The toe loop jump is the simplest jump in the sport of figure skating. It was invented in the 1920s by American professional figure skater Bruce Mapes. The toe loop is accomplished with a forward approach on the inside edge of the blade; the skater then switches to a backward-facing position before their takeoff, which is accomplished from the skater's right back outside edge and left toepick. The jump is exited from the back outside edge of the same foot. It is often added to more difficult jumps during combinations and is the most common second jump performed in combinations. It is also the most commonly attempted jump.
The toe loop jump is the simplest of the six jumps in the sport of figure skating.[1] It was invented in the 1920s by American professional figure skater Bruce Mapes, who might have also invented the flip jump.[2] In competitions, the base value of a single toe loop is 0.40; the base value of a double toe loop is 1.30; the base value of a triple toe loop is 4.20; and the base value of a quadruple toe loop is 9.50.[3]
The toe loop is considered the simplest jump because not only do skaters use their toe-picks to execute it, their hips are already facing the direction in which they will rotate.[12] The toe loop is the easier jump to add multiple rotations to because the toe-assisted takeoff adds power to the jump and because a skater can turn their body toward the assisting foot at takeoff, which slightly reduces the rotation needed in the air.[13] It is often added to more difficult jumps during combinations and is the most common second jump performed in combinations.[14] It is also the most commonly attempted jump,[12] as well as "the most commonly cheated on take off jump",[15] or a jump in which the first rotation starts on the ice rather than in the air.[13] Adding a toe loop to combination jumps does not increase the difficulty of skaters' short or free skating programs.[16]
According to figure skating researcher Deborah King and her colleagues, the toe loop jump can be divided into four key events and three phases. The key events are: the toe-pick, or the moment the skater places his or her toepick into the ice; the take-off, or the last contact the skater makes with the ice; the jump's maximum height; and the landing, or the moment the skater returns to the ice. The three phases are: the approach, which begins when the skater initiates the three turn entering into the jump and ends when they initiate the toe-pick; propulsion, which begins at the toe-pick and ends at take-off; and flight, which begins at take-off and ends at landing.[17]
A skater initiates the toe loop with a forward approach on the inside edge of the blade,[1] then switches to a backward-facing position before its takeoff, which is accomplished from the skater's right back outside edge and left toepick. The jump is exited from the back outside edge of the same foot. The skater approaches the right back outside edge of his or her skate from the landing of a previous jump when done in combination, from the right back outside edge from a right forward inside-to-right back outside three turn, or from a left forward outside-left back inside three turn followed by a change of foot. After completing the three turn, the skater reaches their free leg behind them and slightly outside the direction they are traveling, much like a pole-vaulter. Then they place the left toepick in the ice with the opposite foot they will use to make the landing, and jump while pulling the right leg back and around the left and reaching forward and around with the right arm and shoulder, thus achieving the rotation. They draw their arms into the body for the desired number of rotations.[18][19] They should face forward, with their free leg approximately parallel to their take-off foot and with their arms as close to their body as possible, which results in keeping their arms and legs close to their bodies and remain in tight rotating positions at the moment of take-off, helping them attain faster rotational velocities in the air.[20]
King and her colleagues, when they studied quadruple toe loop jumps at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, counted 71 attempted quadruple toe loop jumps or quadruple toe-loop combination jumps. Of those, there were 33 quadruple toe loops performed not in combination with other jumps, 13 of which were landed cleanly, without a fall, without the skater touching a hand down on the ice, or without stepping out of the landing onto the other foot.[21] They also found that "the most significant aspect"[22] for completing toe loop jumps was the ability to increase rotational velocity while in the air. King also found that skaters who performed quadruple toe loops began to rotate their shoulders earlier than in triples, so that by the time they completed their toe-pick, their hips and shoulders were more aligned about their longitudinal axes. As a result, their hips and shoulders turned more uniformly during the propulsion phase of the jump.[20] Vertical take-off velocity, however, was higher for both quadruple and triple toe loops, resulting in "higher jumps and more time in the air to complete the extra revolution for the quadruple toe-loop".[22]
Footnotesedit
^Jozef Sabovcik of Czechoslovakia landed a quadruple toe loop at the 1986 European Championships, which was recognized at the event but then ruled invalid three weeks later due to a touchdown with his free foot.[5]
Referencesedit
^ abPark, Alice (22 February 2018). "How to Tell the Difference Between the 6 Figure Skating Jumps You'll See at the Olympics". Time Magazine. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ abcdefghi"ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023/24". Retrieved 2023-10-12.
