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Treaty of Potsdam (1805)

January 06, 2023

The Treaty of Potsdam (also known as the Potsdam Agreement) was a treaty signed during the War of the Third Coalition on 3 November 1805 between Alexander I of the Russian Empire and Frederick William III of Prussia. It required Prussia to mediate negotiations between Napoleon's French Empire and Russia, and if the negotiations failed, join the Third Coalition.

Treaty of Potsdam
Signed3 November 1805
LocationPotsdam
Signatories
Parties

Background

Main articles: War of the Third Coalition and French Revolutionary Wars

Europe was embroiled in the French Revolutionary Wars from 1791 to 1802.[1] After five years of war, the First French Republic subdued the armies of the First Coalition in 1797.[2] The Second Coalition was formed in 1798, but it too was defeated by 1802,[3] when Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens on 25 March 1802.[4] The peace was to be short lived, with Britain declaring war on France on 18 May 1803 and starting the War of the Third Coalition.[5] After two years of war, other European nations decided to join the war on the side of the British.[6]

Napoleon subsequently took over Genoa, Piedmont, Naples and Elba, converted the Cisalpine Republic into the Italian Republic, crowned himself emperor in imitation of Charlemagne and reduced the size of the Holy Roman Empire in violation of the Treaty of Amiens. That led the Austrian Empire, together with the incentive of British gold, to consider joining the war.[6] Though Russia and Britain initially disagreed, the execution of Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien, angered Alexander I of Russia. After an agreement between the two countries, where the British offered to pay 1,250,000 pounds a year for every 100,000 troops Russia put up, they agreed to join the fighting on 11 April 1805. Austria joined on 9 August 1805.[7][8][9] The Kingdom of Sweden entered into an offensive and defensive alliance with Britain on 31 August and the Kingdom of Naples joined the coalition through a treaty agreed with Russia in September.[10][11][12]

During this time Prussia remained neutral through the work of Frenchman Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, who transferred control of Hanover to Prussia.[9] The country had also signed the Peace of Basel in 1795, agreeing to remain neutral.[13] Napoleon soon became confident Prussia would remain neutral.[14] Throughout the war, the country aimed to appease both Napoleon and Alexander I, but favored Russia. In an agreement signed in Saint Petersburg in May 1804, Prussia entered into a secret alliance with Russia.[15]

Treaty and aftermath

The Treaty of Potsdam was signed on 3 November 1805 between Alexander I of the Russian Empire and Frederick William III of Prussia.[16][17] In front of Queen Luise, the treaty was signed near the tombs of Frederick II and Frederick William I at the Garrison Church in Potsdam.[18][16] In the treaty, Prussia agreed to mediate negotiations between the French Empire and Russia in exchange for British subsidies. If the attempt at mediation failed, Prussia agreed to raise an 80,000-man army and join the war on the side of the Third Coalition. The treaty was ratified on 15 November.[16][19]

Historian Michael Broers argues that Fredrick William was reluctant to join the coalition, as was relatively pro-French Christian von Haugwitz, the foreign minister of Prussia. Alexander I was supported by statesman Karl August von Hardenberg.[14] In the weeks after the signing of the treaty, the Prussian capital saw rising anti-French sentiment, let by Hardenberg.[20] To begin negotiations, Prussia sent Haugwitz to Napoleon's headquarters in Austria.[15] After his departure, anti-French feelings rose further.[20] While Haugwitz was travelling, Napoleon decisively won the Battle of Austerlitz against Austria and Russia on 2 December 1805, effectively ending the war,[15] and 'destroying' the treaty.[20] The treaty was superseded by the Treaty of Schönbrunn signed between Prussia and France on 15 December.[21] After Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine, Prussia declared war on the French Empire in October 1806, starting the War of the Fourth Coalition.[22]

Historian Andrew Roberts wrote that "rarely has a treaty ... been more swiftly overtaken by events."[17]

References

  1. ^ French Revolutionary Wars: 1791 - 1802. Oxford Reference. ISBN 9780191737817. Retrieved 2019-08-18.
  2. ^ Fremont-Barnes 2013, p. 25.
  3. ^ "Archduke Charles Austrian field marshal". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-08-18.
  4. ^ Philp 2016, p. 194.
  5. ^ "Napoleonic Wars, 1803 -1815". Australian War Museum. Retrieved 2019-08-18.
  6. ^ a b McLynn 1997, p. 335.
  7. ^ Esdaile 2014, p. 25.
  8. ^ Esdaile 2009, pp. 192–193.
  9. ^ a b McLynn 1997, p. 336.
  10. ^ McLynn 1997, p. 337.
  11. ^ Knight 1814, p. 578.
  12. ^ Scott 2014, p. 315.
  13. ^ Dawson 2011, p. 56.
  14. ^ a b Broers 2018, p. 725.
  15. ^ a b c Dwyer 2014, p. 249.
  16. ^ a b c Osmańczyk 2003, p. 1829.
  17. ^ a b Roberts 2014, p. 394.
  18. ^ Koch 2014, p. 231.
  19. ^ Pares 1965, p. 301.
  20. ^ a b c Simms 2002, p. 222.
  21. ^ Roberts 2014, p. 409.
  22. ^ Dawson 2011, p. 57.

