Cover of a print-copy. The double date (12/22 May) is due to different calendars used then: 12 May is in the Julian calendar (used by the Protestant parties at the time), and 22 May is in the Gregorian calendar (used by the Catholic parties at the time).
Wallenstein and Tilly subsequently gained central and northern Germany, joined their forces during the summer of 1627, invaded Danish Holstein in September, and advanced through the Jutland peninsula[4] as far as Limfjord.[2] While Christian IV's control of the western Baltic Sea and the Danish isles was unchallenged,[5][6][7] Wallenstein was given the Duchy of Mecklenburgvis-a-vis Denmark in January 1628, and was preparing to construct a navy of his own at the occupied ports of Ålborg, Wismar, Rostock and Greifswald starting in late 1627.[7]
Christian responded with an amphibious campaign in 1628, using his fleet to make landfalls along the occupied coastlines, and destroying the naval facilities in Ålborg, Wismar, and Greifswald.[7] Wallenstein, who had nevertheless managed to build thirteen vessels in Wismar under Philipp von Mansfeld, was unable to use them, because Swedish ships were blockading that port.[8] Christian concluded an alliance with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in April,[9] and both supported Stralsund in her successful resistance against Wallenstein.[8][10] In August, an attempt to secure another bridgehead on the southern Baltic shore failed with Christian's defeat in the Battle of Wolgast.[9] After this battle, the final one in the Kejserkrigen, Christian was ready to negotiate[9]—and so was Wallenstein, whom the Scandinavian alliance seriously threatened.[6][9]
NegotiationsEdit
In September 1627, Tilly and Wallenstein had drafted a peace proposal for the Catholic League and the Holy Roman Emperor.[9] The proposal had Christian:
buy out his provinces of Holstein, Schleswig and Jutland from the imperial occupation forces for two million Reichstaler each,[9]
cede either Glückstadt or Holstein to Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.[9]
While the Danish rigsraadet accepted the proposal as a basis for negotiations, this was rejected by Christian.[9] While the Catholic League pressed the emperor to continue the war, and Christian was urged likewise by England and the Netherlands, both sent their emissaries to Lübeck for negotiations in January 1629.[9] The emperor had Wallenstein negotiate for him, and Christian had sent entrusted delegates whom he had selected bypassing his rigsraadet.[9] Initially, both sides proposed diametrical peace terms:
Conditions for a peace proposed in January 1629[9]
Wallenstein's terms
Danish delegates' terms
Christian is to
compensate the emperor for his expenses in the Kejserkrigen,
cede Jutland and his duchies in the empire,
not interfere with the empire ever again.
Ferdinand II is to
restore to Christian all occupied provinces,
compensate the states of the Lower Saxon Circle for their losses during the occupation,
issue guarantees to the Lower Saxon states concerning their religious and political freedom.
Christian IV's position was somewhat strengthened by his military successes in 1628, but more so by Wallenstein's fear of a Danish-Swedish alliance.[6][9] Bagging that fear, Christian personally met with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in February 1629, at Ulvsbäck.[9][11] Gustavus Adolphus proposed a joint invasion of the empire, either from Stralsund or from Glückstadt, yet under the premise that overall command was with him, and that the invasion force would consist of more Swedish than Danish forces.[12] Christian refused.[12]
Both Christian and Wallenstein were aware that neither of them would be able to get all their demands through, thus they resorted to secret negotiations in Güstrow, Mecklenburg.[5]
TreatyEdit
The treaty was concluded by Wallenstein and Christian on 22 May 1629,[13] and ratified by Ferdinand on 7 June.[14] The Catholic League was formally added as a party.[14] The treaty restored to Christian his pre-war possessions, and obliged him to cede his claims to Lower Saxon bishoprics, to discontinue his alliances with the North German states, and to not interfere with further imperial affairs in the future.[5][13][15][16]
The treaty marked a turning point in Denmark–Norway's status, subsequently reduced from that of a major European power to a politically insignificant state.[17] The new Nordic power would be Sweden,[6] who was to turn the tide of the Thirty Years' War after its forces landed in Pomerania in 1630, and, starting with the Torstenson War, subsequently deprived Denmark of her trans-Kattegat provinces.
The treaty further divided Christian and the Rigsraadet, for Christian argued that if the latter had been in charge, it would have accepted the initial imperial territorial and financial demands.[17]
Ferdinand had hoped for more favourable terms, and was surprised and disappointed of what Wallenstein had negotiated.[18] While he had arranged for imposing his war costs on Christian, this was no longer an option.[18]
Deprived of Danish-Norwegian protection, the North German states faced the Edict of Restitution, issued by Ferdinand already during the negotiations.[15] It aimed at a re-Catholization of northern Germany, and the restitution of former ecclesial possessions that had been secularized during the Protestant Reformation.[15]
Albrecht, Dieter (1998). Maximilian I. von Bayern 1573–1651 (in German). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN3-486-56334-3.
