The title Tengri Khagan also used to refer other Turkic rulers, both known as the Tengri Khagan (Chinese: 登里可汗 or 登利可汗) or Täŋridä qaγan (Chinese: 騰里可汗) to the Chinese, during the Second Eastern Turkic Khaganate (r. 739–741) and Uyghur Khaganate (r. 759–779) periods.[5]
It is uncertain whether the title also applied to the rest of the Tang emperors, or to the Wu Zhou empress regnant Wu Zetian, since the term "Khagan" only referred to male rulers and Empress Wu had started her dominion in the Chinese court after the year AD 665 until the year AD 705, which is after the title's first use by a Chinese emperor. However, two appeal letters from the Turkic hybrid rulers, Ashina Qutluγ Ton Tardu in 727, the Yabgu of Tokharistan, and Yina Tudun Qule in 741, the king of Tashkent, addressed the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang as Tian Kehan during the Umayyad expansion.[6][7]
A later letter sent by the Tang court to the Yenisei Kirghiz Qaghan explained that "the peoples of the northwest" had requested Emperor Taizong of Tang to become the "Heavenly Qaghan".[8]
^Kenneth Scott Latourette (1964). The Chinese, their history and culture, Volumes 1-2 (4, reprint ed.). Macmillan. p. 144. Retrieved February 8, 2012. territories within his empire. He took the title "Heavenly Khan," thus designating himself as their ruler. A little later the Western Turks, although then at the height of their power, were badly defeated, and the Uighurs, a Turkish tribe, were detached from them and became sturdy supporters of the T'ang in the Gobi. The Khitan, Mongols in Eastern Mongolia and Southern Manchuria, made their submission (630). In the Tarim basin
^Michael Robert Drompp (2005). Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire: a documentary history. Vol. 13 of Brill's Inner Asian library (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 126. ISBN90-04-14129-4. Retrieved February 8, 2012. the successes of Emperor Taizong of Tang and to his taking the title of "Heavenly Qaghan" at the request of "the peoples of the northwest" in 630/631. The letter goes on to describe how Taizong's envoy was sent to pacify the Kirghiz in 632/633 and how in 647/648 a Kirghiz chieftain came to the Tang court where he was granted titles, including commander-in-chief of the Kirghiz (Jian-kun). All of this implied Kirghiz subordination to Tang authority, at least in Chinese eyes. According to the letter, Kirghiz tribute had come to the Tang court "uninterruptedly" until the end of the Tianbao reign period (742-756) when Kirghiz contact with the Tang state was cut off by the rise of Uighur power in Mongolia.
Sourcesedit
Bai, Shouyi et al. (2003). A History of Chinese Muslim (Vol. 2). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN7-101-02890-X.
Liu, Yitang (1997). Studies of Chinese Western Regions. Taipei: Cheng Chung Book Company. ISBN957-09-1119-0.
khan, heaven, tian, kehan, celestial, heavenly, tengri, chinese, 天可汗, pinyin, tiān, kèhán, wade, giles, ehan, turkic, 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃𐰴𐰍𐰣, title, addressed, emperor, taizong, tang, various, turkic, nomads, first, mentioned, accounts, again, october, shortly, after, easter. Khan of Heaven or Tian Kehan Celestial Kha ga n Heavenly Kha ga n Tengri Kha ga n Chinese 天可汗 pinyin Tian Kehan Wade Giles T ien K ehan Old Turkic 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃𐰴𐰍𐰣 was a title addressed to the Emperor Taizong of Tang by various Turkic nomads 1 2 It was first mentioned in accounts on May 20 630 and again on October 24 646 shortly after the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and Xueyantuo were annihilated by the Tang dynasty 3 4 The title Tengri Khagan also used to refer other Turkic rulers both known as the Tengri Khagan Chinese 登里可汗 or 登利可汗 or Taŋrida qagan Chinese 騰里可汗 to the Chinese during the Second Eastern Turkic Khaganate r 739 741 and Uyghur Khaganate r 759 779 periods 5 It is uncertain whether the title also applied to the rest of the Tang emperors or to the Wu Zhou empress regnant Wu Zetian since the term Khagan only referred to male rulers and Empress Wu had started her dominion in the Chinese court after the year AD 665 until the year AD 705 which is after the title s first use by a Chinese emperor However two appeal letters from the Turkic hybrid rulers Ashina Qutlug Ton Tardu in 727 the Yabgu of Tokharistan and Yina Tudun Qule in 741 the king of Tashkent addressed the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang as Tian Kehan during the Umayyad expansion 6 7 A later letter sent by the Tang court to the Yenisei Kirghiz Qaghan explained that the peoples of the northwest had requested Emperor Taizong of Tang to become the Heavenly Qaghan 8 Contents 1 See also 2 References 2 1 Citations 2 2 SourcesSee also edit nbsp China portal nbsp History portal nbsp Asia portal nbsp Politics portal nbsp Monarchy portalChinese Tributary System Pax Sinica Emperor of China Emperor Taizong of Tang Khan Khagan Great Khan Sinocentrism Tang dynasty Tang dynasty in Inner Asia Tian Heaven Shangdi God Tian Xia All under Heaven Tian Chao Dynasty of Heaven Tian Ming Mandate of Heaven Tian Zi Son of Heaven TengriReferences editCitations edit Liu 79 Kenneth Scott Latourette 1964 The Chinese their history and culture Volumes 1 2 4 reprint ed Macmillan p 144 Retrieved February 8 2012 territories within his empire He took the title Heavenly Khan thus designating himself as their ruler A little later the Western Turks although then at the height of their power were badly defeated and the Uighurs a Turkish tribe were detached from them and became sturdy supporters of the T ang in the Gobi The Khitan Mongols in Eastern Mongolia and Southern Manchuria made their submission 630 In the Tarim basin Liu 74 76 Skaff 2012 pp 120 121 Liu 81 83 Bai 230 Xue 674 675 Michael Robert Drompp 2005 Tang China and the collapse of the Uighur Empire a documentary history Vol 13 of Brill s Inner Asian library illustrated ed BRILL p 126 ISBN 90 04 14129 4 Retrieved February 8 2012 the successes of Emperor Taizong of Tang and to his taking the title of Heavenly Qaghan at the request of the peoples of the northwest in 630 631 The letter goes on to describe how Taizong s envoy was sent to pacify the Kirghiz in 632 633 and how in 647 648 a Kirghiz chieftain came to the Tang court where he was granted titles including commander in chief of the Kirghiz Jian kun All of this implied Kirghiz subordination to Tang authority at least in Chinese eyes According to the letter Kirghiz tribute had come to the Tang court uninterruptedly until the end of the Tianbao reign period 742 756 when Kirghiz contact with the Tang state was cut off by the rise of Uighur power in Mongolia Sources edit Bai Shouyi et al 2003 A History of Chinese Muslim Vol 2 Beijing Zhonghua Book Company ISBN 7 101 02890 X Liu Yitang 1997 Studies of Chinese Western Regions Taipei Cheng Chung Book Company ISBN 957 09 1119 0 Xue Zongzheng 1992 A History of Turks Beijing Chinese Social Sciences Press ISBN 7 5004 0432 8 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Khan of Heaven amp oldid 1176309882, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
