Timeline of LGBT Mormon history in the 1980s

See also: Brigham Young University LGBT history, Homosexuality and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Gender minorities and the LDS church, Sexuality and Mormonism, and LGBT Mormon people and organizations

This is a timeline of LGBT Mormon history in the 1980s, part of a series of timelines consisting of events, publications, and speeches about LGBTQ+ individuals, topics around sexual orientation and gender minorities, and the community of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Although the historical record is often scarce, evidence points to queer individuals having existed in the Mormon community since its beginnings. However, top LDS leaders only started regularly addressing queer topics in public in the late 1950s.^{[1]: 375, 377 [2]: v, 3 [3]: 170} Since 1970, the LDS Church has had at least one official publication or speech from a high-ranking leader referencing LGBT topics every year, and a greater number of LGBT Mormon and former Mormon individuals have received media coverage.

Timeline

1980

 

The church opposed the ERA in part from believing it would lead to same-sex marriage and parenting.^[4]

• March – The Ensign published the article "The Church and the Proposed Equal Rights Amendment: A Moral Issue" outlining the church's arguments against the Equal Rights Amendment. These included the possibility it could give "constitutional protection to immoral same-sex—lesbian and homosexual—marriages", thus, "giving legal sanction to the rearing of children" in a "homosexual home".^[4]
• April – Apostle Bruce R. McConkie gave an April conference address in which he grouped homosexuals with liars, thieves, and murderers in a list of evil "covering the earth".^[5]
• October – Kimball again addressed homosexuality in the October General Conference asserting that "[s]ometimes masturbation is the introduction to the more serious ... sin of homosexuality."^[6]

1981

• 1981 – Church leaders sent every bishop and stake president a copy of a book on human sexuality and families by Church Welfare Services director^[7] Victor Brown Jr. The book stated that it was disturbing that renowned sexologists had stated that bisexual individuals were privileged for not experiencing sexual prejudice and that they pointed the way for society at large.^{[8]: 6 [9]} Brown further stated that equating same-sex relationships with opposite-sex marriage was fallacious and inconsistent and that homosexual people were less disciplined and orderly in their relationships than heterosexuals.^{[8]: 6 [10]}
• 1981 – The church issued a guide for LDS Social Services employees called Understanding and Changing Homosexual Orientation Problems, instructing them that because of agency it is "inconsistent" to think that a "homosexual orientation is inborn or locked in, and there is no real hope of change," and that "the homosexually oriented man ... does not fully understand how a masculine man is supposed to think and act." The guide further states that the homosexual's "thoughts of the opposite sex are often fearful or threatening."^[11]

 

A 1981 manual for local leaders which taught homosexuality was not inborn, but caused by masturbation or an unhealthy childhood, and was changeable through praying, and heterosexual dating.^{[12][1]: 51}

• 1981 – The First Presidency and Twelve Apostles also issued a guide for church leaders simply called "Homosexuality" which stated "modern-day prophets have clearly promised that homosexuality can be changed", and that it was "inconceivable that ... [the Lord] would permit ... his children to be born with [homosexual] desires and inclinations".^[13]: 19 It advised "full rehabilitation" could take 1 to 3 years, and that being "cured" does not mean "the old thoughts never return". The booklet gave guidelines for "treatment and prevention of homosexuality" and "lesbianism". It taught that homosexual behavior is learned and influenced by "unhealthy emotional development in early childhood", a "disturbed family background, "poor relationships with peers", "unhealthy sexual attitudes", and "early homosexual experiments". "Early masturbation experiences" were also cited as reinforcing "homosexual interests". Church leaders recommended the leader encourage the member to disclose the names of sexual partners, to read The Miracle of Forgiveness and "To the One", to begin dating, and to pray in order to help change their sexual orientation.^{[12][1]: 51 [14]}
• April – Church Welfare Services director Victor Brown Jr. published an article in the Association of Mormon Counselors and Psychotherapists journal which outlined his theory on how men become gay stating that "homosexuality is learned not inherent" and caused by "parent-child disturbances, gender and role distortion, relationship skill deficits", "masturbatory fantasy", "a severe realization of being different", and then a merging of the "person and [homosexual] role".^[15]
• April – In General Conference, church Seventy Hartman Rector Jr. gave a speech in which he stated the earth would be wasted if Jesus returns and "finds nothing but birth control, sterilization, and homosexuals." He added, "If children have a happy family experience they will not want to be homosexual."^[16] Rector also stated he was "sure" that homosexuality "is an acquired addiction, just as drugs, alcohol and pornography are." He also stated "I do not believe" that homosexuals "were born that way" because "[t]here are no female spirits trapped in male bodies and vice versa."^[17][18][19]
• April – In the same conference apostle Ezra Taft Benson denounced how some public schools gave sanction to "alternative life-styles" and "perverse practices" such as "lesbianism".^{[20][21]: 296}
• October – A march of about 15 gay post-Mormons calling themselves "Ethyl and Friends for Gay Rights" was given city permission to protest on public property around Temple Square during the church's general conference with signs like "We are God’s Children." The leader Randy Smith (whose drag performance name was Ethel) had previously undergone electroshock aversion therapy at BYU.^[22][23][24]

