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Nicotine patch

December 15, 2023

A nicotine patch is a transdermal patch that releases nicotine into the body through the skin. It is used in nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), a process for smoking cessation. Endorsed and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), it is considered one of the safer NRTs available for the treatment of tobacco use disorder.

A 21 mg dose patch applied to the left arm

Nicotine replacement products including gum and transdermal patches are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[1]

Medical uses edit

Effectiveness edit

A meta-analysis found that fewer than 20% of people treated with nicotine replacement therapy remain abstinent from smoking at one year.[2]

History edit

The first study of the pharmacokinetics of a transdermal nicotine patch in humans was published in 1984[3] by Jed Rose, Murray Jarvik, and Daniel Rose, and was followed by publication by Rose et al. (1985) of results of a study of smokers showing that a transdermal nicotine patch reduced craving for cigarettes.[4] Frank Etscorn filed a patent in the United States on January the 23rd 1985 and was issued the patent on July 1, 1986.[5] The University of California filed a competing patent application nearly three years after Etscorn's filing on February 19, 1988, which was granted on May 1, 1990.[6] Subsequently, the U.S. Patent Office declared an interference action and, after a thorough review of conception, reduction to practice and patent filing dates, issued on September 29, 1993, a priority decision in favor of the Rose et al. patent.[7]

Research edit

Research has shown that NRT in combination with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can improve the rates of smoking cessation in pregnant women.[2] CBT counseling includes motivational interviewing,[8] Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change,[9] and Social Cognitive Theory.[10]

Nicotine patches are under study to help relieve the symptoms of postoperative pain[11] and to treat early dementia.[12]

Studies are being conducted about the use of transdermal nicotine patches to treat anxiety, depression, and inattentiveness in subjects with ADHD[13][verification needed] and to treat late-life depression.[14]

Two small studies have shown that transdermal nicotine patches improve some symptoms of ulcerative colitis.[15] However, this is not the case with Crohn's disease, a similar health condition, where smoking and nicotine intake in general worsen the disease's effects.

Application edit

The patch is typically worn for 16 to 24 hours.[16] Patches can be removed at night prior to bed if vivid dreams are experienced and undesirable.[17]

Side effects edit

A study published in the medical journal JAMA Internal Medicine in 2015 found that the most common side effects experienced when using a nicotine patch include: cough, headache, nausea, light-headedness, insomnia, disturbing dreams, sweating, watery eyes, shortness of breath, and skin irritation at the application site. The same study found that the following side effects were reported by patch wearers less frequently: diarrhea, dizziness, coldness in limbs, vomiting, and fast or pounding heart beat.[18]

Availability edit

Nicotine patches are available for purchase over-the-counter from various manufacturers, without a prescription.[19]

Example of Nicotine Patch Regimen (NicoDerm CQ[20])
NicoDerm CQ patch strength For a person who smokes 10 or fewer cigarettes per day For a person who smokes more than 10 cigarettes per day
21 mg Do not use this patch strength. Step 1: Apply 1 patch per day for 6 weeks
14 mg Step 1: Apply 1 patch per day for 6 weeks Step 2: Apply 1 patch per day for 2 weeks
7 mg Step 2: Apply 1 patch per day for 2 weeks Step 3: Apply 1 patch per day for 2 weeks
Total Patch Treatment Period: 8 weeks Total Patch Treatment Period: 10 weeks

