The Treaty of Saint Petersburg (Japanese: 樺太・千島交換条約, romanized: Karafuto-Chishima Kōkan Jōyaku; Russian: Петербургский договор) between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire was signed on 7 May 1875, and its ratifications exchanged at Tokyo on 22 August 1875. The treaty itself went into effect in 1877.[1]
Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)
Treaty for the Exchange of Sakhalin for the Kurile Islands
Its terms stipulated that Japan cedes to Russia the part of Sakhalin island it then owned in exchange for the group of the Kuril Islands owned by Russia (between Iturup island and the Kamchatka Peninsula).[2][3][4] Consequently, Sakhalin island as a whole became Russian territory, and the entire Kuril archipelago Japanese territory.[5]
The authentic text of the treaty is written in French. Differences with its Japanese translation contributed to the controversy on what constitutes the Kuril islands, claims to which Japan renounced in 1951 by the Treaty of San Francisco. The Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) is part of an ongoing, and long-standing, territorial dispute between Russia and Japan over the jurisdiction of the Kuril Islands.
In 1811, Vasily Golovnin, a Russian explorer tasked by Tsar Alexander I with mapping the Kuril Islands, was captured by the Japanese. When Golovnin and his crew aboard the ship Diana approached Kunashir Island, they were taken ashore and imprisoned for violating Sakoku, or Japanese isolationist policies.[6] Golovnin and his crew were held prisoner for two years and were released in 1813. This event, known as the Golovnin Incident, demonstrated that the border between Russia and Japan was too vague for the Russian Empire, and that to avoid another episode such as Golovnin's, the border needed to be clearly defined.[7][page needed]
Treaty of Shimoda
The Treaty of Shimoda of 1855 had defined the border between Japan and Russia to be the strait between Iturup (Etorofu) and Urup (Uruppu) islands in the Kurile chain, but had left the status of Sakhalin (Karafuto) open. Without well-defined borders, incidents between Russian and Japanese settlers began to occur. In order to remedy this situation, the Japanese government sent an ambassador, Enomoto Takeaki, to Saint Petersburg to clearly define the border in this area. After a year of negotiations, Japan agreed to renounce its claims to Sakhalin, with compensation for Japanese residents, access by the fishing fleet to the Sea of Okhotsk, ten-years free use of Russian ports in the area and ownership of all of the Kuril Islands.[citation needed] The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs still cites this treaty as a reason to define the northern borders.[8]
Russo-Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island
A precursor to the Saint Petersburg Treaty was the Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island, following another incident where a Japanese official was arrested near Kusunai (now Ilyinskoye). This provisional treaty was signed on March 30, 1867, but had no effect as both sides could not agree on the stipulating terms.[citation needed]
The Treaty of Portsmouth ended the Russo-Japanese War on September 5, 1905. Its terms stipulated that Russia cede the southern half of Sakhalin to Japan at fifty degrees North latitude.[9] This treaty changed the border between Russian and Japanese territories as had been previously decided by the 1875 Treaty of Saint Petersburg.[citation needed]
Treaty of San Francisco
The San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on September 8, 1951, effectively ended the war between the Allies of World War II and Japan. This treaty was signed by 48 allied countries, excluding the Soviet Union.[citation needed] Article 2 Section C of the treaty stated that "Japan renounces all right, title and claim to the Kurile Islands, and to that portion of Sakhalin and the islands adjacent to it over which Japan acquired sovereignty as a consequence of the Treaty of Portsmouth of September 5, 1905."[10] This did not, however, give the Kuril Islands to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union refused to sign the Treaty of San Francisco for these reasons, with Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko stating the Soviet claim to the Kuril[e] islands and Sakhalin as being "indisputable."[11]
Soviet-Japanese Joint Declaration (1956)
Since the Soviet Union did not sign the Treaty of San Francisco, the war between Japan and the Soviet Union was not officially ended until the Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956. This declaration did not end the dispute over Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, as it set precedence for a peace treaty to be created in the future that would solve the issue of the Kuril Islands.[citation needed] The declaration stated that the Soviet Union would cede Shikotan Island and the Habomai Islands after the peace treaty was signed,[12] but such a treaty never happened.[citation needed]
^"Красносельских И.М. Административное право как способ влияния на профилактику преступлений". Административное и муниципальное право. 2 (2): 143–148. February 2016. doi:10.7256/1999-2807.2016.2.17637. ISSN 1999-2807.