1982

• August – In a speech to BYU on August 28 then president of Ricks College Bruce C. Hafen counseled students to avoid homosexuality "at all costs, no matter what the circumstances". He further cited the 1973 removal of homosexuality as a mental disorder from the DSM as an example of something gone wrong "deep within our national soul".^[25]
• August – The Church-owned television station KBYU refused to air the third segment of a documentary on homosexuality in Utah in part because it contained interviews of anonymous gay BYU students. The producer Kevin Mitchell stated their faces were not shown as he believed they would be kicked out of BYU if their identities were revealed.^[26]
• October – Apostle Ezra Benson stated in general conference that homosexuality was one of the most obvious great problems in our society and that it was a symptom of failure in the home.^[27]

1983

• 1983 – The Church Handbook was updated to state that a church court "may be convened to consider" serious transgressions including "homosexuality" and "lesbianism" but is not required.^[28] Additionally, a section on gender confirmation surgery was added stating the receiving or administering the procedure requires disciplinary action including excommunication for any member changing their sex with no chance for rebaptism. Individuals joining the church after the procedure would be ineligible for receiving the priesthood or temple rites.^[29]
• September – Salt Lake City native Michael Painter died of HIV-related causes, the first known AIDS death in Utah. He had served an LDS mission and had been married to a woman, though he was gay.^[30]
• October – Apostle Ezra Taft Benson gave a conference address in which he called homosexuality one of the "great problems in our society" and decried the use of the term "alternative life-style" as an attempt to justify homosexuality.^[31]
• November – Benson published an article stating that a priesthood holder is virtuous and thus will not exhibit "homosexual behavior, self-abuse, child molestation, or any other sexual perversions."^[32]

1984

• July – Gay former Mormon Gerald Pearson died of complications due to AIDS under the care of his former spouse Carol Lynn Pearson. After Gerald confessed same-sex sexual experimentation to his bishop, he told Gerald to marry a woman to make his life right. He later met Carol at BYU in 1965 and they were married in 1966.^[33] Carol would go on to write a memoir Goodbye, I Love You in 1986, a landmark work on the intersection of homosexuality and Mormonism.^[34]
• August – Apostle Oaks wrote a church memo that informed church action on LGBT legislation for more than three decades.^{[13]: 38–39} In it he recommended the church make a public statement to "oppose job discrimination laws protecting homosexuals" unless there were exceptions for allowing employers to "exclude homosexuals from employment that involves teaching ... young people". He also noted "the irony [that] would arise if the Church used [Reynolds v. United States]," the principal 1878 ruling stating that marriage is between a man and a woman, "as an argument for the illegality of homosexual marriages [since it was] formerly used against the Church to establish the illegality of polygamous marriages." Oaks also clarified that the word homosexuality is used in two senses: as a "condition" or "tendency", and as a "practice" or "activity".^[35][36]
• October – Church seventy Richard G. Scott gave a discourse in which he says "stimulation can lead to acts of homosexuality, and they are evil and absolutely wrong".^[37]

1985

• 1985 – A few members of Affirmation including Antonio Feliz formed a Latter Day Saint church for lesbian and gay Mormons known as the Restoration Church of Jesus Christ.^[38][39]