^"ISU Communication 2475 Single and Pair Skating 2022-24". Retrieved 12 October 2023.
^. The New York Times. Associated Press. 26 March 1988. ISSN 1553-8095. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^Wilner, Barry (2 December 1999). "The Quad: Skating's Evolution is for More Revolution". CBS Sports. New York City. Archived from the original on 29 January 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^"Trusova (RUS) Makes History with Two Quads in Golden Performance". International Skating Union. 10 March 2018. from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^"Trusova (RUS) continues to make history, goes for three quads in Kaunas". International Skating Union. 10 September 2018. from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
^Bussat Ingwersen, Aline; Kenny, Patrick (3 November 2001). . International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
^羽生、独壇場V 新境地で自己新322・59点「自分に勝てたな」 [Hanyu single-handedly scoring a new personal best of 322.59 points in a new system "I think I beat myself"]. Sports Nippon (Sponichi Annex) (in Japanese). Tokyo. 28 October 2019. from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
^"Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) Hits Quad Toe-Triple Axel En Route to Gold in Helsinki". International Skating Union. 4 November 2018. from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
^Pucin, Diane (26 December 1999). "He's Pushing the Envelope, Not That Anyone Notices". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 2165-1736. from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
^ abSarkar, Pritha; Fallon, Clare (28 March 2017). "Figure Skating - Breakdown of Quadruple Jumps, Highest Scores and Judging". Reuters. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
"ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023/24". International Skating Union. 20 September 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
Kestnbaum, Ellyn (2003). Culture on Ice: Figure Skating and Cultural Meaning. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN0819566411
King, Deborah; Smith, Sarah; Higginson, Brian; Muncasy, Barry; Scheirman, Gary (2004). "Characteristics of Triple and Quadruple Toe-Loops Performed during The Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics" (PDF). Sports Biomechanics. 3 (1). from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
April 08, 2024
loop, jump, loop, jump, simplest, jump, sport, figure, skating, invented, 1920s, american, professional, figure, skater, bruce, mapes, loop, accomplished, with, forward, approach, inside, edge, blade, skater, then, switches, backward, facing, position, before,. The toe loop jump is the simplest jump in the sport of figure skating It was invented in the 1920s by American professional figure skater Bruce Mapes The toe loop is accomplished with a forward approach on the inside edge of the blade the skater then switches to a backward facing position before their takeoff which is accomplished from the skater s right back outside edge and left toepick The jump is exited from the back outside edge of the same foot It is often added to more difficult jumps during combinations and is the most common second jump performed in combinations It is also the most commonly attempted jump Figure skating elementElement nameToe loop jumpScoring abbreviationTElement typeJumpTake off edgeBack outsideLanding edgeBack outsideInventorBruce Mapes Contents 1 History 1 1 Firsts 2 Technique 3 Footnotes 4 References 5 Works citedHistory editThe toe loop jump is the simplest of the six jumps in the sport of figure skating 1 It was invented in the 1920s by American professional figure skater Bruce Mapes who might have also invented the flip jump 2 In competitions the base value of a single toe loop is 0 40 the base value of a double toe loop is 1 30 the base value of a triple toe loop is 4 20 and the base value of a quadruple toe loop is 9 50 3 Firsts edit Abbr Jump element Skater Nation Event Ref 3T Triple toe loop Thomas Litz nbsp United States 1964 World Championships 2 4T Quadruple toe loop men s Kurt Browning nbsp Canada 1988 World Championships 4 note 1 Quadruple toe loop women s Alexandra Trusova nbsp Russia 2018 World Championships 2 6 4T 2T Quad toe loop double toe loop