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Toichiro Kinoshita

January 01, 1970

Tōichirō Kinoshita (木下東一郎, Kinoshita Tōichirō ; January 23, 1925 – March 23, 2023) was a Japanese-born American theoretical physicist.

Toichiro Kinoshita
Born
木下東一郎, Kinoshita Tōichirō

(1925-01-23)January 23, 1925
DiedMarch 23, 2023(2023-03-23) (aged 98)
OccupationTheoretical physicist
Known forKinoshita–Lee–Nauenberg theorem
Cornell potential
AwardsSakurai prize (1990)
Guggenheim Fellowship (1973)
Academic background
EducationUniversity of Tokyo
Doctoral advisorSin-Itiro Tomonaga
Academic work
DisciplinePhysics
Sub-disciplineTheoretical Physics
InstitutionsCornell University

Kinoshita was born in Tokyo on January 23, 1925. He studied physics at the University of Tokyo, earning his bachelor's degree in 1947 and then his PhD in 1952. Afterwards he spent two years as a postdoctoral researcher of the Institute of Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey, and then one year at Columbia University. His research interests included quantum field theory, and the Standard Model.[1]

Kinoshita worked at the Newman Laboratory of Nuclear Studies at Cornell University from 1955. He was at first a research associate. In 1958 he became assistant professor, and in 1960 associate professor. He became a full professor in 1963, and in 1992 he was appointed Goldwin Smith professor. In 1995 he retired from Cornell as professor emeritus. In 1962–63 he was a Ford Fellow at CERN. He was a guest professor at the University of Tokyo, at CERN, at the national laboratory for high-energy physics KEK in Japan, and at RIKEN in Japan.[1][2]

Kinoshita was known for his extensive and detailed calculations of quantum electrodynamics (QED), the theory of the interaction of light and matter, on which physicist Abraham Pais called him the "expert among experts".[3] QED is often described as the most accurate physical theory in existence. Among the best-known examples are Kinoshita's calculations of the anomalous magnetic moments of the electron and the muon.

Research edit

Kinoshita worked on a range of topics in QED. While at the Institute for Advanced Study he calculated to high precision the ground state energy of Helium.[4] At Cornell, Kinoshita collaborated with Alberto Sirlin to calculate the radiative corrections to parity-nonconserving muon decay and β decay.[5] He collaborated with Richard Feynman to calculate the radiative correction to the ratio of decay rates for a pion decaying to an electron over that for decaying to a muon, notated as Γ(π− → e−ν)/Γ(π− → μ−ν).[6] In 1962 he showed that Feynman amplitudes in quantum electrodynamics remain finite in the limit of propagator masses vanishing, i.e., all infrared divergences cancel.[7] This became known as the Kinoshita-Lee-Nauenberg theorem. In the 1970s he worked on quantum chromodynamics and quarkonium - spectroscopy with Estia Eichten, Kenneth Lane, Kurt Gottfried, and Tung-Mow Yan.

Kinoshita is best known for his calculations of the anomalous magnetic moments of the electron and muon. According to the Dirac theory,[8] the magnetic moment of the electron should equal two. However, interactions of the electron with a magnetic field will deviate this value from two; the difference is referred to as the anomalous magnetic moment or simply “the anomaly” ɑe. The value of ɑe can be calculated as a perturbative expansion in powers of α/π, where α = e2/(4πεoħc) ≈ 1/137 is the fine structure constant. The lowest-order (“second-order”) term was calculated by Julian Schwinger,[9] and the next (fourth-order) term was calculated by Karplus and Kroll[10] (with a sign error subsequently corrected[11]). The fourth-order term is obtained by evaluating seven distinct amplitudes or "Feynman diagrams." These calculations were all performed analytically, and their accuracy was limited only by the value of α, which cannot be calculated from first principles and must be measured by experiment.

