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Tour de France during World War II

April 11, 2024

"La Course du Tour de France" redirects here. For the women's one-day race, see La Course by Le Tour de France.

The Tour de France was not held during World War II because the organisers refused German requests. Although a 1940 Tour de France had been announced earlier, the outbreak of the war made it impossible for it to be held. After that, some attempts were made by the Germans during the war to have a Tour de France to maintain the sense of normality, but l'Auto, the organising newspaper, refused. Some other races were run as a replacement.

After World War II, l'Auto was closed for collaborating with the Germans. The rights to organise the Tour went to the French government. As two newspapers were interested in these rights, they each organised a small Tour of five stages; the race run by L'Équipe was considered the more successful, so L'Équipe was allowed to organise the 1947 Tour de France.

History edit

Already before the war, the political situation in Europe had its influence on the Tour de France. Political reasons caused Italy, Germany and Spain to refuse to send teams to France for the 1939 Tour de France.[1] The 1938 Tour de France winner, Gino Bartali, was among those affected. Henri Desgrange, the original race organizer, and Jacques Goddet, his deputy and replacement,[Notes 1] announced plans for a Tour de France in August 1940.[2]

Races planned or held during the Occupation edit

1940 Tour de France edit

Henri Desgrange planned a Tour for 1940, after war had started but before France had been invaded. The route, approved by military authorities, included a route along the Maginot Line.[3] Teams would have been drawn from military units in France, including the British, who would have been organised by a journalist, Bill Mills.[3] The plans were dropped after the German invasion.[4] The records and paperwork of the Tour were taken south to keep them safe but were never seen again.[5][6] Desgrange died in August 1940, and his successor, Jacques Goddet, initially wanted to organise the Tour during the war, arguing that sport should remain neutral.[7]

1941 Tour de France edit

In 1941, the newspaper Paris-Soir, run by Germans, tried to persuade l'Auto to coorganize the Tour, but Goddet did not accept.[7]

1942 Tour de France edit

The German Propaganda Staffel wanted the Tour to be run and offered facilities otherwise denied, in the hope of maintaining a sense of normality.[6][8] They offered to open the borders between German-occupied France in the north and the nominally independent Vichy France in the south, so that l'Auto could organize a Tour, together with La France Socialiste, but Goddet refused.[6][9] He was, in any case, in little position to run a race of that scale because many of the staff had left L'Auto's office in Paris to go south.[6]

1942 Circuit de France edit

La France Socialiste, run by Jean Leulliot, Goddet's former colleague at L'Auto, did not have the same reluctance, and organized the race on its own. Leulliot, who had been manager of the French team that won the Tour in 1937, had become head of sport at La France Socialiste which, despite its name, was a right-wing paper that sympathized with the Germans. Leulliot assembled sixty-nine riders for the race, the Circuit de France, which ran from 28 September to 4 October 1942. Over six stages and 1,650 kilometres (1,030 mi), it went from Paris to Paris via Le Mans, Poitiers, Limoges, Clermont-Ferrand, St-Étienne, Lyon and Dijon.[7][9]

One of the riders, Émile Idée, told the writer and cyclist Jean Bobet that he had been threatened with the Gestapo if he did not take part.[10] Bobet said: "I asked him to repeat it to see if I had understood. I was stunned [dans la tête ça fait tilt]!"[10][11]

The Circuit de France was organized between 28 September 1942 and 4 October 1942[12] by La France Socialiste in both the occupied zone and Vichy France, to give a feeling of nationality. The race had six multinational teams, and was won by François Neuville. The inexperience of the organizers, combined with bad weather and logistical problems, made the race a disaster. Although there were plans to hold the race again in 1943, it was never held.[13]

The mountains classification was won by Pierre Brambilla.[12]

1943 Tour de France edit

The 1943 Tour de France was not held, but instead, L'Auto organized a readers' poll in 1943 to name the perfect team for a Tour de France, were one to be run. More than 10,000 took part.[9]

