The chest wall has 10 layers, namely (from superficial to deep) skin (epidermis and dermis), superficial fascia, deep fascia and the invested extrinsic muscles (from the upper limbs), intrinsic muscles associated with the ribs (three layers of intercostal muscles), endothoracic fascia and parietal pleura. However, the extrinsic muscular layers vary according to the region of the chest wall. For example, the front and back sides may include attachments of large upper limb muscles like pectoralis major or latissimus dorsi, while the sides only have serratus anterior.The thoracic wall consists of a bony framework that is held together by twelve thoracic vertebrae posteriorly which give rise to ribs that encircle the lateral and anterior thoracic cavity. The first nine ribs curve around the lateral thoracic wall and connect to the manubrium and sternum.[1]
When not breathing for long and dangerous periods of time in cold water, a person's body undergoes great temporary changes to try to prevent death. It achieves this through the activation of the mammalian diving reflex, which has three main properties. Other than bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction, there is a blood shift which occurs only during very deep dives that affects the thoracic cavity (a chamber of the body protected by the thoracic wall.) When this happens, organ and circulatory walls allow plasma/water to pass freely throughout the thoracic cavity, so its pressure stays constant and the organs are not crushed. In this stage, the lungs' alveoli fill up with blood plasma, which is reabsorbed when the organism leaves the pressurized environment. This stage of the diving reflex has been observed in humans (such as world champion freediver Martin Štěpánek) during extremely deep (over 90 metres or 300 ft) free dives.
Clinical significanceedit
In rare cases, intentional or accidental, trauma may lead to chest wall (thoracic wall) necrosis.[2]
Referencesedit
^Carrier, Guy; Fréchette, Éric; Ugalde, Paula; Deslauriers, Jean (November 2007). "Correlative Anatomy for the Sternum and Ribs, Costovertebral Angle, Chest Wall Muscles and Intercostal Spaces, Thoracic Outlet". Thoracic Surgery Clinics. 17 (4): 521–528. doi:10.1016/j.thorsurg.2007.04.003. ISSN 1547-4127.
^Eskandarlou, M; Moaddab, AH (Aug 2010). "Chest wall necrosis and empyema resulting from attempting suicide by injection of petroleum into the pleural cavity". Emerg Med J. 27 (8): 616–8. doi:10.1136/emj.2009.073486. PMID 20558490.
Anatomy photo:18:lo-0000 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
January 01, 1970
thoracic, wall, thoracic, wall, chest, wall, boundary, thoracic, cavity, body, cavitiesa, transverse, section, thorax, showing, contents, middle, posterior, mediastinum, identifiersmeshd035441fma10428anatomical, terminology, edit, wikidata, contents, structure. The thoracic wall or chest wall is the boundary of the thoracic cavity Thoracic wallBody cavitiesA transverse section of the thorax showing the contents of the middle and the posterior mediastinum IdentifiersMeSHD035441FMA10428Anatomical terminology edit on Wikidata Contents 1 Structure 2 Function 2 1 Diving reflex 3 Clinical significance 4 References 5 External linksStructure editThe bony skeletal part of the thoracic wall is the rib cage and the rest is made up of muscle skin and fasciae The chest wall has 10 layers namely from superficial to deep skin epidermis and dermis superficial fascia deep fascia and the invested extrinsic muscles from the upper limbs intrinsic muscles associated with the ribs three layers of intercostal muscles endothoracic fascia and parietal pleura However the extrinsic muscular layers vary according to the region of the chest wall For example the front and back sides may include attachments of large upper limb muscles like pectoralis major or latissimus dorsi while the sides only have serratus anterior The thoracic wall consists of a bony framework that is held together by twelve thoracic vertebrae posteriorly which give rise to ribs that encircle the lateral and anterior thoracic cavity The first nine ribs curve around the lateral thoracic wall and connect to the manubrium and sternum 1 Function editDiving reflex edit Main article Mammalian diving reflex When not breathing for long and dangerous periods of time in cold water a person s body undergoes great temporary changes to try to prevent death It achieves this through the activation of the mammalian diving reflex which has three main properties Other than bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction there is a blood shift which occurs only during very deep dives that affects the thoracic cavity a chamber of the body protected by the thoracic wall When this happens organ and circulatory walls allow plasma water to pass freely throughout the thoracic cavity so its pressure stays constant and the organs are not crushed In this stage the lungs alveoli fill up with blood plasma which is reabsorbed when the organism leaves the pressurized environment This stage of the diving reflex has been observed in humans such as world champion freediver Martin Stepanek during extremely deep over 90 metres or 300 ft free dives Clinical significance editIn rare cases intentional or accidental trauma may lead to chest wall thoracic wall necrosis 2 References edit Carrier Guy Frechette Eric Ugalde Paula Deslauriers Jean November 2007 Correlative Anatomy for the Sternum and Ribs Costovertebral Angle Chest Wall Muscles and Intercostal Spaces Thoracic Outlet Thoracic Surgery Clinics 17 4 521 528 doi 10 1016 j thorsurg 2007 04 003 ISSN 1547 4127 Eskandarlou M Moaddab AH Aug 2010 Chest wall necrosis and empyema resulting from attempting suicide by injection of petroleum into the pleural cavity Emerg Med J 27 8 616 8 doi 10 1136 emj 2009 073486 PMID 20558490 External links editThoracic wall at the U S National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH Anatomy photo 18 lo 0000 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Thoracic wall amp oldid 1213548691, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