The sixth-order term consists of 72 Feynman diagrams, and Kinoshita evaluated these to high precision numerically using computers.[12] He revised this calculation in 1995[13] using faster computers and higher precision computational techniques. Working with his students, he subsequently calculated the eighth-order terms (891 Feynman diagrams)[14] and, with great effort over several years, the tenth-order terms (12672 Feynman diagrams).[15]

In 2001, Kinoshita and a group in Marseille found a sign difference in their respective calculations of the π0 pole contribution to the sixth-order light-by-light amplitude.[16] Kinoshita and his student M. Hayakawa ultimately traced this to an incorrect implementation of the antisymmetric Levi-Civita tensor εαβγδ used in the computation code "Form"[17] that had been used.[18] It took a while to fix this software bug by the developers.[19]

Personal life and death edit

Kinoshita married Masako Matsuoka in 1951. He and his wife has three daughters. His wife died in 2022.[20]

Kinoshita died at his home in Amherst, Massachusetts, on March 23, 2023, at the age of 98.[21] He was survived by daughters and sons-in-law Kay and Alan Schwartz, June and Tod Machover, and Ray and Charles C. Mann, three sisters in Japan, and six grandchildren.[22]

Honors and awards edit

In 1962–63 he was a Ford Foundation Fellow at CERN. In 1973–74 he was a Guggenheim Fellow. He was awarded the Sakurai Prize from the American Physical Society in 1990; the SUN-AMCO Medal from the International Union of Pure and Applied Science in 1998; the Gian Carlo Wick Gold Medal in 2010; and the Toray Science and Technology Prize in 2019. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1991.[1]

Books edit

  • Kinoshita as editor and co-author, Quantum Electrodynamics. World Scientific 1990 ISBN 981-02-0213-X (hbk); ISBN 981-02-0214-8 (pbk)

External links edit

  • Biography from the APS
  • AIP's Oral History Interview

References edit

  1. ^ a b c T. Kinoshita. History. American Institute of Physics (AIP). Accessed October 4, 2018.
  2. ^ "Toichiro Kinoshita, Department of Physics". Cornell University (physics.cornell.edu).
  3. ^ Pais, A.1986. Inward Bound: Of Matter and Forces in the Physical World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 466.
  4. ^ T. Kinoshita, Phys. Rev. 105, 1490 (1957).
  5. ^ T. Kinoshita and A. Sirlin, Phys. Rev. 113, 1652 (1959); T. Kinoshita and A. Sirlin, Phys. Rev. 107, 593 (1957).
  6. ^ T. Kinoshita, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2, 477 (1959).
  7. ^ T. Kinoshita, Jour. Math. Phys. 3, 650 (1962).
  8. ^ P. A. M. Dirac, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A 117, 610 (1928).
  9. ^ J. S. Schwinger, Phys. Rev. 73, 416 (1948); J. Schwinger, Phys. Rev. 75, 898 (1949).
  10. ^ R. Karplus and N. M. Kroll, Phys. Rev. 77, 536 (1950)
  11. ^ A. Petermann, Helv. Phys. Acta 30, 407 (1957); C. M. Sommerfield, Phys. Rev. 107, 328 (1957).
  12. ^ P. Cvitanovic and T. Kinoshita, Phys. Rev. D 10, 4007 (1974).
  13. ^ T. Kinoshita, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4728 (1995).
  14. ^ T. Kinoshita and M. Nio, Phys. Rev. D 73, 013003 (2006), hep-ph/0507249; T. Aoyama, M. Hayakawa, T. Kinoshita, and M. Nio, Nucl. Phys. B 740, 138 (2006), hep-ph/0512288.
  15. ^ T. Aoyama, M. Hayakawa, T. Kinoshita, and M. Nio, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 111808 (2012), arXiv:1205.5370; T. Aoyama, M. Hayakawa, T. Kinoshita, and M. Nio, Phys. Rev. D 91, 033006 (2015) [Erratum: Phys.Rev.D 96, 019901 (2017)], arXiv:1412.8284; T. Aoyama, T. Kinoshita, and M. Nio, Phys. Rev. D 97, 036001 (2018), arXiv:1712.06060; T. Aoyama, T. Kinoshita, and M. Nio, Atoms 7, 28 (2019).
  16. ^ M. Hayakawa and T. Kinoshita, Phys. Rev. D 57, 465 (1998) [Erratum: Phys.Rev.D 66, 019902 (2002)], hep-ph/9708227.
  17. ^ J. A. M. Vermaseren (2000), math-ph/0010025.
  18. ^ M. Hayakawa and T. Kinoshita (2001), hep-ph/0112102.
  19. ^ Schwartzschild, 2002
  20. ^ https://ithacavoice.org/2022/08/obituary-masako-kinoshita/
  21. ^ "物理学者の木下東一郎・米コーネル大名誉教授が死去、９８歳…「最も高精度の理論計算値」" (in Japanese). Yomiuri Shimbun. 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
  22. ^ https://www.ithacajournal.com/obituaries/bps138832