1943 Grand Prix du Tour de France edit

In 1943, l'Auto ran what it called the "Grand Prix du Tour de France", the paper's assessment of the greatest riders calculated using their placings in single-day races, all organised by l'Auto.[16][17] At the end of the season, a yellow jersey was given to the cyclist with the best overall classification.[18][19] The winner was Jo Goutorbe.[14] Even though The Grand Prix du Tour de France was organized by Jacques Goddet, he made it clear that it was not an official Tour de France.[8] The Grand Prix du Tour de France 1943 consisted of the following races:[20]

1944 Grand Prix du Tour de France edit

In 1944, the Grand Prix du Tour de France was done again, but it was not completed because the liberation of France stopped the races from being run.[17] Maurice De Simpelaere was the leader at the time the races were interrupted.[14]

Candidate Tours after liberation edit

After the liberation of France in 1944, L'Auto was closed and its belongings, including the Tour de France were sequestered by the state for having published articles too close to the Germans.[21] All rights to the Tour were therefore owned by the government. Jacques Goddet was allowed to publish another daily sports paper, L'Équipe, but there was a rival candidate to run the Tour: a consortium of the magazines Sports and Miroir Sprint. Each organised a candidate race. L'Équipe and Le Parisien Libéré had "La Course du Tour de France",[14] ("The Race of the Tour de France" – as close as they dared come to calling the race by its original name), and Sports and Miroir Sprint had "La Ronde de France". Both were five-stage races, the longest the government would allow because of shortages.[22][23]

Ronde de France edit

From 10 to 14 July 1946, the Ronde de France was organized. The cyclists were divided in commercial teams, but the commercial teams were each allowed to field two teams, one composed of French cyclists and one of foreign cyclists.[24] It was won by Giulio Bresci, who also won two stages and the mountains classification.[14]

La Course du Tour de France edit

"La Course du Tour de France" redirects here. For the women's one-day race, see La Course by Le Tour de France.

The Course du Tour de France (English: Race of the Tour of France), also known as Monaco–Paris was organised in 1946 by Le Parisien Libéré together with l'Equipe. The race had many things familiar to the old Tours de France: there were six national teams and five regional French teams, and the leader in the race was also given a yellow jersey.[25] The race was won by French cyclist Apo Lazaridès. The mountains classification was won by Jean Robic.

Aftermath edit

The Course du Tour de France, L'Équipe's race, was better organised and appealed more to the public because it featured national teams which had been so successful before the war, when French cycling was at a high. In late 1946, both organisers intended to organise their race again in 1947, this time at the same time. The UCI then decided in December 1946 to give L'Équipe the right to organize the 1947 Tour de France. After their main rival Sports objected to this, the rights were instead given to La Societé du Parc du Princes, because this was thought to be a neutral choice. In early 1947, it became clear that the organisation of the Tour de France was difficult financially without a newspaper and, in June 1947, one month before the 1947 Tour de France would start, the Societé du Parc du Princes transferred the rights to L'Équipe.[26]

Émile Besson, communist sports writer and a member of the Resistance from 1943 when he was 17, called L'Équipe's victory political. Besson, who was a member of the national study into French sport under the Occupation, set up by Marie-George Buffet when she was sports minister between 1997 and 2002, said:

It was a bit much to have given them the right to run the Tour again after all that [referring to L'Auto's pro-German attitude and closure]. Goddet had the keys to the Velodrome d'Hiver when [the Germans wanted it] in the round-up of Jews in July 1942. After the Liberation, the battle between Left and Right had the Tour as one of its prizes.[21]

Goddet had to defend his wartime behaviour at an inquiry in Algiers. He pointed to the way he had allowed Resistance workers to print anti-German tracts at his newspaper and called Émilien Amaury in his defence. Amaury had a blameless record in the Resistance.[6] He was also a right-wing businessman; his ideals close to Goddet's.[9] It was with Amaury and his paper, Le Parisien Libéré, that Goddet ran La Course du Tour de France. It was Amaury's reputation that landed Goddet the Tour.[9] That, says Besson, and because the rival candidate was two magazines with a communist background and President Charles de Gaulle was determined to limit communist influence. De Gaulle had spent much of his time during the war trying to prevent communist domination of the Resistance. Communists held many key positions in France just before and after Liberation but De Gaulle refused even to thank them for their work. Albert Bourlon, who won the 14th stage of the 1947 Tour de France, told Jean Bobet that he was convinced that his membership of the Communist Party denied him access to the race afterwards.[11]

Amaury eventually took control of both the paper and the Tour de France, which the family still controls to this day with the family-owned Amaury Sport Organisation, since 2006 controlled by grandson Jean-Étienne Amaury.

