The Neighborhood Association (隣組, Tonarigumi) was the smallest unit of the national mobilization program established by the Japanese government in World War II. It consisted of units consisting of 10-15 households organized for fire fighting, civil defense and internal security. [1]
The government also found the tonarigumi useful for the maintenance of public security. A network of informants was established linking every neighborhood association with the Tokkō Police to watch for infractions of national laws and suspect political or moral behavior. [3]
Later in the Pacific War the tonarigumi received basic military training to serve as observers for enemy planes over cities or suspicious boats along the coasts. In the final stages of war the Imperial government intended the tonarigumi to form a secondary militia in the case of enemy invasion. Some tonarigumi took part in combat in Manchukuo, northern Chōsen and Karafuto in the closing days of the Pacific War.
Formally abolished in 1947 by the American occupation authorities, the system survives to a certain extent in the modern chonaikai, or jichikai which are nominally independent voluntary associations, but which retain a quasi-governmental status in that they have limited responsibility for local administration and coordination of activities such as neighborhood watch and disaster relief.[6]
^"Roles of Tonarigumi to Promote Participatory Development in Indonesia: Case of Three Villages in Purbalingga District, Central Java Province". Tokyo, Japan. 2014. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
tonarigumi, neighborhood, association, 隣組, smallest, unit, national, mobilization, program, established, japanese, government, world, consisted, units, consisting, households, organized, fire, fighting, civil, defense, internal, security, emergency, rice, feed. The Neighborhood Association 隣組 Tonarigumi was the smallest unit of the national mobilization program established by the Japanese government in World War II It consisted of units consisting of 10 15 households organized for fire fighting civil defense and internal security 1 Emergency rice feeding by tonarigumi housewives Contents 1 History and development 2 See also 3 References 4 NotesHistory and development EditNeighborhood mutual aid associations existed in Japan since before the Edo period The system was formalized on 11 September 1940 by order of the Home Ministry Japan under Imperial Rule Assistance Association by the cabinet of Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe Participation was mandatory Each unit was responsible for allocating rationed goods distributing government bonds fire fighting public health and civil defense Each unit was also responsible for assisting the National Spiritual Mobilization Movement by distribution of government propaganda and organizing participation in patriotic rallies 2 The government also found the tonarigumi useful for the maintenance of public security A network of informants was established linking every neighborhood association with the Tokkō Police to watch for infractions of national laws and suspect political or moral behavior 3 Tonarigumi were also organized in territories occupied by Japan for the same purposes including Manchukuo Mengjiang the Wang Jingwei Government and later in occupied territories of Southeast Asia such as the Indonesian RT RW system 4 5 Later in the Pacific War the tonarigumi received basic military training to serve as observers for enemy planes over cities or suspicious boats along the coasts In the final stages of war the Imperial government intended the tonarigumi to form a secondary militia in the case of enemy invasion Some tonarigumi took part in combat in Manchukuo northern Chōsen and Karafuto in the closing days of the Pacific War Formally abolished in 1947 by the American occupation authorities the system survives to a certain extent in the modern chonaikai or jichikai which are nominally independent voluntary associations but which retain a quasi governmental status in that they have limited responsibility for local administration and coordination of activities such as neighborhood watch and disaster relief 6 See also EditBarangay Coastwatchers Allied Forces Great Japan Youth Party Rukun warga and rukun tetangga modern administrative divisions of Indonesian descended from the tonarigumiSenjinkun military codeVolunteer Fighting CorpsReferences EditCook Haruko Taya Theodore F Cook 1992 Japan at War An Oral History New York The New Press ISBN 9781565840393 Dear I C B M R D Foot 2002 The Oxford Companion to World War II Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 860446 7 Pekkanen Robert 2006 Japan s Dual Civil Society Members without advocates Stanford University Press ISBN 0 8047 5429 2 Schwartz Frank J Susan J Pharr 2003 The State of Civil Society in Japan Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 53462 3 Notes Edit Dear The Oxford Companion to World War II Pekkanan Japan s dual civil society Members without advocates Cook Japan at War An Oral History Roles of Tonarigumi to Promote Participatory Development in Indonesia Case of Three Villages in Purbalingga District Central Java Province Tokyo Japan 2014 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Dear The Oxford Companion to World War II Pharr The State of Civil Society in Japan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tonarigumi amp oldid 1118245567, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