Fuhrmann, Kai (2002). Die Ritterschaft als politische Korporation in den Herzogtümern Schleswig und Holstein von 1460 bis 1721 (in German). Kiel: Verlag Ludwig. ISBN3-933598-39-7.
Heckel, Martin (1983). Deutschland im konfessionellen Zeitalter (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN3-525-33483-4.
Lockhart, Paul Douglas (2007). Denmark, 1513-1660: the rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-927121-4. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
Oakley, Stewart P. (1992). War and peace in the Baltic, 1560-1790. Routledge. ISBN0-415-02472-2. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
Kohler, Alfred (1990). Das Reich im Kampf um die Hegemonie in Europa 1521-1648 (in German). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN3-486-55461-1.
Press, Volker (1991). Kriege und Krisen: Deutschland 1600-1715 (in German). C.H.Beck. ISBN3-406-30817-1.
Schormann, Gerhard (1985). Der Dreissigjährige Krieg (in German) (2 ed.). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN3-525-33506-7.
External linksEdit
German Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Friede von Lübeck
MacroHistory: The Thirty Years' War
October 20, 2023
treaty, lübeck, treaty, peace, lübeck, danish, freden, lübeck, german, lübecker, frieden, ended, danish, intervention, thirty, years, saxon, emperor, kejserkrigen, signed, lübeck, 1629, albrecht, wallenstein, christian, denmark, june, ferdinand, holy, roman, e. The Treaty or Peace of Lubeck Danish Freden i Lubeck German Lubecker Frieden ended the Danish intervention in the Thirty Years War Low Saxon or Emperor s War Kejserkrigen It was signed in Lubeck on 22 May 1629 by Albrecht von Wallenstein and Christian IV of Denmark and on 7 June by Ferdinand II Holy Roman Emperor The Catholic League was formally included as a party It restored to Denmark Norway its pre war territory at the cost of final disengagement from imperial affairs Treaty of LubeckCover of a print copy The double date 12 22 May is due to different calendars used then 12 May is in the Julian calendar used by the Protestant parties at the time and 22 May is in the Gregorian calendar used by the Catholic parties at the time TypePeace treatyContextThirty Years WarSigned22 May and 7 June 1629LocationLubeckSignatoriesAlbrecht von WallensteinChristian IV of DenmarkFerdinand II Holy Roman EmperorParties Denmark Norway Holy Roman EmpireLanguageGerman Contents 1 Background 2 Negotiations 3 Treaty 4 Consequences 5 See also 6 Sources 6 1 References 6 2 Bibliography 7 External linksBackground EditThe treaty of Lubeck ended a stage of the Thirty Years War referred to as the Lower Saxon or Emperor s War Danish Kejserkrigen 1 which had begun in 1625 2 Initial success was with the Danish armies commanded by Christian IV of Denmark and Ernst von Mansfeld Then in 1626 their opponents a Catholic League army commanded by Johann Tserclaes Count of Tilly and an army of Ferdinand II Holy Roman Emperor commanded by Albrecht von Wallenstein turned the tide in the battles of Dessau Bridge and Lutter am Barenberge 3 Mansfeld moved his army toward Silesia and Hungary but that campaign failed in 1627 and Mansfeld deserted and later died of plague 4 Wallenstein and Tilly subsequently gained central and northern Germany joined their forces during the summer of 1627 invaded Danish Holstein in September and advanced through the Jutland peninsula 4 as far as Limfjord 2 While Christian IV s control of the western Baltic Sea and the Danish isles was unchallenged 5 6 7 Wallenstein was given the Duchy of Mecklenburg vis a vis Denmark in January 1628 and was preparing to construct a navy of his own at the occupied ports of Alborg Wismar Rostock and Greifswald starting in late 1627 7 Christian responded with an amphibious campaign in 1628 using his fleet to make landfalls along the occupied coastlines and destroying the naval facilities in Alborg Wismar and Greifswald 7 Wallenstein who had nevertheless managed to build thirteen vessels in Wismar under Philipp von Mansfeld was unable to use them because Swedish ships were blockading that port 8 Christian concluded an alliance with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in April 9 and both supported Stralsund in her successful resistance against Wallenstein 8 10 In August an attempt to secure another bridgehead on the southern Baltic shore failed with Christian s defeat in the Battle of Wolgast 9 After this battle the final one in the Kejserkrigen Christian was ready to negotiate 9 and so was Wallenstein whom the Scandinavian alliance seriously threatened 6 9 Negotiations EditIn September 1627 Tilly and Wallenstein had drafted a peace proposal for the Catholic League and the Holy Roman Emperor 9 The proposal had Christian surrender all imperial offices 9 surrender his bishoprics in the Lower Saxon Circle 9 buy out his provinces of Holstein Schleswig and Jutland from the imperial occupation forces for two million Reichstaler each 9 cede either Gluckstadt or Holstein to Ferdinand II Holy Roman Emperor 9 While the Danish rigsraadet accepted the proposal as a basis for negotiations this was rejected by Christian 9 While the Catholic League pressed the emperor to continue the war and Christian was urged likewise by England and the