Jean Leulliot was tried for his role in organising races under German patronage but he was cleared after fellow journalists, including Goddet, spoke in his favour.[10][11]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Desgrange died on 16 August 1940 having abandoned his race the previous year while suffering the effects of an operation.

References edit

  1. ^ McGann, p. 144
  2. ^ McGann, p. 149
  3. ^ a b The Bicycle, UK, 8 July 1943, p6
  4. ^ Dauncey, p. 8
  5. ^ McGann, p. 151
  6. ^ a b c d e Goddet, Jacques (1991). L'Équipée Belle. Laffont, Paris. ISBN 978-2-221-07290-5.
  7. ^ a b c Thompson, p. 79
  8. ^ a b McGann, p. 150
  9. ^ a b c d e Boeuf, Jean-Luc; Léonard, Yves (2003). La République du Tour de France (in French). Seuil, France. ISBN 978-2-02-058073-1.
  10. ^ a b c Turgis, Dominique. "Memoire du Cyclisme – Bobet Leulliot" (in French). Memoire du Cyclisme. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  11. ^ a b c Bobet, Jean (2008). Le Vélo à l'Heure Allemande (in French). La Table Ronde, France. ISBN 978-2-7103-2983-1.
  12. ^ a b "Circuit de France 1942". Cyclingarchives. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  13. ^ Thompson, p. 80
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Boyce, Barry (2004). "1940–1946: 'TdF Style' Racing During World War 2". Cycling Revealed. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  15. ^ a b c James, Tom (28 July 2003). "The Tour de France during the War". Veloarchive. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  16. ^ Laget, Serge (2002). "1940–1946 Des Ersatz". 100 Ans de Tour de France (in French). Lannoo. ISBN 978-90-5947-028-6. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  17. ^ a b Dauncey, p. 269
  18. ^ Blandine, Hennion (3 July 2003). "La France occupee, "l'Auto" gare le tour". Libération (in French). Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  19. ^ Dauncey, p. 9
  20. ^ "Grand Prix du Tour De France" (in French). Velo-club. 15 February 2004. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  21. ^ a b Blandine, Hennion (4 July 2003). "Comment le Tour a echappé au PCF". Libération (in French). Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  22. ^ Dauncey, p. 10
  23. ^ "Chronology of the tour 1902–2003". International Journal of the History of Sport. 20 (2). Routlegde: 267–273. 2003. doi:10.1080/09523360412331305723. S2CID 216148137.
  24. ^ Demouveaux, Gautier (4 September 2007). "Les débats de presse autour de la réorganisation du Tour de France, après la libération 1945–1947" (PDF) (in French). Université de Lyon. p. 36. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
  25. ^ Thompson, p. 81
  26. ^ Demouveaux, Gautier (4 September 2007). "Les débats de presse autour de la réorganisation du Tour de France, après la libération 1945–1947" (PDF) (in French). Université de Lyon. pp. 37–40. Retrieved 20 August 2010.

Further reading edit

  • Dauncey, Hugh; Hare, Geoff (2003). The Tour de France, 1903–2003: A Century of Sporting Structures, Meanings and Values. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-5362-4. Retrieved 2 July 2008.
  • Thompson, Christopher S. (2006). The Tour de France: A Cultural History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-520-24760-4. Retrieved 2 July 2008.
  • McGann, Bill; Carol McGann (2006). The Story of the Tour de France: 1903–1964. Dog Ear Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59858-180-5. Retrieved 2 July 2008.