Bibliography

  • Broers, Michael (2018-04-03). Napoleon: The Spirit of the Age: 1805–1810. Pegasus Books. ISBN 9781681777252.
  • Esdaile, Charles (2009). Napoleon's Wars: An International History. Penguin. ISBN 9781101464373.
  • Esdaile, Charles J. (2014). The Wars of Napoleon. Routledge. ISBN 9781317899181. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  • Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003). Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415939218.
  • Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2013). The French Revolutionary Wars. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 9781135977412.
  • Knight, Charles (1814). 1760–1814. Bradbury, Evans. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  • Koch, H. W. (2014). A History of Prussia. Routledge. ISBN 9781317873075. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  • McLynn, Frank (1997). Napoleon: A Biography. New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 1-55970-631-7.
  • Dawson, Jerry F. (2011). Friedrich Schleiermacher: The Evolution of a Nationalist. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292740730.
  • Dwyer, Philip G. (2014). The Rise of Prussia 1700–1830. Routledge. ISBN 9781317887034.
  • Pares, Sir Bernard (1965). A History of Russia. Vintage Books. ISBN 9780880296656.
  • Philp, Mark (2016). Resisting Napoleon: The British Response to the Threat of Invasion, 1797–1815. Routledge. ISBN 9781351903851.
  • Roberts, Andrew (2014). Napoleon: A Life. Penguin. ISBN 9780698176287.
  • Scott, Hamish (2014). The Birth of a Great Power System, 1740–1815. Routledge. ISBN 9781317893547. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  • Simms, Brendan (2002-06-27). The Impact of Napoleon: Prussian High Politics, Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Executive, 1797–1806. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521893855.

Further reading

  • Kagan, Frederick (2006-07-10). The End of the Old Order: Napoleon and Europe, 1801-1805. Da Capo Press. ISBN 9780306811371.
  • Martens, Fedor Fedorovich. Recueil des traités et conventions conclus par la Russie avec les puissances étrangères. St. Petersburg: Imperial Ministry of Transport (by order of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Retrieved 23 August 2019. (full copy of the text of the treaty in French and Russian on pages 480–490)
  • Metternich, Clemens Wenzel Lothar (1881). Memoirs, 1773–1835. Harper.