1986

• January – BYU published a study by BYU professor and area Church Welfare Services director Victor Brown Jr.^[40] stating that people can eliminate homosexual feelings.^[41][42]
• March – Twenty-six-year-old Clair Harward, who was dying from complications due to AIDS, was excommunicated for his homosexuality and told by his Ogden, Utah bishop Bruce Don Bowen to disclose the identities of and avoid his gay friends,^[43][44] and banned from church meetings for fear of spreading the disease.^[45][46] His story made national headlines^[30] and prompted a statement from a church spokesperson.^[47][48][49]
• June – Church seventy Theodore Burton stated in a BYU-wide address that pornography is a selfish indulgence that leads to homosexuality.^[50][51]
• October – The president of the church Ezra Taft Benson announced in conference that a priesthood holder is virtuous and does not participate in, "fornication, homosexual behavior, self-abuse, child molestation, or any other sexual perversion."^{[21]: 283 [52]}
• October – The New York Times published an article on AIDS in Utah citing the strong influence that Mormon teachings have on the state since 65% of the population were Mormon. The article stated that church members identified as homosexual were directed by the church to marry and that they faced great pressure not to acknowledge their gay feelings often leading to double lives. It further stated that since 1983, 47 Utahns had been diagnosed with AIDS and 24 had died. Several gay Mormon men were quoted saying that they had faced church pressure to marry with the belief that marriage would "cure" their feelings.^[53]
• December – An article for parents appeared in the Ensign reaffirming that "sometimes masturbation is the introduction to ... the gross sin of homosexuality" which "is a perversion of the Lord’s designated roles of men and women".^[54]

 

Apostle Oaks has been an influential figure in church interactions with homosexual people, instituting a system of surveillance to identify and expel or attempt to "cure" homosexual students as president of BYU in the 1970s, and doing numerous important video interviews and articles on the topic in the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s.

• December – Dallin H. Oaks commented in a December 30 CBS-TV interview that "marriage is not doctrinal therapy for homosexual relations" and that "he did not know whether individual leaders have given such advice."^{[55][1]: 393 [56]}

1987

• April – Gordon B. Hinckley of the First Presidency gave a conference address in which he stated, "homosexual relations ... are grievous sins." He continued by saying "marriage between a man and a woman is ordained of God .... Marriage should not be viewed as a therapeutic step to solve problems such as homosexual inclinations or practices, which first should clearly be overcome with a firm and fixed determination never to slip to such practices again."^[57]
• June – Seventy Theodore M. Burton implied a link between a "selfish indulgence" in pornography and homosexuality in his address to BYU on June 3.^[58]
• October – At BYU the president of the church Ezra Taft Benson discussed the US AIDS epidemic stating that the Americans should abstain from any sex outside of marriage and that the issue "began primarily through widespread homosexuality."^{[21]: 410 [59]}
• November – Joy Evans of the Relief Society General Presidency stated that "there are lesbian women, as well as homosexual men, in the Church" to whom "the Lord has decreed 'Thou shalt not'". She acknowledges it is a hard task but states they must "keep the commandments" since "intimate relationships ... between those of the same sex, is forbidden". The article appeared in that month's issue of the Ensign.^[60]

1988

• 1988 – Gay BYU history professor and former BYU student^[61] Michael Quinn resigned under increasing pressure for publications on controversial aspects of Mormon history^[62][63] after working for the university since 1976.^[64][65] He was later excommunicated in September 1993 along with other LDS scholars referred to as the September Six.
• 1988 – Gay, Mormon convert^[66] and activist David Sharpton founded the People With AIDS Coalition of Utah (PWACU) to serve the HIV-positive population of Utah after contracting HIV in 1985.^[30][67][68] He died in 1992 after living with AIDS for seven years.^{[69][70][71]: 67–68}
• May – The First Presidency released a statement on AIDS stating, "Members of the Church should extend compassion to those who are ill with AIDS," and urging members to only have sex in an opposite-sex marriage.^[72]
• October – The Ensign featured an article from BYU psychologist Allen Bergin in which he stated that homosexuality was "caused by some combination of biology and environment".^[73]
• November – On November 22 a 20-year-old man from a prominent Mormon family in Delta, Utah,^[74][75] and another Utah man raped, tortured, and brutally murdered Gordon Ray Church, a 28-year-old, gay, Mormon, student—near Cedar City, Utah, in an anti-gay hate crime before US hate crime laws existed.^[76][77]