^G. Patrick March (1996). Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN0-275-95566-4.
^Thierry Mormanne (1992). "Le problème des Kouriles: pour un retour à Saint-Pétersbourg", in: Cipango, N° 1, Paris, p.58-89. ISSN 1164-5857.
^Biriukov, Pavel (December 2014). "Development of the Kuril Islands by the Russian Empire". Bylye Gody. 34: 524–528 – via http://ejournal52.com. {{cite journal}}: External link in |via= (help)
^McCree, Harold; Rimer, J. Thomas (1996). "A Hidden Fire: Russian and Japanese Cultural Encounters 1868–1926". Pacific Affairs. 69 (1): 116. doi:10.2307/2760895. ISSN 0030-851X. JSTOR 2760895.
^Kimura, Hiroshi; Ealey, Mark (2008-03-28). The Kurillian Knot. Stanford University Press. doi:10.11126/stanford/9780804758352.001.0001. ISBN978-0-8047-5835-2.[page needed]
^Japan's Northern Territories (Pamphlet). Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Website.
^"The Treaty of Portsmouth: An Adventure in American Diplomacy". The SHAFR Guide Online. doi:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim080110139. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
^"San Francisco Peace Treaty". Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Website.
^"Text of Gromyko's Statement on the Peace Treaty". Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Website.
^"Joint Declaration of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and Japan. Signed at Moscow, on 19 October 1956" (PDF). United Nations Treaty Series. 263: 99–117. 1957.
February 07, 2023
treaty, saint, petersburg, 1875, other, uses, treaty, saint, petersburg, disambiguation, treaty, saint, petersburg, japanese, 樺太, 千島交換条約, romanized, karafuto, chishima, kōkan, jōyaku, russian, Петербургский, договор, between, empire, japan, russian, empire, si. For other uses see Treaty of Saint Petersburg disambiguation The Treaty of Saint Petersburg Japanese 樺太 千島交換条約 romanized Karafuto Chishima Kōkan Jōyaku Russian Peterburgskij dogovor between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire was signed on 7 May 1875 and its ratifications exchanged at Tokyo on 22 August 1875 The treaty itself went into effect in 1877 1 Treaty of Saint Petersburg 1875 Treaty for the Exchange of Sakhalin for the Kurile IslandsSigned25 April 7 May 1875LocationSaint Petersburg RussiaSignatoriesAlexander Gorchakov Takeaki EnomotoParties Russia JapanLanguageFrenchBorder changes in the Kurils Its terms stipulated that Japan cedes to Russia the part of Sakhalin island it then owned in exchange for the group of the Kuril Islands owned by Russia between Iturup island and the Kamchatka Peninsula 2 3 4 Consequently Sakhalin island as a whole became Russian territory and the entire Kuril archipelago Japanese territory 5 The authentic text of the treaty is written in French Differences with its Japanese translation contributed to the controversy on what constitutes the Kuril islands claims to which Japan renounced in 1951 by the Treaty of San Francisco The Treaty of Saint Petersburg 1875 is part of an ongoing and long standing territorial dispute between Russia and Japan over the jurisdiction of the Kuril Islands Contents 1 Background 1 1 Golovnin Incident 1 2 Treaty of Shimoda 1 3 Russo Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island 2 Effects Post 1875 2 1 Treaty of Portsmouth 2 2 Treaty of San Francisco 2 3 Soviet Japanese Joint Declaration 1956 3 See also 4 ReferencesBackground EditGolovnin Incident Edit In 1811 Vasily Golovnin a Russian explorer tasked by Tsar Alexander I with mapping the Kuril Islands was captured by the Japanese When Golovnin and his crew aboard the ship Diana approached Kunashir Island they were taken ashore and imprisoned for violating Sakoku or Japanese isolationist policies 6 Golovnin and his crew were held prisoner for two years and were released in 1813 This event known as the Golovnin Incident demonstrated that the border between Russia and Japan was too vague for the Russian Empire and that to avoid another episode such as Golovnin s the border needed to be clearly defined 7 page needed Treaty of Shimoda Edit The Treaty of Shimoda of 1855 had defined the border between Japan and Russia to be the strait between Iturup Etorofu and Urup Uruppu islands in the Kurile chain but had left the status of Sakhalin Karafuto open Without well defined borders incidents between Russian and Japanese settlers began to occur In order to remedy this situation the Japanese government sent an ambassador Enomoto Takeaki to Saint Petersburg to clearly define the border in this area After a year of negotiations Japan agreed to renounce its claims to Sakhalin with compensation for