- fungimap section. Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2008. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
^Keane, Philip J.; Kile GA; Podger FD (2000). Diseases and Pathogens of Eucalypts. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. p. 84. ISBN978-0-643-06523-9.
^Zeitlmayr, Linus (1976). Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook. Garden City Press, Hertfordshire. pp. 72–73. ISBN978-0-584-10324-3.
^Piotr Rzymski, Piotr Klimaszyk: Is the Yellow Knight Mushroom Edible or Not? A Systematic Review and Critical Viewpoints on the Toxicity of Tricholoma equestre, Wiley online library, first published: 25 July 2018, doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12374
April 13, 2024
tricholoma, terreum, commonly, known, grey, knight, dirty, tricholoma, grey, capped, mushroom, large, genus, tricholoma, found, coniferous, woodlands, europe, also, been, encountered, under, introduced, pine, trees, australia, zealand, regarded, edible, 2014, . Tricholoma terreum commonly known as the grey knight or dirty tricholoma is a grey capped mushroom of the large genus Tricholoma It is found in coniferous woodlands in Europe and has also been encountered under introduced pine trees in Australia and New Zealand It is regarded as edible A 2014 article speculated that it may be poisonous 1 but Sitta et al in 2016 published in the same journal a counter article demonstrating the unfounded nature of such speculation 2 Tricholoma terreumScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiDivision BasidiomycotaClass AgaricomycetesOrder AgaricalesFamily TricholomataceaeGenus TricholomaSpecies T terreumBinomial nameTricholoma terreum Schaeff P Kumm 1871 SynonymsAgaricus terreum Schaeff 1774 Tricholoma myomyces Pers J E Lange Tricholoma terreumMycological characteristicsGills on hymeniumCap is convex or flatHymenium is adnexedStipe is bareSpore print is white to creamEcology is mycorrhizalEdibility is edible Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Edibility 5 See also 6 ReferencesTaxonomy editThe fungus was originally described as Agaricus terreus by Jacob Christian Schaffer in 1762 and as Agaricus myomyces by mycologist Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1794 It was given its current binomial name by German Paul Kummer in 1871 It is commonly known as the grey knight 3 from its discoloured gills 4 Almost all modern sources consider Tricholoma myomyces to be a synonym of T terreum 5 6 7 but there are some exceptions 8 Bon mentions that T myomyces has been defined for lowland mushrooms with white gills and a fleecy cap and Courtecuisse separates it on the same basis 9 10 Moser distinguished T myomyces on the basis that the gills should go yellow 11 Description editThe cap is 4 7 centimetres 1 1 2 2 3 4 inches wide and evenly covered in fine grey scales Convex with a slight boss it is broadly conical in shape The whitish stipe is 3 8 centimetres 1 1 4 3 1 4 inches high and 1 5 centimetres 1 2 inch wide and has no ring There is no ring or volva The whitish flesh is thin easily broken and has a pleasant mild not mealy smell and taste The widely spaced and uneven gills are free unattached to the stipe The spore print is white the oval spores 6 7 mm long by 3 5 4 4 mm wide 3 4 It could be confused with the larger and poisonous T pardinum has a mealy smell and cap scales the edible T orirubens has fine dark scales and pinkish gills 12 Distribution and habitat editTricholoma terreum is found in Europe where fruiting bodies appear under conifers particularly pine and spruce from late summer to late autumn 3 They may also arise in parks near these trees and grow in fairy rings 4 They are generally in quite densely populated groups though not bunched It has been recorded growing under exotic Pinus radiata plantations in Australia 13 14 Edibility editWith a mild taste the species used to be regarded as a good edible It is seen in markets in France along with Clitocybe nebularis and Tricholoma portentosum 4 However some authorities recommend that inexperienced pickers avoid all grey tricholomas 15 Recent chemical tests show that this species may contain toxins which can cause rhabdomyolysis 1 However from more recent investigations it has emerged that only an abnormal quantity of Tricholoma mushrooms may trigger the rhabdomyolysis and normal consumption of about 200g of mushroom is safe unless there is an individual reaction 16 See also editList of North American Tricholoma List of Tricholoma speciesReferences edit a b Heping Xia Fatal toxins found in edible wild mushrooms in Chemistry World 16 June 2014 Paolo Davoli Marco Floriani Francesca Assisi Karl Kob Nicola Sitta Comment on Chemical and Toxicological Investigations of a Previously Unknown Poisonous European Mushroom Tricholoma terreum in Chemistry Europe First published 10 March 2016 doi 10 1002 chem 201406655 a b c Phillips Roger 2006 Mushrooms Pan MacMillan p 107 ISBN 978 0 330 44237 4 a b c d Lamaison Jean Louis Polese Jean Marie 2005 The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms Konemann p 89 ISBN 978 3 8331 1239 3 Tricholoma terreum page Species Fungorum Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Retrieved 2017 03 22 Tricholoma terreum Schaeff P Kumm 1871 Synonyms Global Biodiversity Information Facility GBIF Retrieved 2017 03 22 Tricholoma terreum Schaeff P Kumm 1871 Synonyms Dyntaxa in Swedish Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Retrieved 2017 03 22 Bessette AE Bessette AR Trudell SA Roody WC 2013 Tricholomas of North America A Mushroom Field Guide Austin Texas University of Texas Press p 108 Marcel Bon 1987 The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North Western Europe Hodder amp Stoughton p 154 ISBN 978 0 340 39935 4 Courtecuisse R Duhem B 2013 Champignons de France et d Europe in French Delachaux et Niestle p 194 ISBN 978 2 603 02038 8 Also available in English Meinhard Moser 1983 Keys to Agarics and Boleti Translated by Simon Plant London Roger Phillips pp 129 130 ISBN 978 0 9508486 0 0 Haas Hans 1969 The Young Specialist looks at Fungi Burke p 144 ISBN 978 0 222 79409 3 Grey Ed and Pat 2006 FNCV FUNGI GROUP FORAY LERDEGERG RIVER WALK JACK CANN RESERVE BLACKWOOD 2 July 2006 PDF Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne website fungimap section Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne Archived from the original PDF on August 29 2008 Retrieved 2009 02 21 Keane Philip J Kile GA Podger FD 2000 Diseases and Pathogens of Eucalypts Canberra CSIRO Publishing p 84 ISBN 978 0 643 06523 9 Zeitlmayr Linus 1976 Wild Mushrooms An Illustrated Handbook Garden City Press Hertfordshire pp 72 73 ISBN 978 0 584 10324 3 Piotr Rzymski Piotr Klimaszyk Is the Yellow Knight Mushroom Edible or Not A Systematic Review and Critical Viewpoints on the Toxicity of Tricholoma equestre Wiley online library first published 25 July 2018 doi 10 1111 1541 4337 12374 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tricholoma terreum amp oldid 1194668746, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
