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Tlaxcala (Nahua state)

January 21, 2023

Tlaxcala (Classical Nahuatl: Tlaxcallān [tɬaʃ.ˈká.lːaːn̥] 'place of maize tortillas') was a pre-Columbian city and state in central Mexico.

Confederacy of Tlaxcala
Tlahtōlōyān Tlaxcallan
1348–1520
Battle vexilloid worn by Tlaxcalan warriors fought alongside the Spanish (Lienzo de Tlaxcala)
Glyph
Tlaxcala was surrounded by the Aztec Empire in 1519.
CapitalTlaxcala
Common languagesOfficial language: Nahuatl
Religion
Aztec religion
GovernmentConfederation
Tlatoani of Tlaxcala 
• 1348
Culhuatecuhtli
Historical eraPost Classic /Early Modern
• The Tlaxcalla People Migrate to Central Mexico
1348
1520
Population
• 1348
?
• early 15th century
650,000
• 1519
300,000
CurrencyQuachtli, Cacao
Today part ofMexico

During the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, Tlaxcala allied with the Spanish Empire against the Aztecs, supplying a large contingent for and sometimes most of the Spanish-led army that eventually destroyed the Aztec Empire.

History

 
A Map of Tlaxcala:
The top-right hand sector is Tizatlan, bottom-right Quiahuiztlan, top-left Ocotelolco, and bottom-left Tepeticpac. The river Atzompa crosses the city from north to south (left to right, the map being oriented east–west). From Alfredo Chavero, Pinturas Jeroglíficas, Mexico 1901.
 
Tlaxcaltecâ allies accompany Hernán Cortés during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire, 1519, from the History of Tlaxcala.

The Tlaxcalans arrived in Central Mexico during the Late Postclassic. They first settled near Texcoco in the valley of Mexico, between the settlement of Cohuatlinchan and the shore of Lake Texcoco.[1] After some years the Tlaxcallans were driven out of the valley of Mexico and moved to the east, splitting into three groups along the way. While one group continued north towards the modern state of Hidalgo and another remained in the vicinity of Texcoco, a third group arrived in the modern valley of Tlaxcala, where they established the city of Tepetícpac Texcallan under the leadership of Culhuatecuhtli Quanex.

Over the subsequent years, the Tlaxcallan state expanded with the foundations of Ocotelulco and Tizatlán. The fourth major settlement, Quiahuiztlan, was founded by members of the Tlaxcallan group that had initially remained in the valley of Mexico.[1]

List of Tlatoque of the Tlaxcallan Altepemeh
Tepeticpac Ocotelolco Tizatlan Quiahuiztlan
Señor de Aztahua de Tizatlan
Cuitlixcatl Xayacamach
Tlahuexolotzin Maxixcatl Xicotencatl I Citlapopocaizin
Lorenzo Maxixcatl

Government

Ancient Tlaxcala was a republic ruled by a council of between 50 and 200 chief political officials (teuctli [sg.], teteuctin [pl.]) (Fargher et al. 2010).[2] These officials gained their positions through service to the state, usually in warfare, and as a result came from both the noble (pilli) and commoner (macehualli) classes.

Contact with conquistadors

Tlaxcala was never conquered by the Aztec empire, but was engaged in a state of perpetual war, the so-called flower wars or garland wars.

Conquistador Bernal Díaz del Castillo describes the first battle between the Spanish force and the Tlaxcalteca as surprisingly difficult. He writes that they probably would not have survived, had not Xicotencatl the Elder, and Maxixcatzin, persuaded Xicotencatl the Younger – the Tlaxcallan warleader – that it would be better to ally with the newcomers than to kill them.[3]: 140–188 

Xicohtencatl the Younger was later condemned by the Tlaxcaltecan ruling council and hanged by Cortés for desertion in April 1521 during the siege of Tenochtitlan.