April 11, 2024
tour, france, during, world, course, tour, france, redirects, here, women, race, course, tour, france, tour, france, held, during, world, because, organisers, refused, german, requests, although, 1940, tour, france, been, announced, earlier, outbreak, made, im. La Course du Tour de France redirects here For the women s one day race see La Course by Le Tour de France The Tour de France was not held during World War II because the organisers refused German requests Although a 1940 Tour de France had been announced earlier the outbreak of the war made it impossible for it to be held After that some attempts were made by the Germans during the war to have a Tour de France to maintain the sense of normality but l Auto the organising newspaper refused Some other races were run as a replacement After World War II l Auto was closed for collaborating with the Germans The rights to organise the Tour went to the French government As two newspapers were interested in these rights they each organised a small Tour of five stages the race run by L Equipe was considered the more successful so L Equipe was allowed to organise the 1947 Tour de France Contents 1 History 2 Races planned or held during the Occupation 2 1 1940 Tour de France 2 2 1941 Tour de France 2 3 1942 Tour de France 2 4 1942 Circuit de France 2 5 1943 Tour de France 2 6 1943 Grand Prix du Tour de France 2 7 1944 Grand Prix du Tour de France 3 Candidate Tours after liberation 3 1 Ronde de France 3 2 La Course du Tour de France 4 Aftermath 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further readingHistory editAlready before the war the political situation in Europe had its influence on the Tour de France Political reasons caused Italy Germany and Spain to refuse to send teams to France for the 1939 Tour de France 1 The 1938 Tour de France winner Gino Bartali was among those affected Henri Desgrange the original race organizer and Jacques Goddet his deputy and replacement Notes 1 announced plans for a Tour de France in August 1940 2 Races planned or held during the Occupation edit1940 Tour de France edit Henri Desgrange planned a Tour for 1940 after war had started but before France had been invaded The route approved by military authorities included a route along the Maginot Line 3 Teams would have been drawn from military units in France including the British who would have been organised by a journalist Bill Mills 3 The plans were dropped after the German invasion 4 The records and paperwork of the Tour were taken south to keep them safe but were never seen again 5 6 Desgrange died in August 1940 and his successor Jacques Goddet initially wanted to organise the Tour during the war arguing that sport should remain neutral 7 1941 Tour de France edit In 1941 the newspaper Paris Soir run by Germans tried to persuade l Auto to coorganize the Tour but Goddet did not accept 7 1942 Tour de France edit The German Propaganda Staffel wanted the Tour to be run and offered facilities otherwise denied in the hope of maintaining a sense of normality 6 8 They offered to open the borders between German occupied France in the north and the nominally independent Vichy France in the south so that l Auto could organize a Tour together with La France Socialiste but Goddet refused 6 9 He was in any case in little position to run a race of that scale because many of the staff had left L Auto s office in Paris to go south 6 1942 Circuit de France edit La France Socialiste run by Jean Leulliot Goddet s former colleague at L Auto did not have the same reluctance and organized the race on its own Leulliot who had been manager of the French team that won the Tour in 1937 had become head of sport at La France Socialiste which despite its name was a right wing paper that sympathized with the Germans Leulliot assembled sixty nine riders for the race the Circuit de France which ran from 28 September to 4 October 1942 Over six stages and 1 650 kilometres 1 030 mi it went from Paris to Paris