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The Tochigi dialect (Japanese: 栃木弁 Tochigi-ben) is a Japanese dialect spoken in Tochigi prefecture. It is classified along with the Ibaraki dialect as an East Kanto dialect, but due to possessing various shared phonological and grammatical features with the neighbouring Fukushima dialect to the north, many scholars consider it instead as part of the wider Tohoku dialect. It has notable differences within the prefecture depending on region, and in some parts of the southwest of the prefecture (including the cities of Ashikaga and Sano) a separate dialect, the Ashikaga dialect, is spoken.
The following are some of the most distinct phonetic characteristics of the dialect.
Excluding the area around Ashikaga City, pitch accent is notably absent from virtually all regions in Tochigi.[1] Rising intonation is also commonly heard.
There is a reduced distinction between いi and えe sounds. For example, iro-enpitsu (いろえんぴつ coloured pencil ) may become either iro-inpitsu (いろいんぴつ)、ero-inpitsu (えろいんぴつ) or ero-enpitsu (えろえんぴつ).
When located between two vowel sounds, k-, t- and ch- sounds become voiced (k →g, t →d and ch →j (shown in the following table)).[2] Voicing does not occur when the sounds follow a small っ tsu or んn, or when the surrounding vowels are unvoiced.[3]
Consonant voicing
Sound
Examples
Sound in standard Japanese
Tochigi dialect form
Standard Japanese
Tochigi dialect
k
g
aki (あき autumn )
agi (あぎ)
t
d
katana (かたな sword)
kadana (かだな)
When located between a vowel and an unvoiced consonant, じji, ずzu, びbi and ぶbu sounds become unvoiced.[3]
Certain contracted sounds lose their contracted element.[4] For example, ぎゅgyu→ぎgi and しゅshu →しshi. Additionally, the sound ゆyu can become いi or えe. For example, yuki (ゆき snow )→iki (いき), yubi (ゆび finger )→ ibi (いび) or ebi (えび), although elderly speakers in Haga District pronounce yu as りri instead[5]
Grammaredit
The following are some of the most distinct grammatical characteristics of the dialect.
うu verbs ending with -あう-au lose their u sound. For example, kau (かう to buy ) →ka (か).[6]
Predominantly in the north of the prefecture, the verb shinu (しぬ to die ) can become shigu (しぐ) or shimu (しむ). Although shimu is sometimes heard in the south of the prefecture, shigu is absent.[7]
In regions north of Tochigi City and Ōyama City, the directional particle さsa can be used (equivalent to にni or へhe is standard Japanese).[8] In the south of the prefecture, the particle げge can be used to show the target of an action (をwo in standard Japanese).[9]
There is a tendency to insert small っtsu sounds between free-standing and ancillary words.
Politeness is very rarely shown through changing of word form, but rather with gestures, behaviour and nuance in the use of language. Although it is generally uncommon for speakers to use set polite expressions in eastern Japanese dialects (although some like the Tōkyō, Morioka and Sendai dialects have developed their own), in Tochigi and Ibaraki this tendency is even more striking.
Referencesedit
^飯豊, 毅一 (1984). 座方言学 5 関東地方の方言 (in Japanese). 国書刊行会. p. 62.
^飯豊, 毅一 (1984). 座方言学 5 関東地方の方言 (in Japanese). 国書刊行会. p. 59.
^ ab飯豊, 毅一 (1984). 講座方言学 5 関東地方の方言 (in Japanese). 国書刊行会. p. 60.
^飯豊, 毅一 (1984). 講座方言学 5 関東地方の方言 (in Japanese). 国書刊行会. pp. 13, 60.
^飯豊, 毅一 (1984). 講座方言学 5 関東地方の方言 (in Japanese). 国書刊行会. p. 61.
^飯豊, 毅一 (1984). 講座方言学 5 関東地方の方言 (in Japanese). 国書刊行会. pp. 57, 66–68.
^飯豊, 毅一 (1984). 講座方言学 5 関東地方の方言 (in Japanese). 国書刊行会. p. 68.
^飯豊, 毅一 (1984). 講座方言学 5 関東地方の方言 (in Japanese). 国書刊行会. p. 72.
^飯豊, 毅一 (1984). 講座方言学 5 関東地方の方言 (in Japanese). 国書刊行会. p. 73.