January 06, 2023
treaty, potsdam, 1805, treaty, potsdam, also, known, potsdam, agreement, treaty, signed, during, third, coalition, november, 1805, between, alexander, russian, empire, frederick, william, prussia, required, prussia, mediate, negotiations, between, napoleon, fr. The Treaty of Potsdam also known as the Potsdam Agreement was a treaty signed during the War of the Third Coalition on 3 November 1805 between Alexander I of the Russian Empire and Frederick William III of Prussia It required Prussia to mediate negotiations between Napoleon s French Empire and Russia and if the negotiations failed join the Third Coalition Treaty of PotsdamSigned3 November 1805LocationPotsdamSignatoriesAlexander I Frederick William IIIPartiesRussian Empire Prussia Contents 1 Background 2 Treaty and aftermath 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 Further readingBackground EditMain articles War of the Third Coalition and French Revolutionary Wars Europe was embroiled in the French Revolutionary Wars from 1791 to 1802 1 After five years of war the First French Republic subdued the armies of the First Coalition in 1797 2 The Second Coalition was formed in 1798 but it too was defeated by 1802 3 when Britain and France signed the Treaty of Amiens on 25 March 1802 4 The peace was to be short lived with Britain declaring war on France on 18 May 1803 and starting the War of the Third Coalition 5 After two years of war other European nations decided to join the war on the side of the British 6 Napoleon subsequently took over Genoa Piedmont Naples and Elba converted the Cisalpine Republic into the Italian Republic crowned himself emperor in imitation of Charlemagne and reduced the size of the Holy Roman Empire in violation of the Treaty of Amiens That led the Austrian Empire together with the incentive of British gold to consider joining the war 6 Though Russia and Britain initially disagreed the execution of Louis Antoine Duke of Enghien angered Alexander I of Russia After an agreement between the two countries where the British offered to pay 1 250 000 pounds a year for every 100 000 troops Russia put up they agreed to join the fighting on 11 April 1805 Austria joined on 9 August 1805 7 8 9 The Kingdom of Sweden entered into an offensive and defensive alliance with Britain on 31 August and the Kingdom of Naples joined the coalition through a treaty agreed with Russia in September 10 11 12 During this time Prussia remained neutral through the work of Frenchman Charles Maurice de Talleyrand Perigord who transferred control of Hanover to Prussia 9 The country had also signed the Peace of Basel in 1795 agreeing to remain neutral 13 Napoleon soon became confident Prussia would remain neutral 14 Throughout the war the country aimed to appease both Napoleon and Alexander I but favored Russia In an agreement signed in Saint Petersburg in May 1804 Prussia entered into a secret alliance with Russia 15 Treaty and aftermath EditThe Treaty of Potsdam was signed on 3 November 1805 between Alexander I of the Russian Empire and Frederick William III of Prussia 16 17 In front of Queen Luise the treaty was signed near the tombs of Frederick II and Frederick William I at the Garrison Church in Potsdam 18 16 In the treaty Prussia agreed to mediate negotiations between the French Empire and Russia in exchange for British subsidies If the attempt at mediation failed Prussia agreed to raise an 80 000 man army and join the war on the side of the Third Coalition The treaty was ratified on 15 November 16 19 Historian Michael Broers argues that Fredrick William was reluctant to join the coalition as was relatively pro French Christian von Haugwitz the foreign minister of Prussia Alexander I was supported by statesman Karl August von Hardenberg 14 In the weeks after the signing of the treaty the Prussian capital saw rising anti French sentiment let by Hardenberg 20 To begin negotiations Prussia sent Haugwitz to Napoleon s headquarters in Austria 15 After his departure anti French feelings rose further 20 While Haugwitz was travelling Napoleon decisively won the Battle of Austerlitz against Austria and Russia on 2 December 1805 effectively ending the war 15 and destroying the treaty 20 The treaty was superseded by the Treaty of Schonbrunn signed between Prussia and France on 15 December 21 After Napoleon created the Confederation of the Rhine Prussia declared war on the French Empire in October 1806 starting the War of the Fourth Coalition 22 Historian Andrew Roberts wrote that rarely has a treaty been more swiftly overtaken by events 17 References Edit French Revolutionary Wars 1791 1802 Oxford Reference ISBN 9780191737817 Retrieved 2019 08 18 Fremont Barnes 2013 p 25 Archduke Charles Austrian field marshal Encyclopedia Britannica Retrieved 2019 08 18 Philp 2016 p 194 Napoleonic Wars 1803 1815 Australian War Museum Retrieved 2019 08 18 a b McLynn 1997 p 335 Esdaile 2014 p 25 Esdaile 2009 pp 192 193 a b McLynn 1997 p 336 McLynn 1997 p 337 Knight 1814 p 578 Scott 2014 p 315 Dawson 2011 p 56 a b Broers 2018 p 725 a b c Dwyer 2014 p 249 a b c Osmanczyk 2003 p 1829 a b Roberts 2014 p 394 Koch 2014 p 231 Pares 1965 p 301 a b c Simms 2002 p 222 Roberts 2014 p 409 Dawson 2011 p 57 Bibliography EditBroers Michael 2018 04 03 Napoleon The Spirit of the Age 1805 1810 Pegasus Books ISBN 9781681777252 Esdaile Charles 2009 Napoleon s Wars An International History Penguin ISBN 9781101464373 Esdaile Charles J 2014 The Wars of Napoleon Routledge ISBN 9781317899181 Retrieved 19 August 2019 Osmanczyk Edmund Jan 2003 Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements A to F Taylor amp Francis ISBN 9780415939218 Fremont Barnes Gregory 2013 The French Revolutionary Wars Routledge p 25 ISBN 9781135977412 Knight Charles 1814 1760 1814 Bradbury Evans Retrieved 19 August 2019 Koch H W 2014 A History of Prussia Routledge ISBN 9781317873075 Retrieved 23 August 2019 McLynn Frank 1997 Napoleon A Biography New York Arcade Publishing ISBN 1 55970 631 7 Dawson Jerry F 2011 Friedrich Schleiermacher The Evolution of a Nationalist University of Texas Press ISBN 9780292740730 Dwyer Philip G 2014 The Rise of Prussia 1700 1830 Routledge ISBN 9781317887034 Pares Sir Bernard 1965 A History of Russia Vintage Books ISBN 9780880296656 Philp Mark 2016 Resisting Napoleon The British Response to the Threat of Invasion 1797 1815 Routledge ISBN 9781351903851 Roberts Andrew 2014 Napoleon A Life Penguin ISBN 9780698176287 Scott Hamish 2014 The Birth of a Great Power System 1740 1815 Routledge ISBN 9781317893547 Retrieved 19 August 2019 Simms Brendan 2002 06 27 The Impact of Napoleon Prussian High Politics Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Executive 1797 1806 Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521893855 Further reading EditKagan Frederick 2006 07 10 The End of the Old Order Napoleon and Europe 1801 1805 Da Capo Press ISBN 9780306811371 Martens Fedor Fedorovich Recueil des traites et conventions conclus par la Russie avec les puissances etrangeres St Petersburg Imperial Ministry of Transport by order of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Retrieved 23 August 2019 full copy of the text of the treaty in French and Russian on pages 480 490 Metternich Clemens Wenzel Lothar 1881 Memoirs 1773 1835 Harper Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Treaty of Potsdam 1805 amp oldid 1129920770, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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