via Le Mans Poitiers Limoges Clermont Ferrand St Etienne Lyon and Dijon 7 9 One of the riders Emile Idee told the writer and cyclist Jean Bobet that he had been threatened with the Gestapo if he did not take part 10 Bobet said I asked him to repeat it to see if I had understood I was stunned dans la tete ca fait tilt 10 11 The Circuit de France was organized between 28 September 1942 and 4 October 1942 12 by La France Socialiste in both the occupied zone and Vichy France to give a feeling of nationality The race had six multinational teams and was won by Francois Neuville The inexperience of the organizers combined with bad weather and logistical problems made the race a disaster Although there were plans to hold the race again in 1943 it was never held 13 Stage results 14 Stage Route Length Winner1 Paris Le Mans 203 km 126 mi nbsp Guy Lapebie FRA 2 Le Mans Poitiers 226 km 140 mi nbsp Frans Bonduel BEL 3A Poitiers Limoges 103 km 64 mi nbsp Georges Guillier FRA 3B Limoges Clermont Ferrand 163 km 101 mi nbsp Louis Caput FRA 4 Clermont Ferrand Saint Etienne 203 km 126 mi nbsp Francois Neuville BEL 5A Saint Etienne Lyon 56 km 35 mi Genial Lucifer team time trial 5B Lyon Dijon 203 km 126 mi nbsp Albert Goutal FRA 6 Dijon Paris 358 km 222 mi nbsp Raymond Louviot FRA Overall Classification 1 10 14 15 Rank Name Time Avg Speed 1 nbsp Francois Neuville BEL 45h 32 09 33 270 km h 2 nbsp Louis Thietard FRA 5 23 3 nbsp Louis Caput FRA 5 31 4 nbsp Frans Bonduel BEL 10 26 5 nbsp Leon Level FRA 10 54 6 nbsp Albertin Disseaux BEL 17 10 7 nbsp Raymond Louviot FRA 19 50 8 nbsp Jean Marie Goasmat FRA 28 16 9 nbsp Emile Idee FRA 34 05 10 nbsp Georges Guillier FRA 44 51 The mountains classification was won by Pierre Brambilla 12 1943 Tour de France edit The 1943 Tour de France was not held but instead L Auto organized a readers poll in 1943 to name the perfect team for a Tour de France were one to be run More than 10 000 took part 9 1943 Grand Prix du Tour de France edit In 1943 l Auto ran what it called the Grand Prix du Tour de France the paper s assessment of the greatest riders calculated using their placings in single day races all organised by l Auto 16 17 At the end of the season a yellow jersey was given to the cyclist with the best overall classification 18 19 The winner was Jo Goutorbe 14 Even though The Grand Prix du Tour de France was organized by Jacques Goddet he made it clear that it was not an official Tour de France 8 The Grand Prix du Tour de France 1943 consisted of the following races 20 Paris Roubaix GP de Provence Paris Dijon Paris Reims Paris Tours Course dans Paris GP d Auvergne GP des Alpes GP Industrie du Cycle1944 Grand Prix du Tour de France edit In 1944 the Grand Prix du Tour de France was done again but it was not completed because the liberation of France stopped the races from being run 17 Maurice De Simpelaere was the leader at the time the races were interrupted 14 Candidate Tours after liberation editAfter the liberation of France in 1944 L Auto was closed and its belongings including the Tour de France were sequestered by the state for having published articles too close to the Germans 21 All rights to the Tour were therefore owned by the government Jacques Goddet was allowed to publish another daily sports paper L Equipe but there was a rival candidate to run the Tour a consortium of the magazines Sports and Miroir Sprint Each organised a candidate race L Equipe and Le Parisien Libere had La Course du Tour de France 14 The Race of the Tour de France as close as they dared come to calling the race by its original name and Sports and Miroir Sprint had La Ronde de France Both were five stage races the longest the government would allow because of shortages 22 23 Ronde de France edit From 10 to 14 July 1946 the Ronde de France was organized The cyclists were divided in commercial teams but the commercial teams were each allowed to field two teams one composed of French cyclists and one of foreign cyclists 24 It was won by Giulio