Tracheobronchitis is inflammation of the trachea and bronchi. It is characterised by a cough, fever, and purulent (containing pus) sputum and is therefore suggestive of pneumonia. It is classified as a respiratory tract infection.[1]
Tracheobronchitis is often a hospital-acquired infection, particularly in an intensive care setting, associated with the use of mechanical ventilators, and the need for inserting a tracheal tube. In these cases it is known as ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis. The infection begins in the trachea where it colonises and spreads to the bronchi.
The characteristic increased sputum produced can give problems in the removal of the tracheal tube (extubation). Tracheobronchial infections are responsible for up to 80% of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.[2]
Ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis is a hospital-acquired infection usually contracted in an intensive care unit when a mechanical ventilator is used.[1] The insertion of a tracheal tube can cause an infection in the trachea which then colonises and spreads to the bronchi. If there is further spread and development into the lungs this will give rise to ventilator-associated pneumonia. Antibiotics are recommended to prevent this development but only as a short term measure as antibiotic resistance is already high in some of the pathogens involved. This does not always progress to pneumonia.[3][4]
Fungal tracheobronchitis can be invasive into the lung tissue or pulmonary artery and cause a severe lung infection. The extra secreted mucus from tracheobronchitis plugs the airways allowing the fungal pathogens to lodge and multiply. Local damage to the tracheal wall that can be caused by mechanical ventilation is a risk factor for this. Respiratory failure may develop from this infection.[5]
Herpetic tracheobronchitis is caused by herpes simplex virus and causes small ulcers covered in exudate to form on the mucous membranes. The exudate contains necrotic cells from the mucosal epithelium.
The characteristic increased sputum produced can give problems in the removal of the tracheal tube (extubation). In the course of cystic fibrosis the lungs are affected. Thickened mucus secretions block the airways making infection possible. The recurrence of tracheobronchitis presents a major problem.[6]
Tracheobronchitis often affects dogs particularly those confined in kennels where their persistent barking worsens the inflammation. This canine infectious tracheobronchitis is more usually known as kennel cough.
Referencesedit
^ abNseir, S.; Di Pompeo, C.; Pronnier, P.; Beague, S.; Onimus, T.; Saulnier, F.; Grandbastien, B.; Mathieu, D.; Delvallez-Roussel, M.; Durocher, A. (2002). "Nosocomial tracheobronchitis in mechanically ventilated patients: incidence, aetiology and outcome". European Respiratory Journal. 20 (6): 1483–1489. doi:10.1183/09031936.02.00012902. PMID 12503708.
^Sethi, Sanjay (2012). Netter's Infectious Diseases. Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 183–186. ISBN9781437701265.
^Craven, D; Chroneou, A (February 2009). "Ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis: the impact of targeted antibiotic therapy on patient outcomes". Chest. 135 (2): 521–528. doi:10.1378/chest.08-1617. PMID 18812452. S2CID 22463384.
^Craven, D; Hudcova, J (October 2014). "Antibiotic treatment of ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis: to treat or not to treat?". Currently Opin Crit Care. 20 (5): 532–541. doi:10.1097/MCC.0000000000000130. PMID 25051351. S2CID 20457485.
^Clarke, A; Skelton, J (January 1991). "Fungal tracheobronchitis. Report of 9 cases and review of the literature". Medicine (Baltimore). 70 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1097/00005792-199101000-00001. PMID 1988763. S2CID 9964063.
^Weinberger, Steven; Cockrill, Barbara; Mandell, Jess (2019). Principles of Pulmonary Medicine. Elsevier. p. 120. ISBN9780323523714.
^Sethi, Sanjay (2012). Netter's Infectious Diseases. Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 183–186. ISBN9781437701265.
January 01, 1970
tracheobronchitis, inflammation, trachea, bronchi, characterised, cough, fever, purulent, containing, sputum, therefore, suggestive, pneumonia, classified, respiratory, tract, infection, often, hospital, acquired, infection, particularly, intensive, care, sett. Tracheobronchitis is inflammation of the trachea and bronchi It is characterised by a cough fever and purulent containing pus sputum and is therefore suggestive of pneumonia It is classified as a respiratory tract infection 1 Tracheobronchitis is often a hospital acquired infection particularly in an intensive care setting associated with the use of mechanical ventilators and the need for inserting a tracheal tube In these cases it is known as ventilator associated tracheobronchitis The infection begins in the trachea where it colonises and spreads to the bronchi The characteristic increased sputum produced can give problems in the removal of the tracheal tube extubation Tracheobronchial infections are responsible for up to 80 of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2 Contents 1 Causes 2 In dogs 3 ReferencesCauses editVentilator associated tracheobronchitis is a hospital acquired infection usually contracted in an intensive care unit when a mechanical ventilator is used 1 The insertion of a tracheal tube can cause an infection in the trachea which then colonises and spreads to the bronchi If there is further spread and development into the lungs this will give rise to ventilator associated pneumonia Antibiotics are recommended to prevent this development but only as a short term measure as antibiotic resistance is already high in some of the pathogens involved This does not always progress to pneumonia 3 4 Fungal tracheobronchitis can be invasive into the lung tissue or pulmonary artery and cause a severe lung infection The extra secreted mucus from tracheobronchitis plugs the airways allowing the fungal pathogens to lodge and multiply Local damage to the tracheal wall that can be caused by mechanical ventilation is a risk factor for this Respiratory failure may develop from this infection 5 Herpetic tracheobronchitis is caused by herpes simplex virus and causes small ulcers covered in exudate to form on the mucous membranes The exudate contains necrotic cells from the mucosal epithelium The characteristic increased sputum produced can give problems in the removal of the tracheal tube extubation In the course of cystic fibrosis the lungs are affected Thickened mucus secretions block the airways making infection possible The recurrence of tracheobronchitis presents a major problem 6 In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease tracheobronchial infections are responsible for up to 80 of exacerbations 7 In dogs editTracheobronchitis often affects dogs particularly those confined in kennels where their persistent barking worsens the inflammation This canine infectious tracheobronchitis is more usually known as kennel cough References edit a b Nseir S Di Pompeo C Pronnier P Beague S Onimus T Saulnier F Grandbastien B Mathieu D Delvallez Roussel M Durocher A 2002 Nosocomial tracheobronchitis in mechanically ventilated patients incidence aetiology and outcome European Respiratory Journal 20 6 1483 1489 doi 10 1183 09031936 02 00012902 PMID 12503708 Sethi Sanjay 2012 Netter s Infectious Diseases Elsevier Saunders pp 183 186 ISBN 9781437701265 Craven D Chroneou A February 2009 Ventilator associated tracheobronchitis the impact of targeted antibiotic therapy on patient outcomes Chest 135 2 521 528 doi 10 1378 chest 08 1617 PMID 18812452 S2CID 22463384 Craven D Hudcova J October 2014 Antibiotic treatment of ventilator associated tracheobronchitis to treat or not to treat Currently Opin Crit Care 20 5 532 541 doi 10 1097 MCC 0000000000000130 PMID 25051351 S2CID 20457485 Clarke A Skelton J January 1991 Fungal tracheobronchitis Report of 9 cases and review of the literature Medicine Baltimore 70 1 1 14 doi 10 1097 00005792 199101000 00001 PMID 1988763 S2CID 9964063 Weinberger Steven Cockrill Barbara Mandell Jess 2019 Principles of Pulmonary Medicine Elsevier p 120 ISBN 9780323523714 Sethi Sanjay 2012 Netter s Infectious Diseases Elsevier Saunders pp 183 186 ISBN 9781437701265 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tracheobronchitis amp oldid 1181931697, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