Japanese residents access by the fishing fleet to the Sea of Okhotsk ten years free use of Russian ports in the area and ownership of all of the Kuril Islands citation needed The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs still cites this treaty as a reason to define the northern borders 8 Russo Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island Edit A precursor to the Saint Petersburg Treaty was the Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island following another incident where a Japanese official was arrested near Kusunai now Ilyinskoye This provisional treaty was signed on March 30 1867 but had no effect as both sides could not agree on the stipulating terms citation needed Effects Post 1875 EditThis section possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed May 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Treaty of Portsmouth Edit The Treaty of Portsmouth ended the Russo Japanese War on September 5 1905 Its terms stipulated that Russia cede the southern half of Sakhalin to Japan at fifty degrees North latitude 9 This treaty changed the border between Russian and Japanese territories as had been previously decided by the 1875 Treaty of Saint Petersburg citation needed Treaty of San Francisco Edit The San Francisco Peace Treaty signed on September 8 1951 effectively ended the war between the Allies of World War II and Japan This treaty was signed by 48 allied countries excluding the Soviet Union citation needed Article 2 Section C of the treaty stated that Japan renounces all right title and claim to the Kurile Islands and to that portion of Sakhalin and the islands adjacent to it over which Japan acquired sovereignty as a consequence of the Treaty of Portsmouth of September 5 1905 10 This did not however give the Kuril Islands to the Soviet Union The Soviet Union refused to sign the Treaty of San Francisco for these reasons with Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko stating the Soviet claim to the Kuril e islands and Sakhalin as being indisputable 11 Soviet Japanese Joint Declaration 1956 Edit Since the Soviet Union did not sign the Treaty of San Francisco the war between Japan and the Soviet Union was not officially ended until the Soviet Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 This declaration did not end the dispute over Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands as it set precedence for a peace treaty to be created in the future that would solve the issue of the Kuril Islands citation needed The declaration stated that the Soviet Union would cede Shikotan Island and the Habomai Islands after the peace treaty was signed 12 but such a treaty never happened citation needed See also EditKuril Islands dispute Treaty of San FranciscoReferences Edit Krasnoselskih I M Administrativnoe pravo kak sposob vliyaniya na profilaktiku prestuplenij Administrativnoe i municipalnoe pravo 2 2 143 148 February 2016 doi 10 7256 1999 2807 2016 2 17637 ISSN 1999 2807 G Patrick March 1996 Eastern Destiny Russia in Asia and the North Pacific Praeger Greenwood ISBN 0 275 95566 4 Tim Chapman 2001 Imperial Russia 1801 1905 Routledge UK ISBN 0 415 23109 4 Thierry Mormanne 1992 Le probleme des Kouriles pour un retour a Saint Petersbourg in Cipango N 1 Paris p 58 89 ISSN 1164 5857 Biriukov Pavel December 2014 Development of the Kuril Islands by the Russian Empire Bylye Gody 34 524 528 via http ejournal52 com a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a External link in code class cs1 code via code help McCree Harold Rimer J Thomas 1996 A Hidden Fire Russian and Japanese Cultural Encounters 1868 1926 Pacific Affairs 69 1 116 doi 10 2307 2760895 ISSN 0030 851X JSTOR 2760895 Kimura Hiroshi Ealey Mark 2008 03 28 The Kurillian Knot Stanford University Press doi 10 11126 stanford 9780804758352 001 0001 ISBN 978 0 8047 5835 2 page needed Japan s Northern Territories Pamphlet Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Website The Treaty of Portsmouth An Adventure in American Diplomacy The SHAFR Guide Online doi 10 1163 2468 1733 shafr sim080110139 Retrieved 2020 04 28 San Francisco Peace Treaty Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Website Text of Gromyko s Statement on the Peace Treaty Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Website Joint Declaration of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and Japan Signed at Moscow on 19 October 1956 PDF United Nations Treaty Series 263 99 117 1957 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Treaty of Saint Petersburg 1875 amp oldid 1086401157, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