Bresci who also won two stages and the mountains classification 14 Stage results 14 Stage Route Length Winner Leader1 Bordeaux Pau 221 km 137 mi nbsp Elio Bertocchi ITA nbsp Elio Bertocchi ITA 2 Pau Toulouse 300 km 190 mi nbsp Giulio Bresci ITA nbsp Giulio Bresci ITA 3 Toulouse Montpellier 249 km 155 mi nbsp Raymond Louviot FRA nbsp Giulio Bresci ITA 4 Montpellier Gap 274 km 170 mi nbsp Giulio Bresci ITA nbsp Giulio Bresci ITA 5 Gap Grenoble 277 km 172 mi nbsp Apo Lazarides FRA nbsp Giulio Bresci ITA Overall Classification 1 10 14 15 Rank Name Time Avg Speed 1 nbsp Giulio Bresci ITA 45h 32 09 32 026 km h 2 nbsp Ezio Bertocchi ITA 4 08 3 nbsp Edouard Fachleitner FRA 11 24 4 nbsp Pierre Cogan FRA 14 14 5 nbsp Apo Lazarides FRA 26 50 6 nbsp Giuseppe Tacca ITA 30 48 7 nbsp Augusto Introzzi ITA 44 13 8 nbsp Pierre Brambilla ITA 58 42 9 nbsp Maurice De Muer FRA 1h 02 29 10 nbsp Petrus Van Verre FRA 1h 10 13 La Course du Tour de France edit La Course du Tour de France redirects here For the women s one day race see La Course by Le Tour de France The Course du Tour de France English Race of the Tour of France also known as Monaco Paris was organised in 1946 by Le Parisien Libere together with l Equipe The race had many things familiar to the old Tours de France there were six national teams and five regional French teams and the leader in the race was also given a yellow jersey 25 The race was won by French cyclist Apo Lazarides The mountains classification was won by Jean Robic Stage results 14 Stage Route Length Winner Leader1 Monaco Digne 185 km 115 mi nbsp Aldo Baito ITA nbsp Aldo Baito ITA 2 Digne Briancon 219 km 136 mi nbsp Rene Vietto FRA nbsp Rene Vietto FRA 3 Briancon Aix les Bains 263 km 163 mi nbsp Jean Robic FRA nbsp Jean Robic FRA 4 Aix les Bains Dijon 294 km 183 mi nbsp Adolfo Leoni ITA nbsp Apo Lazarides FRA 5 Dijon Paris 355 km 221 mi nbsp Adolfo Leoni ITA nbsp Apo Lazarides FRA Overall Classification 1 10 14 15 Rank Name Time Avg Speed 1 nbsp Apo Lazarides FRA 44h 31 42 29 554 km h 2 nbsp Rene Vietto FRA 37 59 3 nbsp Jean Robic FRA 40 25 4 nbsp Lucien Teisseire FRA 49 58 5 nbsp Emile Rol FRA 52 07 6 nbsp Aldo Baito ITA 54 35 7 nbsp Pierre Brambilla ITA 57 28 8 nbsp Diego Marabelli ITA 1h 00 11 9 nbsp Salvatore Crippa ITA 1h 10 59 10 nbsp Auguste Mallet FRA 1h 23 53 Aftermath editThe Course du Tour de France L Equipe s race was better organised and appealed more to the public because it featured national teams which had been so successful before the war when French cycling was at a high In late 1946 both organisers intended to organise their race again in 1947 this time at the same time The UCI then decided in December 1946 to give L Equipe the right to organize the 1947 Tour de France After their main rival Sports objected to this the rights were instead given to La Societe du Parc du Princes because this was thought to be a neutral choice In early 1947 it became clear that the organisation of the Tour de France was difficult financially without a newspaper and in June 1947 one month before the 1947 Tour de France would start the Societe du Parc du Princes transferred the rights to L Equipe 26 Emile Besson communist sports writer and a member of the Resistance from 1943 when he was 17 called L Equipe s victory political Besson who was a member of the national study into French sport under the Occupation set up by Marie George Buffet when she was sports minister between 1997 and 2002 said It was a bit much to have given them the right to run the Tour again after all that referring to L Auto s pro German attitude and closure Goddet had the keys to the Velodrome d Hiver when the Germans wanted it in the round up of Jews in July 1942 After the Liberation the battle between Left and Right had the Tour as one of its prizes 21 Goddet had to defend his wartime behaviour at an inquiry in Algiers He pointed to the way he had allowed Resistance workers to print anti German tracts at his newspaper and called Emilien Amaury in his