January 01, 1970
toichiro, kinoshita, tōichirō, kinoshita, 木下東一郎, kinoshita, tōichirō, january, 1925, march, 2023, japanese, born, american, theoretical, physicist, born木下東一郎, kinoshita, tōichirō, 1925, january, 1925diedmarch, 2023, 2023, aged, occupationtheoretical, physicist. Tōichirō Kinoshita 木下東一郎 Kinoshita Tōichirō January 23 1925 March 23 2023 was a Japanese born American theoretical physicist Toichiro KinoshitaBorn木下東一郎 Kinoshita Tōichirō 1925 01 23 January 23 1925DiedMarch 23 2023 2023 03 23 aged 98 OccupationTheoretical physicistKnown forKinoshita Lee Nauenberg theoremCornell potentialAwardsSakurai prize 1990 Guggenheim Fellowship 1973 Academic backgroundEducationUniversity of TokyoDoctoral advisorSin Itiro TomonagaAcademic workDisciplinePhysicsSub disciplineTheoretical PhysicsInstitutionsCornell University Kinoshita was born in Tokyo on January 23 1925 He studied physics at the University of Tokyo earning his bachelor s degree in 1947 and then his PhD in 1952 Afterwards he spent two years as a postdoctoral researcher of the Institute of Advanced Study Princeton New Jersey and then one year at Columbia University His research interests included quantum field theory and the Standard Model 1 Kinoshita worked at the Newman Laboratory of Nuclear Studies at Cornell University from 1955 He was at first a research associate In 1958 he became assistant professor and in 1960 associate professor He became a full professor in 1963 and in 1992 he was appointed Goldwin Smith professor In 1995 he retired from Cornell as professor emeritus In 1962 63 he was a Ford Fellow at CERN He was a guest professor at the University of Tokyo at CERN at the national laboratory for high energy physics KEK in Japan and at RIKEN in Japan 1 2 Kinoshita was known for his extensive and detailed calculations of quantum electrodynamics QED the theory of the interaction of light and matter on which physicist Abraham Pais called him the expert among experts 3 QED is often described as the most accurate physical theory in existence Among the best known examples are Kinoshita s calculations of the anomalous magnetic moments of the electron and the muon Contents 1 Research 2 Personal life and death 3 Honors and awards 4 Books 5 External links 6 ReferencesResearch editKinoshita worked on a range of topics in QED While at the Institute for Advanced Study he calculated to high precision the ground state energy of Helium 4 At Cornell Kinoshita collaborated with Alberto Sirlin to calculate the radiative corrections to parity nonconserving muon decay and b decay 5 He collaborated with Richard Feynman to calculate the radiative correction to the ratio of decay rates for a pion decaying to an electron over that for decaying to a muon notated as G p e n G p m n 6 In 1962 he showed that Feynman amplitudes in quantum electrodynamics remain finite in the limit of propagator masses vanishing i e all infrared divergences cancel 7 This became known as the Kinoshita Lee Nauenberg theorem In the 1970s he worked on quantum chromodynamics and quarkonium spectroscopy with Estia Eichten Kenneth Lane Kurt Gottfried and Tung Mow Yan Kinoshita is best known for his calculations of the anomalous magnetic moments of the electron and muon According to the Dirac theory 8 the magnetic moment of the electron should equal two However interactions of the electron with a magnetic field will deviate this value from two the difference is referred to as the anomalous magnetic moment or simply the anomaly ɑe The value of ɑe can be calculated as a perturbative expansion in powers of a p where a e2 4peoħc 1 137 is the fine structure constant The lowest order second order term was calculated by Julian Schwinger 9 and the next fourth order term was calculated by Karplus and Kroll 10 with a sign error subsequently corrected 11 The fourth order term is obtained by evaluating seven distinct amplitudes or Feynman diagrams These calculations were