Elvis Stojko nbsp Canada 1991 World Championships 2 4T 3T Quad toe loop triple toe loop men s Elvis Stojko nbsp Canada 1991 World Championships 2 Quad toe loop triple toe loop women s Alexandra Trusova nbsp Russia 2018 Junior Grand Prix Lithuania 7 4T 3T 2Lo Quad toe loop triple toe loop double loop Evgeni Plushenko nbsp Russia 1999 NHK Trophy 2 4T 3T 3Lo Quad toe loop triple toe loop triple loop Evgeni Plushenko nbsp Russia 2002 Cup of Russia 2 4T 1Eu 3S Quad toe loop Euler triple Salchow Alexei Yagudin nbsp Russia 2001 Skate Canada International 8 4T 1Eu 3F Quad toe loop Euler triple flip Yuzuru Hanyu nbsp Japan 2019 Skate Canada International 9 4T 3A SEQ Quad toe loop triple Axel Yuzuru Hanyu nbsp Japan 2018 Grand Prix of Helsinki 10 4S 3T Quad Salchow triple toe loop Timothy Goebel nbsp United States 1999 Skate America 2 11 4Lz 3T Quad lutz triple toe loop Jin Boyang nbsp China 2015 Cup of China 2 Technique editThe toe loop is considered the simplest jump because not only do skaters use their toe picks to execute it their hips are already facing the direction in which they will rotate 12 The toe loop is the easier jump to add multiple rotations to because the toe assisted takeoff adds power to the jump and because a skater can turn their body toward the assisting foot at takeoff which slightly reduces the rotation needed in the air 13 It is often added to more difficult jumps during combinations and is the most common second jump performed in combinations 14 It is also the most commonly attempted jump 12 as well as the most commonly cheated on take off jump 15 or a jump in which the first rotation starts on the ice rather than in the air 13 Adding a toe loop to combination jumps does not increase the difficulty of skaters short or free skating programs 16 According to figure skating researcher Deborah King and her colleagues the toe loop jump can be divided into four key events and three phases The key events are the toe pick or the moment the skater places his or her toepick into the ice the take off or the last contact the skater makes with the ice the jump s maximum height and the landing or the moment the skater returns to the ice The three phases are the approach which begins when the skater initiates the three turn entering into the jump and ends when they initiate the toe pick propulsion which begins at the toe pick and ends at take off and flight which begins at take off and ends at landing 17 A skater initiates the toe loop with a forward approach on the inside edge of the blade 1 then switches to a backward facing position before its takeoff which is accomplished from the skater s right back outside edge and left toepick The jump is exited from the back outside edge of the same foot The skater approaches the right back outside edge of his or her skate from the landing of a previous jump when done in combination from the right back outside edge from a right forward inside to right back outside three turn or from a left forward outside left back inside three turn followed by a change of foot After completing the three turn the skater reaches their free leg behind them and slightly outside the direction they are traveling much like a pole vaulter Then they place the left toepick in the ice with the opposite foot they will use to make the landing and jump while pulling the right leg back and around the left and reaching forward and around with the right arm and shoulder thus achieving the rotation They draw their arms into the body for the desired number of rotations 18 19 They should face forward with their free leg approximately parallel to their take off foot and with their arms as close to their body as possible which results in keeping their arms and legs close to their bodies and remain in tight rotating positions at the moment of take off helping them attain faster rotational velocities in the air 20 King and her colleagues when they studied quadruple toe loop jumps at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City Utah counted 71 attempted quadruple toe loop jumps or quadruple toe loop combination jumps Of those there were 33 quadruple toe loops performed not in combination with other jumps 13 of which were landed cleanly without a fall without the skater touching a hand down on the ice or