Due to protracted warfare between the Aztecs and the Tlaxcala, the Tlaxcala were eager to exact revenge, and soon became loyal allies of the Spanish. Even after the Spanish were expelled from Tenochtitlan, the Tlaxcala continued to support their conquest. Tlaxcala also assisted the Spanish in the conquest of Guatemala.[4]

As a result of their alliance with the Spaniards, Tlaxcala had hidalgo privileged status within Spanish colonial Mexico. After the Spanish conquered Tenochtitlan and the rest of Mexico, Tlaxcala was allowed to survive and preserve its pre-Columbian culture. In addition, as a reward to the Tlaxcalans unyielding loyalty to the Spanish, the city and its inhabitants largely escaped the pillaging and destruction following the Spanish conquest.

 
"The Tlaxcallan Senate", depiction of the Tlaxcalan government by Rodrigo Gutiérrez, 1875

Following the Spanish Conquest, Tlaxcala was divided into four fiefdoms (señoríos) by the Spanish corregidor Gómez de Santillán in 1545 (26 years after the Conquest). These fiefdoms were Ocotelolco, Quiahuiztlan, Tepeticpac, and Tizatlan. At this time, four great houses or lineages emerged and claimed hereditary rights to each fiefdom and created fictitious genealogies extending back into the pre-Columbian era to justify their claims.[5]

During the colonial period, Tlaxcala's "part in the conquest of the Aztec 'empire,' her favored treatment by the Spanish crown, her unique talent for propaganda and litigation, her astonishing enterprise" gave the small state an important place in Mexican history.[6]

In the 16th and 17th centuries Tlaxcala settlers went to live in new northern colonies to protect Mexico from the Chichimecas.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Aurelio López Corral; et al. (2016). "La República de Tlaxcallan". Arqueología Mexicana. 139: 42–53.
  2. ^ Graeber, David and Wengrow, David "The Dawn of Everything, A New History of Humanity" (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), pp. 346–358
  3. ^ Diaz, B., 1963, The Conquest of New Spain, London: Penguin Books, ISBN 0140441239
  4. ^ Restall and Asselbergs 2007, pp. 79–81.
  5. ^ Gibson, 1952.
  6. ^ Simpson, Leslie Byrd. "Tlaxcala in the Sixteenth Century by Charles Gibson". JSTOR. Pacific Historical Review. JSTOR 4491989. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  7. ^ Schmal, John P. (2019-09-12). "Indigenous Tlaxcala: The Allies of the Spaniards". Indigenous Mexico. Retrieved 2022-12-28.

Sources

Bibliography

  • Alvarado Tezozomoc, Fernando (1944). Crónica Mexicana. Mexico: Manuel Orozco y Berra, Leyenda.
  • Fargher, Lane F., Richard E. Blanton and Verenice Y. Heredia Espinoza (2010). Egalitarian Ideology and Political Power in Prehispanic Central Mexico: The Case of Tlaxcallan. "Latin American Antiquity," 21(3):227–251.
  • Gibson, Charles (1952). Tlaxcala in the Sixteenth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Hassig, Ross (2001). , Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl, UNAM.
  • Hicks, Frederic (2009). Land and Succession in the Indigenous Noble Houses of Sixteenth-Century Tlaxcala. Ethnohistory, 56:4, 569–588.
  • Muñoz Camargo, Diego (1982) [1892]. Historia de Tlaxcala. Alfredo Chavero. México.
  • Restall, Matthew; Florine Asselbergs (2007). Invading Guatemala: Spanish, Nahua, and Maya Accounts of the Conquest Wars. University Park, Pennsylvania, USA: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-02758-6. OCLC 165478850.
  • Our lady of assumption ex convent. Bienvenidos al INAH. (n.d.). Retrieved November 30, 2021, from https://www.inah.gob.mx/en/english/4181-our-lady-of-assumption-ex-convent.