1989

• 1989 – The Church Handbook was updated to and signalled a small softening by switching focus from the attractions themselves to actions.^[13]: 16 It additionally stated that a church court is required for any "homosexual relations" committed by a member while holding a "prominent church position" such as a bishop^[78]
• 1989 – Evergreen International was founded^[79] to help Mormons who want to "diminish same-sex attractions and overcome homosexual behavior".^[80]
• February – A national TV story hosted by Peter Jennings featured Malcolm Pace, a former-Mormon gay man who was dying of AIDS, and his deathbed reconciliation with his Mormon parents. The father stated, "I love my son and my religious beliefs. They don't mix."^[81][82]

See also

•  LDS Church portal
•  LGBT portal

• Homosexuality and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
• Law of adoption (Mormonism)
• LGBT rights in Utah
• LGBT Mormon suicides
• List of Christian denominational positions on homosexuality
• Mormonism in the 20th century
• Sexuality and Mormonism

References

1. Quinn, D. Michael (1996). Same-Sex Dynamics among Nineteenth-Century Americans: A Mormon Example. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0252022050.
2. Winkler, Douglas A. (May 2008). Lavender Sons of Zion: A History of Gay Men in Salt Lake City, 1950–1979. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Department of History. ISBN 9780549493075.
3. Young, Neil J. (July 1, 2016). Out of Obscurity: Mormonism Since 1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199358229. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
4. "The Church and the Proposed Equal Rights Amendment: A Moral Issue". Ensign. March 1980. Retrieved November 16, 2016.
5. McConkie, Bruce. "The Coming Tests and Trials and Glory". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church.
6. Kimball, Spencer W. (1980), President Kimball Speaks Out on Morality
7. Brown Jr., Victor L. "A Better Me, a Better Marriage". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church.
8. Swedin, Eric G. (Winter 1998). (PDF). Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought. 31 (4). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
9. Brown Jr., Victor (1981). Human Intimacy: Illusion & Reality. Parliament Publishers. pp. 73–75. ISBN 9780884944416. Masters and Johnson, world-renowned sexologists, approvingly describe "ambisexuals" who, because of their technical skill and very lack of emotional involvement, achieve orgasm 100 percent of the time in their sexual encounters. These researchers concluded that such physical success gave ambisexuals the advantage over heterosexual men or women because this "absence of sexual preference" also means an absence of "sexual prejudice" which, they claim, is "a cornerstone that supports any number of other social biases." These "privileged" individuals, according to Masters and Johnson, may be pointing the way for society at large. Such messages are disturbing.
10. Brown Jr., Victor (1981). Human Intimacy: Illusion & Reality. Parliament Publishers. pp. 21–22. ISBN 9780884944416. This fashionable equation of homosexual liaison with heterosexual marriage is sophistry and contains its own fatal inconsistency. ... The temporary and fragile relationships of the ironically nicknamed gay subculture ... were interpreted as superior to the more disciplined, orderly lives of the heterosexual subjects.
11. Understanding and Changing Homosexual Orientation Problems. LDS Church. 1981. Reprinted with permission at , see authorization here^{[permanent dead link]}.
12. Homosexuality. Salt Lake City, UT: LDS Church. 1981. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
13. Prince, Gregory A. (2019). Gay Rights and the Mormon Church: Intended Actions, Unintended Consequences. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press. ISBN 9781607816638.
14. Maza, Christina (December 14, 2017). "Masturbation Will Make You Gay, Warns Leaked Mormon Church Document". Newsweek. Newsweek Media Group.
15. Brown, Victor (April 1981). "Male Homosexuality: Identity Seeking a Role". AMCAP. 7 (2): 3–4. from the original on August 31, 2020.
16. Believer. HBO.com. Home Box Office, Inc. June 25, 2018. Event occurs at 42:58.
17. Rector Jr., Hartman. "Turning the Hearts". Youtube.com. LDS Church. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
18. Associated Press (April 6, 1981). "Mormon Elder Condemns Homosexuals". The Atlanta Constitution: 3B.
19. Geisner, Joseph (December 2011). "Very Careless In His Utterances: Editing, Correcting, and Censoring Conference Addresses". Sunstone Magazine (165): 14–24. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