without stepping out of the landing onto the other foot 21 They also found that the most significant aspect 22 for completing toe loop jumps was the ability to increase rotational velocity while in the air King also found that skaters who performed quadruple toe loops began to rotate their shoulders earlier than in triples so that by the time they completed their toe pick their hips and shoulders were more aligned about their longitudinal axes As a result their hips and shoulders turned more uniformly during the propulsion phase of the jump 20 Vertical take off velocity however was higher for both quadruple and triple toe loops resulting in higher jumps and more time in the air to complete the extra revolution for the quadruple toe loop 22 Footnotes edit Jozef Sabovcik of Czechoslovakia landed a quadruple toe loop at the 1986 European Championships which was recognized at the event but then ruled invalid three weeks later due to a touchdown with his free foot 5 References edit a b Park Alice 22 February 2018 How to Tell the Difference Between the 6 Figure Skating Jumps You ll See at the Olympics Time Magazine Retrieved 3 October 2022 a b c d e f g h i ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023 24 Retrieved 2023 10 12 ISU Communication 2475 Single and Pair Skating 2022 24 Retrieved 12 October 2023 A Quadruple Jump on Ice The New York Times Associated Press 26 March 1988 ISSN 1553 8095 Archived from the original on 11 November 2012 Retrieved 3 October 2022 Wilner Barry 2 December 1999 The Quad Skating s Evolution is for More Revolution CBS Sports New York City Archived from the original on 29 January 2012 Retrieved 3 October 2022 Trusova RUS Makes History with Two Quads in Golden Performance International Skating Union 10 March 2018 Archived from the original on 25 June 2021 Retrieved 3 October 2022 Trusova RUS continues to make history goes for three quads in Kaunas International Skating Union 10 September 2018 Archived from the original on 10 September 2018 Retrieved 4 October 2022 Bussat Ingwersen Aline Kenny Patrick 3 November 2001 MasterCard Skate Canada International Day Three International Skating Union Archived from the original on 24 March 2012 Retrieved 4 October 2022 羽生 独壇場V 新境地で自己新322 59点 自分に勝てたな Hanyu single handedly scoring a new personal best of 322 59 points in a new system I think I beat myself Sports Nippon Sponichi Annex in Japanese Tokyo 28 October 2019 Archived from the original on 16 May 2021 Retrieved 4 October 2022 Yuzuru Hanyu JPN Hits Quad Toe Triple Axel En Route to Gold in Helsinki International Skating Union 4 November 2018 Archived from the original on 16 December 2019 Retrieved 4 October 2022 Pucin Diane 26 December 1999 He s Pushing the Envelope Not That Anyone Notices Los Angeles Times ISSN 2165 1736 Archived from the original on 19 January 2022 Retrieved 4 October 2022 a b Sarkar Pritha Fallon Clare 28 March 2017 Figure Skating Breakdown of Quadruple Jumps Highest Scores and Judging Reuters Retrieved 4 October 2022 a b Kestnbaum p 287 Identifying Jumps PDF U S Figure Skating p 2 Archived from the original PDF on 12 July 2017 Retrieved 4 October 2022 ISU Judging System Technical Panel Handbook Singles Skating 2022 2023 U S Figure Skating 19 August 2022 p 20 Archived from the original on 17 January 2021 Retrieved 4 October 2022 King et al p 112 King et al p 113 Abad Santos Alexander 5 February 2014 A GIF Guide to Figure Skaters Jumps at the Olympics The Atlantic Monthly Retrieved 4 October 2022 Kestnbaum p 288 a b King et al p 121 King et al p 111 a b King et al p 120Works cited edit ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023 24 International Skating Union 20 September 2023 Retrieved 12 October 2023 Kestnbaum Ellyn 2003 Culture on Ice Figure Skating and Cultural Meaning Middletown Connecticut Wesleyan University Press ISBN 0819566411 King Deborah Smith Sarah Higginson Brian Muncasy Barry Scheirman Gary 2004 Characteristics of Triple and Quadruple Toe Loops Performed during The Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics PDF Sports Biomechanics 3 1 Archived from the original on 6 January 2019 Retrieved 4 October 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Toe loop jump amp oldid 1213949114, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