all performed analytically and their accuracy was limited only by the value of a which cannot be calculated from first principles and must be measured by experiment The sixth order term consists of 72 Feynman diagrams and Kinoshita evaluated these to high precision numerically using computers 12 He revised this calculation in 1995 13 using faster computers and higher precision computational techniques Working with his students he subsequently calculated the eighth order terms 891 Feynman diagrams 14 and with great effort over several years the tenth order terms 12672 Feynman diagrams 15 In 2001 Kinoshita and a group in Marseille found a sign difference in their respective calculations of the p0 pole contribution to the sixth order light by light amplitude 16 Kinoshita and his student M Hayakawa ultimately traced this to an incorrect implementation of the antisymmetric Levi Civita tensor eabgd used in the computation code Form 17 that had been used 18 It took a while to fix this software bug by the developers 19 Personal life and death editKinoshita married Masako Matsuoka in 1951 He and his wife has three daughters His wife died in 2022 20 Kinoshita died at his home in Amherst Massachusetts on March 23 2023 at the age of 98 21 He was survived by daughters and sons in law Kay and Alan Schwartz June and Tod Machover and Ray and Charles C Mann three sisters in Japan and six grandchildren 22 Honors and awards editIn 1962 63 he was a Ford Foundation Fellow at CERN In 1973 74 he was a Guggenheim Fellow He was awarded the Sakurai Prize from the American Physical Society in 1990 the SUN AMCO Medal from the International Union of Pure and Applied Science in 1998 the Gian Carlo Wick Gold Medal in 2010 and the Toray Science and Technology Prize in 2019 He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1991 1 Books editKinoshita as editor and co author Quantum Electrodynamics World Scientific 1990 ISBN 981 02 0213 X hbk ISBN 981 02 0214 8 pbk External links editBiography from the APS AIP s Oral History InterviewReferences edit a b c T Kinoshita History American Institute of Physics AIP Accessed October 4 2018 Toichiro Kinoshita Department of Physics Cornell University physics cornell edu Pais A 1986 Inward Bound Of Matter and Forces in the Physical World Oxford Oxford University Press p 466 T Kinoshita Phys Rev 105 1490 1957 T Kinoshita and A Sirlin Phys Rev 113 1652 1959 T Kinoshita and A Sirlin Phys Rev 107 593 1957 T Kinoshita Phys Rev Lett 2 477 1959 T Kinoshita Jour Math Phys 3 650 1962 P A M Dirac Proc Roy Soc Lond A 117 610 1928 J S Schwinger Phys Rev 73 416 1948 J Schwinger Phys Rev 75 898 1949 R Karplus and N M Kroll Phys Rev 77 536 1950 A Petermann Helv Phys Acta 30 407 1957 C M Sommerfield Phys Rev 107 328 1957 P Cvitanovic and T Kinoshita Phys Rev D 10 4007 1974 T Kinoshita Phys Rev Lett 75 4728 1995 T Kinoshita and M Nio Phys Rev D 73 013003 2006 hep ph 0507249 T Aoyama M Hayakawa T Kinoshita and M Nio Nucl Phys B 740 138 2006 hep ph 0512288 T Aoyama M Hayakawa T Kinoshita and M Nio Phys Rev Lett 109 111808 2012 arXiv 1205 5370 T Aoyama M Hayakawa T Kinoshita and M Nio Phys Rev D 91 033006 2015 Erratum Phys Rev D 96 019901 2017 arXiv 1412 8284 T Aoyama T Kinoshita and M Nio Phys Rev D 97 036001 2018 arXiv 1712 06060 T Aoyama T Kinoshita and M Nio Atoms 7 28 2019 M Hayakawa and T Kinoshita Phys Rev D 57 465 1998 Erratum Phys Rev D 66 019902 2002 hep ph 9708227 J A M Vermaseren 2000 math ph 0010025 M Hayakawa and T Kinoshita 2001 hep ph 0112102 Schwartzschild 2002 https ithacavoice org 2022 08 obituary masako kinoshita 物理学者の木下東一郎 米コーネル大名誉教授が死去 ９８歳 最も高精度の理論計算値 in Japanese Yomiuri Shimbun 29 March 2023 Retrieved 29 March 2023 https www ithacajournal com obituaries bps138832 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Toichiro Kinoshita amp oldid 1216843728, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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