20. Benson, Ezra. "Great Things Required of Their Fathers". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church.
21. Benson, Ezra (October 1, 1988). The Teachings of Ezra Taft Benson. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company. ISBN 0884946398.
22. Williams, Ben (October 12, 2005). "This Week in Lambda History". Metro. 2 (21): 16. 4 October ... 1981 Ethyl (Randy Smith) and Friends for Gay Rights picket Temple Square during the LDS Conference after receiving permission to parade through downtown Salt Lake City.
23. "Gay Activists to Picket LDS Temple". The Salt Lake Tribune. October 2, 1981. p. D6 – via Newspapers.com. A local organization of Mormon Gay rights activists have received permission to parade through downtown Salt Lake City, Sunday and protest LDS Church's policies opposing homosexuality. Albert Haines, Salt Lake chief administrative officer authorized a parade permit for a group calling itself Ethyl and Friends for Gay Rights which plans to picket Temple Square during the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints semiannual conference.
24. "Group Marches for Gay Rights". The Salt Lake Tribune. October 5, 1981. p. B6 – via Newspapers.com. About 15 'Friends of Ethyl' braved cold temperatures to March from the Federal Building to Temple Square in protest of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints stand on homosexual rights. 'Ethyl', a drag performer whose real name is Randy Smith said ... he went through Brigham Young University's aversion therapy program and that 'it hurt.' ... The group displaying signs reading, 'We are God's Children', marched up state street to South Temple and then to Temple Square ....
25. Hafen, Bruce. "The Gospel and Romantic Love". byu.edu. BYU.
26. "KBYU Cancels Gay Documentary". Sunstone Review. 2 (9): 8. September 1982. KBYU viewers who turned on their television sets August 6 to see the last in a three-part series on homosexuality in Utah heard instead an announcement that the segment had been cancelled ... The segment contained interviews with homosexual students at BYU. ...[P]roducer of the series Kevin Mitchell told the Provo Daily Herald 'I didn't want their faces shown because if they were caught, they would be kicked out of the university.'
27. Benson, Ezra Taft (October 1982). "Fundamentals of Enduring Family Relationships". churchofjesuschrist.org. LDS Church. from the original on July 5, 2020.
28. General Handbook of Instructions. Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church. 1983. p. 51.
29. General Handbook of Instructions. Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church. 1983. pp. 52–53.
30. Williams, Ben (June 15, 2006). "A History of AIDS Services in Utah". Q Salt Lake: 16. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
31. Benson, Ezra. "Fundamentals of Enduring Family Relationships". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church.
32. Ezra Taft, Benson (November 1983). "What Manner of Men Ought Ye To Be". churchofjesuschrist.org. LDS Church. from the original on August 31, 2020.
33. Warchol, Glen (June 29, 1986). "Mormon poet comes to terms with AIDS nightmare". UPI. United Press International, Inc. Carol Lynn and Gerald met in 1965 as students at the church-run Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. ... Like many Mormon men, Gerald had spent two years spreading the faith as a missionary. Later, he experimented with homosexuality but remained devout. Finally, he confessed his sexual preference to Carol Lynn. She said Gerald's local bishop had counseled him to marry a woman he loved in order to make his life right.
34. Kristin McMurran (February 2, 1987). "Carol Lynn Pearson Pens a Moving Memoir on Her Gay Husband's Death from Aids". People. 27 (5). Retrieved July 13, 2015.
35. Oaks, Dallin (August 7, 1984), Principles to govern possible public statement on legislation affecting rights of homosexuals Reprinted at and quoted at .
36. Eskridge, William M. (September 21, 2016). (PDF). University of Illinois Law Review. 4: 1239. Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
37. Scott, Richard G. "Making the Right Choices". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
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39. Williams, Ben (June 21, 2018). "A gay Mormon church". QSaltLake.
40. Brown Jr., Victor. . ldsfaq.byu.edu. BYU. Archived from the original on January 4, 2009.
