The Treaty of Kyakhta (Chinese: 中俄蒙協約) was a tri-party treaty signed on 25 May 1915 among Russia, Mongolia, and China.
Mongolia in 1915
Russia and China recognized Outer Mongolia's autonomy (as part of Chinese territory); Mongolia recognized China's suzerainty; Mongolia could not conclude international treaties with foreign countries regarding political and territorial questions.[1]
The Mongolian representative, Prime Minister Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren, was determined to stretch autonomy into de facto independence, and to deny the Chinese anything more than vague, ineffectual suzerain powers. The Chinese sought to minimize, if not to end, Mongolian autonomy.[2]
Mongolians viewed the treaty as a disaster because it denied the recognition of a truly independent, all-Mongolian state. Nevertheless, Outer Mongolia remained effectively outside Chinese control[3] and, according to explanation by baron B.E. Nolde, the Director of Law Section of the Russian Foreign Ministry, had all necessary attributes of the state in the international law of that time.[4]
Deputies of China, Russia and Outer Mongolia signing the Treaty of Kyakhta.
The treaty severely curtailed the independent status of Mongolia declared in 1911, but eventually became moot after the October Revolution of 1917, and the declaration of the Mongolian People's Republic in 1921.
^Zhu, Yuan Yi (2020). "Suzerainty, Semi-Sovereignty, and International Legal Hierarchies on China's Borderlands". Asian Journal of International Law. Cambridge University Press. 10 (2): 293–320. doi:10.1017/S204425132000020X. S2CID 225302411.
^Zhu, Yuan Yi (2020). "Suzerainty, Semi-Sovereignty, and International Legal Hierarchies on China's Borderlands". Asian Journal of International Law. Cambridge University Press. 10 (2): 293–320. doi:10.1017/S204425132000020X. S2CID 225302411.
^Batsaikhan, O. The Last King of Mongolia, Bogdo Jebtsundamba Khutuktu. Ulaanbaatar: Admon, 2008, p.290-293 - ISBN978-99929-0-464-0
^Kuzmin, S.L. Сentenary of the Kyakhta Agreement of 1915 between Russia, Mongolia and China. – Asia and Africa Today (Moscow), 2015, no 4, p. 60-63
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treaty, kyakhta, 1915, earlier, treaty, treaty, kyakhta, 1727, treaty, kyakhta, chinese, 中俄蒙協約, party, treaty, signed, 1915, among, russia, mongolia, china, mongolia, 1915, russia, china, recognized, outer, mongolia, autonomy, part, chinese, territory, mongoli. For the earlier treaty see Treaty of Kyakhta 1727 The Treaty of Kyakhta Chinese 中俄蒙協約 was a tri party treaty signed on 25 May 1915 among Russia Mongolia and China Mongolia in 1915 Russia and China recognized Outer Mongolia s autonomy as part of Chinese territory Mongolia recognized China s suzerainty Mongolia could not conclude international treaties with foreign countries regarding political and territorial questions 1 The Mongolian representative Prime Minister Togs Ochiryn Namnansuren was determined to stretch autonomy into de facto independence and to deny the Chinese anything more than vague ineffectual suzerain powers The Chinese sought to minimize if not to end Mongolian autonomy 2 Mongolians viewed the treaty as a disaster because it denied the recognition of a truly independent all Mongolian state Nevertheless Outer Mongolia remained effectively outside Chinese control 3 and according to explanation by baron B E Nolde the Director of Law Section of the Russian Foreign Ministry had all necessary attributes of the state in the international law of that time 4 Deputies of China Russia and Outer Mongolia signing the Treaty of Kyakhta The treaty severely curtailed the independent status of Mongolia declared in 1911 but eventually became moot after the October Revolution of 1917 and the declaration of the Mongolian People s Republic in 1921 See also EditMongolian Revolution of 1911 Occupation of Mongolia Simla Accord 1914 References Edit Zhu Yuan Yi 2020 Suzerainty Semi Sovereignty and International Legal Hierarchies on China s Borderlands Asian Journal of International Law Cambridge University Press 10 2 293 320 doi 10 1017 S204425132000020X S2CID 225302411 Zhu Yuan Yi 2020 Suzerainty Semi Sovereignty and International Legal Hierarchies on China s Borderlands Asian Journal of International Law Cambridge University Press 10 2 293 320 doi 10 1017 S204425132000020X S2CID 225302411 Batsaikhan O The Last King of Mongolia Bogdo Jebtsundamba Khutuktu Ulaanbaatar Admon 2008 p 290 293 ISBN 978 99929 0 464 0 Kuzmin S L Sentenary of the Kyakhta Agreement of 1915 between Russia Mongolia and China Asia and Africa Today Moscow 2015 no 4 p 60 63 This Mongolia related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Treaty of Kyakhta 1915 amp oldid 1102459322, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