October 27, 2023
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This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Tochigi dialect news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Japanese article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 3 561 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at ja 栃木弁 see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated ja 栃木弁 to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Tochigi dialect Japanese 栃木弁 Tochigi ben is a Japanese dialect spoken in Tochigi prefecture It is classified along with the Ibaraki dialect as an East Kanto dialect but due to possessing various shared phonological and grammatical features with the neighbouring Fukushima dialect to the north many scholars consider it instead as part of the wider Tohoku dialect It has notable differences within the prefecture depending on region and in some parts of the southwest of the prefecture including the cities of Ashikaga and Sano a separate dialect the Ashikaga dialect is spoken Tochigi dialect栃木弁Tochigi dialect area Native toJapanRegionTochigi excluding Ashikaga Language familyJaponic JapaneseEastern Japanese Debated Kantō Debated EasternTochigi dialectLanguage codesISO 639 3 Glottologtoch1258Phonology editThe following are some of the most distinct phonetic characteristics of the dialect Excluding the area around Ashikaga City pitch accent is notably absent from virtually all regions in Tochigi 1 Rising intonation is also commonly heard There is a reduced distinction between いi and えe sounds For example iro enpitsu いろえんぴつ coloured pencil may become either iro inpitsu いろいんぴつ ero inpitsu えろいんぴつ or ero enpitsu えろえんぴつ When located between two vowel sounds k t and ch sounds become voiced k g t d and ch j shown in the following table 2 Voicing does not occur when the sounds follow a small っ tsu or んn or when the surrounding vowels are unvoiced 3 Consonant voicing Sound ExamplesSound in standard Japanese Tochigi dialect form Standard Japanese Tochigi dialectk g aki あき autumn agi あぎ t d katana かたな sword kadana かだな When located between a vowel and an unvoiced consonant じji ずzu びbi and ぶbu sounds become unvoiced 3 Certain contracted sounds lose their contracted element 4 For example ぎゅgyu ぎgi and しゅshu しshi Additionally the sound ゆyu can become いi or えe For example yuki ゆき snow iki いき yubi ゆび finger ibi いび or ebi えび although elderly speakers in Haga District pronounce yu as りri instead 5 Grammar editThe following are some of the most distinct grammatical characteristics of the dialect うu verbs ending with あう au lose their u sound For example kau かう to buy ka か 6 Predominantly in the north of the prefecture the verb shinu しぬ to die can become shigu しぐ or shimu しむ Although shimu is sometimes heard in the south of the prefecture shigu is absent 7 In regions north of Tochigi City and Ōyama City the directional particle さsa can be used equivalent to にni or へhe is standard Japanese 8 In the south of the prefecture the particle げge can be used to show the target of an action をwo in standard Japanese 9 There is a tendency to insert small っtsu sounds between free standing and ancillary words Politeness is very rarely shown through changing of word form but rather with gestures behaviour and nuance in the use of language Although it is generally uncommon for speakers to use set polite expressions in eastern Japanese dialects although some like the Tōkyō Morioka and Sendai dialects have developed their own in Tochigi and Ibaraki this tendency is even more striking References edit 飯豊 毅一 1984 座方言学 5 関東地方の方言 in Japanese 国書刊行会 p 62 飯豊 毅一 1984 座方言学 5 関東地方の方言 in Japanese 国書刊行会 p 59 a b 飯豊 毅一 1984 講座方言学 5 関東地方の方言 in Japanese 国書刊行会 p 60 飯豊 毅一 1984 講座方言学 5 関東地方の方言 in Japanese 国書刊行会 pp 13 60 飯豊 毅一 1984 講座方言学 5 関東地方の方言 in Japanese 国書刊行会 p 61 飯豊 毅一 1984 講座方言学 5 関東地方の方言 in Japanese 国書刊行会 pp 57 66 68 飯豊 毅一 1984 講座方言学 5 関東地方の方言 in Japanese 国書刊行会 p 68 飯豊 毅一 1984 講座方言学 5 関東地方の方言 in Japanese 国書刊行会 p 72 飯豊 毅一 1984 講座方言学 5 関東地方の方言 in Japanese 国書刊行会 p 73 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tochigi dialect amp oldid 1129061407, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