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  2. ^ a b Rosen LJ, Galili T, Kott J, Goodman M, Freedman LS (2018). "Diminishing benefit of smoking cessation medications during the first year: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Addiction. 113 (5): 805–816. doi:10.1111/add.14134. PMC 5947828. PMID 29377409.
  3. ^ Rose JE, Jarvik ME, Rose KD (May 1984). "Transdermal administration of nicotine". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 13 (3): 209–13. doi:10.1016/0376-8716(84)90061-9. PMID 6734425.
  4. ^ Rose JE, Herskovic JE, Trilling Y, Jarvik ME (October 1985). "Transdermal nicotine reduces cigarette craving and nicotine preference". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 38 (4): 450–6. doi:10.1038/clpt.1985.203. PMID 4042528. S2CID 19915646.
  5. ^ US 4597961, Etscorn, FT 
  6. ^ US 4920989 
  7. ^ OLIVIA M. DUVALL (21 February 1995). "Adverse Decisions in Interference". Board of Patent Appeals & Interferences. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  8. ^ Miller W, Rollnick S (May 2003). "Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change, 2nd ed". Journal for Healthcare Quality. 25 (3): 46. doi:10.1097/01445442-200305000-00013. ISSN 1062-2551.
  9. ^ Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC (June 1983). "Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: toward an integrative model of change". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 51 (3): 390–5. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.51.3.390. PMID 6863699.
  10. ^ Webb MC (1993). "Neurobiology of learning, emotion, and affect. John Madden, ed. Raven Press, Ltd., New York City, New York, 1991. 354 pp. $126.00". Depression. 1 (2): 116–117. doi:10.1002/depr.3050010211. ISSN 1062-6417.
  11. ^ "Nicotine Patch Decreases Post Surgical Pain". MediLexicon International Ltd, Bexhill-on-Sea, UK. 15 October 2007. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  12. ^ "Nicotine Patches Up Early Memory Loss In Study". NPR. 9 January 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  13. ^ Cocores JA (2008). "Transdermal nicotine in adult ADHD with depression and anxiety". Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 10 (3): 253–4. doi:10.4088/pcc.v10n0312f. PMC 2446482. PMID 18615164.
  14. ^ "Nicotine Patch May Help Late-Life Depression". Medscape. 21 March 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  15. ^ Cheah M, Khanna R (2019). "Current Medical Therapies for Ulcerative Colitis.". Pouchitis and Ileal Pouch Disorders. Academic Press. pp. 1–15.
  16. ^ "Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Quitting Tobacco". www.cancer.org. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  17. ^ "Nicotine replacement therapy: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  18. ^ Schnoll RA, Goelz PM, Veluz-Wilkins A, Blazekovic S, Powers L, Leone FT, et al. (April 2015). "Long-term nicotine replacement therapy: a randomized clinical trial". JAMA Internal Medicine. 175 (4): 504–11. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8313. PMC 4410859. PMID 25705872.
  19. ^ Commissioner Office (2019-03-22). "Want to Quit Smoking? FDA-Approved Products Can Help". FDA.
  20. ^ "Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products". www.accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 2019-10-23.