defence Amaury had a blameless record in the Resistance 6 He was also a right wing businessman his ideals close to Goddet s 9 It was with Amaury and his paper Le Parisien Libere that Goddet ran La Course du Tour de France It was Amaury s reputation that landed Goddet the Tour 9 That says Besson and because the rival candidate was two magazines with a communist background and President Charles de Gaulle was determined to limit communist influence De Gaulle had spent much of his time during the war trying to prevent communist domination of the Resistance Communists held many key positions in France just before and after Liberation but De Gaulle refused even to thank them for their work Albert Bourlon who won the 14th stage of the 1947 Tour de France told Jean Bobet that he was convinced that his membership of the Communist Party denied him access to the race afterwards 11 Amaury eventually took control of both the paper and the Tour de France which the family still controls to this day with the family owned Amaury Sport Organisation since 2006 controlled by grandson Jean Etienne Amaury Jean Leulliot was tried for his role in organising races under German patronage but he was cleared after fellow journalists including Goddet spoke in his favour 10 11 Notes edit Desgrange died on 16 August 1940 having abandoned his race the previous year while suffering the effects of an operation References edit McGann p 144 McGann p 149 a b The Bicycle UK 8 July 1943 p6 Dauncey p 8 McGann p 151 a b c d e Goddet Jacques 1991 L Equipee Belle Laffont Paris ISBN 978 2 221 07290 5 a b c Thompson p 79 a b McGann p 150 a b c d e Boeuf Jean Luc Leonard Yves 2003 La Republique du Tour de France in French Seuil France ISBN 978 2 02 058073 1 a b c Turgis Dominique Memoire du Cyclisme Bobet Leulliot in French Memoire du Cyclisme Retrieved 17 August 2010 a b c Bobet Jean 2008 Le Velo a l Heure Allemande in French La Table Ronde France ISBN 978 2 7103 2983 1 a b Circuit de France 1942 Cyclingarchives Retrieved 20 August 2010 Thompson p 80 a b c d e f g h i j Boyce Barry 2004 1940 1946 TdF Style Racing During World War 2 Cycling Revealed Retrieved 17 August 2010 a b c James Tom 28 July 2003 The Tour de France during the War Veloarchive Retrieved 17 August 2010 Laget Serge 2002 1940 1946 Des Ersatz 100 Ans de Tour de France in French Lannoo ISBN 978 90 5947 028 6 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help a b Dauncey p 269 Blandine Hennion 3 July 2003 La France occupee l Auto gare le tour Liberation in French Retrieved 17 August 2010 Dauncey p 9 Grand Prix du Tour De France in French Velo club 15 February 2004 Retrieved 17 August 2010 a b Blandine Hennion 4 July 2003 Comment le Tour a echappe au PCF Liberation in French Retrieved 17 August 2010 Dauncey p 10 Chronology of the tour 1902 2003 International Journal of the History of Sport 20 2 Routlegde 267 273 2003 doi 10 1080 09523360412331305723 S2CID 216148137 Demouveaux Gautier 4 September 2007 Les debats de presse autour de la reorganisation du Tour de France apres la liberation 1945 1947 PDF in French Universite de Lyon p 36 Retrieved 20 August 2010 Thompson p 81 Demouveaux Gautier 4 September 2007 Les debats de presse autour de la reorganisation du Tour de France apres la liberation 1945 1947 PDF in French Universite de Lyon pp 37 40 Retrieved 20 August 2010 Further reading editDauncey Hugh Hare Geoff 2003 The Tour de France 1903 2003 A Century of Sporting Structures Meanings and Values Routledge ISBN 978 0 7146 5362 4 Retrieved 2 July 2008 Thompson Christopher S 2006 The Tour de France A Cultural History Routledge ISBN 978 0 520 24760 4 Retrieved 2 July 2008 McGann Bill Carol McGann 2006 The Story of the Tour de France 1903 1964 Dog Ear Publishing ISBN 978 1 59858 180 5 Retrieved 2 July 2008 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tour de France during World War II amp oldid 1173724691, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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