41. Brown Jr., Victor (January 1, 1986). "Healing Problems of Intimacy by Clients' Use of Gospel-Based Values and Role Definitions". BYU Studies Quarterly. 26 (1): 7, 23–24. Recognition of inadequate treatment regimens regimes regimens may account for erroneous but widespread beliefs such as that male homosexuality is not changeable. ... Change was embedded in an accepting evaluative and loving non-erotic social milieu that provided expectations ideology and actual interpersonal experiences leading to the extinction of homosexual impulses and behaviors. ... Warren was discovering that he was not the odd man out he had believed all his life and as his gender security increased his homosexual desires decreased.
42. Brown Jr., Victor L. . ldsfaq.byu.edu. BYU. Archived from the original on January 4, 2009.
43. . Orlando Sentinel. March 18, 1988. Archived from the original on December 19, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2022. After learning he had AIDS, Harward said he sought spiritual guidance. But, he said, his lay bishop told him to give up his friends and identify past sexual partners. Harward said it would have been 'unethical' to comply. 'When I need my friends most,' he said, 'they're asking me to be alone.'
44. "AIDS Victim Excommunicated by Mormon Church Court Dies". Los Angeles Times. March 19, 1986. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
45. Anderson, J. Seth (May 29, 2017). LGBT Salt Lake: Images of Modern America. Arcadia Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 9781467125857. Retrieved May 21, 2017. When Ogden resident Clair Harward confessed to his bishop in 1985 that he was gay and dying from AIDS, the bishop excommunicated him and told him not to return to church for fear he would spread AIDS in the congregation. ... Harward passed away in March 1986 at the age of 26.
46. "Excommunicated AIDS Victim Regrets 'Coming Out'". Walla Walla Union Bulletin: 5. January 13, 1986. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
47. . Orlando Sentinel. March 18, 1988. Archived from the original on December 19, 2018. Retrieved March 9, 2022. Mormon Church officials excommunicated him from the religion after learning about his lifestyle. The Mormon Church views homosexuality as a sin in the same degree with adultery and premarital sex, said church spokesman Jerry Cahill.
48. Cutler, Joyce (January 11, 1986). "Mormons Oust Gay AIDS Victim". United Press International. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
49. "Excommunicated and dying, AIDS victim regrets lifestyle". Santa Cruz Sentinel. January 10, 1986. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
50. Burton, Theodore (June 3, 1986). "Love and Marriage". byu.edu. BYU.
51. Theodore, Burton (June 1987). "A Marriage to Last through Eternity". churchofjesuschrist.org. Ensign.
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53. Lindsey, Robert (October 30, 1986). "Utah Now Facing Problem of AIDS: Disease Is Occurring Despite Strict Mormon Teachings About Sexual Conduct". The New York Times. p. A19. ProQuest 111005850. 'A lot of men are forced to marry, and they play around on the side,' said Davyd Daniels, a former Mormon ... William Blevins, 40, a former librarian at the Mormon Church's genealogical center, said the church put pressure on him to marry at 24 in belief 'it would cure me' of homosexual leanings. It did not, he said, adding that 'I still had my feelings' and that after he fathered four children the church discharged him, then excommunicated him and forced him to disclose the identities of several other employees at the church's headquarters with whom he had had sexual relations. He said his wife left him and remarried and he no longer has custody of the children.
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57. Hinckley, Gordon. "Reverence and Morality". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
58. Burton, Theodore. "A Marriage to Last through Eternity". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS Church.
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60. Evans, Joy F. "Overcoming Challenges along Life's Way". ChurchofJesusChrist.org. LDS church. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
61. Haglund, David (November 1, 2012). "The Case of the Mormon Historian". Slate. Graham Holdings. The Slate Group. Retrieved August 12, 2017.
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70. Dennis, Romboy (November 25, 1991). "Utah AIDS Patient Recounts 6 Years of Survival". Deseret News. LDS Church.
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77. Gast, Phil (February 9, 2012). "Utah inmate asks to die by firing squad". CNN. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
78. General Handbook of Instructions. Salt Lake City, Utah: LDS Church. 1989. pp. 10–4.
79. Stack, Peggy Fletcher (January 2, 2014), "Longtime support group for gay Mormons shuts down", The Salt Lake Tribune
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