December 15, 2023
nicotine, patch, nicotine, patch, transdermal, patch, that, releases, nicotine, into, body, through, skin, used, nicotine, replacement, therapy, process, smoking, cessation, endorsed, approved, food, drug, administration, considered, safer, nrts, available, tr. A nicotine patch is a transdermal patch that releases nicotine into the body through the skin It is used in nicotine replacement therapy NRT a process for smoking cessation Endorsed and approved by the U S Food and Drug Administration FDA it is considered one of the safer NRTs available for the treatment of tobacco use disorder A 21 mg dose patch applied to the left armNicotine replacement products including gum and transdermal patches are on the World Health Organization s List of Essential Medicines 1 Contents 1 Medical uses 1 1 Effectiveness 2 History 3 Research 4 Application 5 Side effects 6 Availability 7 See also 8 ReferencesMedical uses editEffectiveness edit A meta analysis found that fewer than 20 of people treated with nicotine replacement therapy remain abstinent from smoking at one year 2 History editThe first study of the pharmacokinetics of a transdermal nicotine patch in humans was published in 1984 3 by Jed Rose Murray Jarvik and Daniel Rose and was followed by publication by Rose et al 1985 of results of a study of smokers showing that a transdermal nicotine patch reduced craving for cigarettes 4 Frank Etscorn filed a patent in the United States on January the 23rd 1985 and was issued the patent on July 1 1986 5 The University of California filed a competing patent application nearly three years after Etscorn s filing on February 19 1988 which was granted on May 1 1990 6 Subsequently the U S Patent Office declared an interference action and after a thorough review of conception reduction to practice and patent filing dates issued on September 29 1993 a priority decision in favor of the Rose et al patent 7 Research editResearch has shown that NRT in combination with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT can improve the rates of smoking cessation in pregnant women 2 CBT counseling includes motivational interviewing 8 Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change 9 and Social Cognitive Theory 10 Nicotine patches are under study to help relieve the symptoms of postoperative pain 11 and to treat early dementia 12 Studies are being conducted about the use of transdermal nicotine patches to treat anxiety depression and inattentiveness in subjects with ADHD 13 verification needed and to treat late life depression 14 Two small studies have shown that transdermal nicotine patches improve some symptoms of ulcerative colitis 15 However this is not the case with Crohn s disease a similar health condition where smoking and nicotine intake in general worsen the disease s effects Application editThe patch is typically worn for 16 to 24 hours 16 Patches can be removed at night prior to bed if vivid dreams are experienced and undesirable 17 Side effects editA study published in the medical journal JAMA Internal Medicine in 2015 found that the most common side effects experienced when using a nicotine patch include cough headache nausea light headedness insomnia disturbing dreams sweating watery eyes shortness of breath and skin irritation at the application site The same study found that the following side effects were reported by patch wearers less frequently diarrhea dizziness coldness in limbs vomiting and fast or pounding heart beat 18 Availability editNicotine patches are available for purchase over the counter from various manufacturers without a prescription 19 Example of Nicotine Patch Regimen NicoDerm CQ 20 NicoDerm CQ patch strength For a person who smokes 10 or fewer cigarettes per day For a person who smokes more than 10 cigarettes per day21 mg Do not use this patch strength Step 1 Apply 1 patch per day for 6 weeks14 mg Step 1 Apply 1 patch per day for 6 weeks Step 2 Apply 1 patch per day for 2 weeks7 mg Step 2 Apply 1 patch per day for 2 weeks Step 3 Apply 1 patch per day for 2 weeksTotal Patch Treatment Period 8 weeks Total Patch Treatment Period 10 weeksSee also editSmoking cessation Nicotine replacement therapy Nicotine lozenge Nicotine gum Transdermal patchReferences edit World Health Organization 2019 World Health Organization model list of essential medicines 21st list 2019 Geneva World Health Organization hdl 10665 325771 WHO MVP EMP IAU 2019 06 License CC BY NC SA 3 0 IGO a b Rosen LJ Galili T Kott J Goodman M Freedman LS 2018 Diminishing benefit of smoking cessation medications during the first year a meta analysis of randomized controlled trials Addiction 113 5 805 816 doi 10 1111 add 14134 PMC 5947828 PMID 29377409 Rose JE Jarvik ME Rose KD May 1984 Transdermal administration of nicotine Drug and Alcohol Dependence 13 3 209 13 doi 10 1016 0376 8716 84 90061 9 PMID 6734425 Rose JE Herskovic JE Trilling Y Jarvik ME October 1985 Transdermal nicotine reduces cigarette craving and nicotine preference Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 38 4 450 6 doi 10 1038 clpt 1985 203 PMID 4042528 S2CID 19915646 US 4597961 Etscorn FT US 4920989 OLIVIA M DUVALL 21 February 1995 Adverse Decisions in Interference Board of Patent Appeals amp Interferences Retrieved 25 November 2013 Miller W Rollnick S May 2003 Motivational Interviewing Preparing People for Change 2nd ed Journal for Healthcare Quality 25 3 46 doi 10 1097 01445442 200305000 00013 ISSN 1062 2551 Prochaska JO DiClemente CC June 1983 Stages and processes of self change of smoking toward an integrative model of change Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 51 3 390 5 doi 10 1037 0022 006x 51 3 390 PMID 6863699 Webb MC 1993 Neurobiology of learning emotion and affect John Madden ed Raven Press Ltd New York City New York 1991 354 pp 126 00 Depression 1 2 116 117 doi 10 1002 depr 3050010211 ISSN 1062 6417 Nicotine Patch Decreases Post Surgical Pain MediLexicon International Ltd Bexhill on Sea UK 15 October 2007 Retrieved 25 November 2013 Nicotine Patches Up Early Memory Loss In Study NPR 9 January 2013 Retrieved 3 February 2014 Cocores JA 2008 Transdermal nicotine in adult ADHD with depression and anxiety Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 10 3 253 4 doi 10 4088 pcc v10n0312f PMC 2446482 PMID 18615164 Nicotine Patch May Help Late Life Depression Medscape 21 March 2018 Retrieved 24 March 2018 Cheah M Khanna R 2019 Current Medical Therapies for Ulcerative Colitis Pouchitis and Ileal Pouch Disorders Academic Press pp 1 15 Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Quitting Tobacco www cancer org Retrieved 2019 10 23 Nicotine replacement therapy MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia medlineplus gov Retrieved 2019 10 23 Schnoll RA Goelz PM Veluz Wilkins A Blazekovic S Powers L Leone FT et al April 2015 Long term nicotine replacement therapy a randomized clinical trial JAMA Internal Medicine 175 4 504 11 doi 10 1001 jamainternmed 2014 8313 PMC 4410859 PMID 25705872 Commissioner Office 2019 03 22 Want to Quit Smoking FDA Approved Products Can Help FDA Drugs FDA FDA Approved Drug Products www accessdata fda gov Retrieved 2019 10 23 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Nicotine patch amp oldid 1138026411, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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