Netherlands both sent their emissaries to Lubeck for negotiations in January 1629 9 The emperor had Wallenstein negotiate for him and Christian had sent entrusted delegates whom he had selected bypassing his rigsraadet 9 Initially both sides proposed diametrical peace terms Conditions for a peace proposed in January 1629 9 Wallenstein s terms Danish delegates termsChristian is to compensate the emperor for his expenses in the Kejserkrigen cede Jutland and his duchies in the empire not interfere with the empire ever again Ferdinand II is to restore to Christian all occupied provinces compensate the states of the Lower Saxon Circle for their losses during the occupation issue guarantees to the Lower Saxon states concerning their religious and political freedom Christian IV s position was somewhat strengthened by his military successes in 1628 but more so by Wallenstein s fear of a Danish Swedish alliance 6 9 Bagging that fear Christian personally met with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in February 1629 at Ulvsback 9 11 Gustavus Adolphus proposed a joint invasion of the empire either from Stralsund or from Gluckstadt yet under the premise that overall command was with him and that the invasion force would consist of more Swedish than Danish forces 12 Christian refused 12 Both Christian and Wallenstein were aware that neither of them would be able to get all their demands through thus they resorted to secret negotiations in Gustrow Mecklenburg 5 Treaty EditThe treaty was concluded by Wallenstein and Christian on 22 May 1629 13 and ratified by Ferdinand on 7 June 14 The Catholic League was formally added as a party 14 The treaty restored to Christian his pre war possessions and obliged him to cede his claims to Lower Saxon bishoprics to discontinue his alliances with the North German states and to not interfere with further imperial affairs in the future 5 13 15 16 Tilly had not succeeded in implementing a compensation of the imperial war costs on Christian 14 Also not included in the treaty s text was that Christian stop supporting Frederick V Elector Palatine as demanded by Maximilian I Elector of Bavaria 14 Consequences EditThe treaty marked a turning point in Denmark Norway s status subsequently reduced from that of a major European power to a politically insignificant state 17 The new Nordic power would be Sweden 6 who was to turn the tide of the Thirty Years War after its forces landed in Pomerania in 1630 and starting with the Torstenson War subsequently deprived Denmark of her trans Kattegat provinces The treaty further divided Christian and the Rigsraadet for Christian argued that if the latter had been in charge it would have accepted the initial imperial territorial and financial demands 17 Ferdinand had hoped for more favourable terms and was surprised and disappointed of what Wallenstein had negotiated 18 While he had arranged for imposing his war costs on Christian this was no longer an option 18 Deprived of Danish Norwegian protection the North German states faced the Edict of Restitution issued by Ferdinand already during the negotiations 15 It aimed at a re Catholization of northern Germany and the restitution of former ecclesial possessions that had been secularized during the Protestant Reformation 15 See also EditHistory of Denmark History of Norway List of treatiesSources EditReferences Edit Lockhart 2007 p 166 a b Oakley 1992 p 62 Lockhart 2007 pp 167 168 a b Lockhart 2007 p 168 a b c Schormann 1985 p 40 a b c d Fuhrmann 2002 p 377 a b c Lockhart 2007 p 169 a b Oakley 1992 p 64 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lockhart 2007 p 170 Press 1991 p 213 Oakley 1992 pp 64 65 a b Oakley 1992 p 65 a b Albrecht 1998 p 672 a b c d Albrecht 1998 p 691 a b c Kohler 1990 p 37 Heckel 1983 p 143 a b Lockhart 2007 p 172 a b Heckel 1983 p 144 Bibliography Edit Albrecht Dieter 1998 Maximilian I von Bayern 1573 1651 in German Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag ISBN 3 486 56334 3 Fuhrmann Kai 2002 Die Ritterschaft als politische Korporation in den Herzogtumern Schleswig und Holstein von 1460 bis 1721 in German Kiel Verlag Ludwig ISBN 3 933598 39 7 Heckel Martin 1983 Deutschland im konfessionellen Zeitalter in German Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht ISBN 3 525 33483 4 Lockhart Paul Douglas 2007 Denmark 1513 1660 the rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 927121 4 Retrieved 2009 08 07 Oakley Stewart P 1992 War and peace in the Baltic 1560 1790 Routledge ISBN 0 415 02472 2 Retrieved 2009 08 07 Kohler Alfred 1990 Das Reich im Kampf um die Hegemonie in Europa 1521 1648 in German Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag ISBN 3 486 55461 1 Press Volker 1991 Kriege und Krisen Deutschland 1600 1715 in German C H Beck ISBN 3 406 30817 1 Schormann Gerhard 1985 Der Dreissigjahrige Krieg in German 2 ed Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht ISBN 3 525 33506 7 External links Edit nbsp German Wikisource has original text related to this article Friede von Lubeck Encarta Encyclopedia Thirty Years War MacroHistory The Thirty Years War Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Treaty of Lubeck amp oldid 1156393204, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