External links

  • Article in Sciencemag about archeological findings at Tizatlan

Coordinates: 19°25′44″N 98°09′39″W / 19.42889°N 98.16083°W / 19.42889; -98.16083

January 21, 2023
tlaxcala, nahua, state, tlaxcala, classical, nahuatl, tlaxcallān, tɬaʃ, ˈká, lːaːn, place, maize, tortillas, columbian, city, state, central, mexico, confederacy, tlaxcalatlahtōlōyān, tlaxcallan1348, 1520battle, vexilloid, worn, tlaxcalan, warriors, fought, al. Tlaxcala Classical Nahuatl Tlaxcallan tɬaʃ ˈka lːaːn place of maize tortillas was a pre Columbian city and state in central Mexico Confederacy of TlaxcalaTlahtōlōyan Tlaxcallan1348 1520Battle vexilloid worn by Tlaxcalan warriors fought alongside the Spanish Lienzo de Tlaxcala GlyphTlaxcala was surrounded by the Aztec Empire in 1519 CapitalTlaxcalaCommon languagesOfficial language NahuatlReligionAztec religionGovernmentConfederationTlatoani of Tlaxcala 1348CulhuatecuhtliHistorical eraPost Classic Early Modern The Tlaxcalla People Migrate to Central Mexico1348 Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire1520Population 1348 early 15th century650 000 1519300 000CurrencyQuachtli CacaoPreceded by Succeeded byTepeticpacOcotelolcoTizatlanQuiahuiztlan New SpainToday part ofMexicoDuring the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire Tlaxcala allied with the Spanish Empire against the Aztecs supplying a large contingent for and sometimes most of the Spanish led army that eventually destroyed the Aztec Empire Contents 1 History 2 Government 3 Contact with conquistadors 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 Bibliography 8 External linksHistory Edit A Map of Tlaxcala The top right hand sector is Tizatlan bottom right Quiahuiztlan top left Ocotelolco and bottom left Tepeticpac The river Atzompa crosses the city from north to south left to right the map being oriented east west From Alfredo Chavero Pinturas Jeroglificas Mexico 1901 Tlaxcalteca allies accompany Hernan Cortes during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire 1519 from the History of Tlaxcala The Tlaxcalans arrived in Central Mexico during the Late Postclassic They first settled near Texcoco in the valley of Mexico between the settlement of Cohuatlinchan and the shore of Lake Texcoco 1 After some years the Tlaxcallans were driven out of the valley of Mexico and moved to the east splitting into three groups along the way While one group continued north towards the modern state of Hidalgo and another remained in the vicinity of Texcoco a third group arrived in the modern valley of Tlaxcala where they established the city of Tepeticpac Texcallan under the leadership of Culhuatecuhtli Quanex Over the subsequent years the Tlaxcallan state expanded with the foundations of Ocotelulco and Tizatlan The fourth major settlement Quiahuiztlan was founded by members of the Tlaxcallan group that had initially remained in the valley of Mexico 1 List of Tlatoque of the Tlaxcallan Altepemeh Tepeticpac Ocotelolco Tizatlan QuiahuiztlanSenor de Aztahua de TizatlanCuitlixcatl XayacamachTlahuexolotzin Maxixcatl Xicotencatl I CitlapopocaizinLorenzo MaxixcatlGovernment EditAncient Tlaxcala was a republic ruled by a council of between 50 and 200 chief political officials teuctli sg teteuctin pl Fargher et al 2010 2 These officials gained their positions through service to the state usually in warfare and as a result came from both the noble pilli and commoner macehualli classes Contact with conquistadors EditTlaxcala was never conquered by the Aztec empire but was engaged in a state of perpetual war the so called flower wars or garland wars Conquistador Bernal Diaz del Castillo describes the first battle between the Spanish force and the Tlaxcalteca as surprisingly difficult He writes that they probably would not have survived had not Xicotencatl the Elder and Maxixcatzin persuaded Xicotencatl the Younger the Tlaxcallan warleader that it would be better to ally with the newcomers than to kill them 3 140 188 Xicohtencatl the Younger was later condemned by the Tlaxcaltecan ruling council and hanged by Cortes for desertion in April 1521 during the siege of Tenochtitlan Due to protracted warfare between the Aztecs and the Tlaxcala the Tlaxcala were eager to exact revenge and soon became loyal allies of the Spanish Even after the Spanish were expelled from Tenochtitlan the Tlaxcala continued to support their conquest Tlaxcala also assisted the Spanish in the conquest of Guatemala 4 As a result of their alliance with the Spaniards Tlaxcala had hidalgo privileged status within Spanish colonial Mexico After the Spanish conquered Tenochtitlan and the rest of Mexico Tlaxcala was allowed to survive and preserve its pre Columbian culture In addition as a reward to the Tlaxcalans unyielding loyalty to the Spanish the city and its inhabitants largely escaped the pillaging and destruction following the Spanish conquest The Tlaxcallan Senate depiction of the Tlaxcalan government by Rodrigo Gutierrez 1875 Following the Spanish Conquest Tlaxcala was divided into four fiefdoms senorios by the Spanish corregidor Gomez de Santillan in 1545 26 years after the Conquest These fiefdoms were Ocotelolco Quiahuiztlan Tepeticpac and Tizatlan At this time four great houses or lineages emerged and claimed hereditary rights to each fiefdom and created fictitious genealogies extending back into the pre Columbian era to justify their claims 5 During the colonial period Tlaxcala s part in the conquest of the Aztec empire her favored treatment by the Spanish crown her unique talent for propaganda and litigation her astonishing enterprise gave the small state an important place in Mexican history 6 In the 16th and 17th centuries Tlaxcala settlers went to live in new northern colonies to protect Mexico from the Chichimecas 7 See also EditTlaxcaltec Nahuatl for inhabitants of Tlaxcala Tlaxcala the present day Mexican state Tlaxcala Tlaxcala the present day capital of the state of TlaxcalaReferences Edit a b Aurelio Lopez Corral et al 2016 La Republica de Tlaxcallan Arqueologia Mexicana 139 42 53 Graeber David and Wengrow David The Dawn of Everything A New History of Humanity New York Farrar Straus and Giroux 2001 pp 346 358 Diaz B 1963 The Conquest of New Spain London Penguin Books ISBN 0140441239 Restall and Asselbergs 2007 pp 79 81 Gibson 1952 Simpson Leslie Byrd Tlaxcala in the Sixteenth Century by Charles Gibson JSTOR Pacific Historical Review JSTOR 4491989 Retrieved 29 September 2021 Schmal John P 2019 09 12 Indigenous Tlaxcala The Allies of the Spaniards Indigenous Mexico Retrieved 2022 12 28 Sources EditDiego Munoz Camargo s History of Tlaxcala Lienzo de Tlaxcala written in or before 1585 is an illustrated codex describing the conquest of Mexico It was painted by Tlaxcalteca artists under Spanish supervision Cronica Mexicayotl was written by Fernando Alvarado Tezozomoc in Nahuatl and Spanish in the last decades of the 16th century Bibliography EditAlvarado Tezozomoc Fernando 1944 Cronica Mexicana Mexico Manuel Orozco y Berra Leyenda Fargher Lane F Richard E Blanton and Verenice Y Heredia Espinoza 2010 Egalitarian Ideology and Political Power in Prehispanic Central Mexico The Case of Tlaxcallan Latin American Antiquity 21 3 227 251 Gibson Charles 1952 Tlaxcala in the Sixteenth Century New Haven Yale University Press Hassig Ross 2001 Xicotencatl rethinking an indigenous Mexican hero Estudios de Cultura Nahuatl UNAM Hicks Frederic 2009 Land and Succession in the Indigenous Noble Houses of Sixteenth Century Tlaxcala Ethnohistory 56 4 569 588 Munoz Camargo Diego 1982 1892 Historia de Tlaxcala Alfredo Chavero Mexico Restall Matthew Florine Asselbergs 2007 Invading Guatemala Spanish Nahua and Maya Accounts of the Conquest Wars University Park Pennsylvania USA Pennsylvania State University Press ISBN 978 0 271 02758 6 OCLC 165478850 Our lady of assumption ex convent Bienvenidos al INAH n d Retrieved November 30 2021 from https www inah gob mx en english 4181 our lady of assumption ex convent External links EditSpanish language description of the historiography of Tlaxcala Article in Sciencemag about archeological findings at TizatlanCoordinates 19 25 44 N 98 09 39 W 19 42889 N 98 16083 W 19 42889 98 16083 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tlaxcala Nahua state amp oldid 1134123568, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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