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Thirteen Heavens

January 04, 2024

The Nahua people such as the Aztecs, Chichimecs and the Toltecs believed that the heavens were constructed and separated into 13 levels, usually called Topan or simply each one Ilhuicatl iohhui, Ilhuicatl iohtlatoquiliz. Each level had from one to many Lords (gods) living in and ruling them.

Aztec mythology edit

Main article: Aztec mythology

In Aztec mythology, the Thirteen Heavens were formed out of Cipactli's head when the gods made creation out of its body, whereas Tlaltícpac, the earth, was made from its center and the nine levels of the underworld (Mictlan) from its tail.[1]

The most important of these heavens was Omeyocan (Place of Two), where Ometeotl - the dual Lord/Lady, creator of the Dual-Genesis who, as male, takes the name Ometecuhtli (Two Lord), and as female is named Omecihuatl (Two Lady) —resided.

  •  
    Tlahuiztlampa, East hemisphere with its respective trees, temples, patron deities and divinatory signs.
  •  
    Mictlampa, North hemisphere with its respective trees, temples, patron deities and divinatory signs.
  •  
    Cihuatlampa, West hemisphere with its respective trees, temples, patron deities and divinatory signs.
  •  
    Huitztlampa, South hemisphere with its respective trees, temples, patron deities and divinatory signs.
Thirteen Heavens
Name Dwellers
1 "Sky where the moon moves"
  • Meztli, moon goddess (Moon).
  • As lunar phases
    • Tlazolteotl, goddess of lust and illicit affairs, patron of sexual incontinence, adultery, sex, passions, carnality and moral transgressions.
    • Tiacapan, one of the goddesses of sex
    • Ixcuina, one of the goddesses of sex
    • Tecotzin or Teicu, one of the goddesses of sex
  • Tlaloc, god of thunder, rain and the earth. In this layer he pierces the "clouds' bellies" to make them rain.
  • Ehecatl, god of the wind. In this layer he blows the clouds with his breath (breezes) to make them move.
  • The Ehecatotontli, gods of the breezes.
Here the moon and the clouds are in motion.
2
  • Ilhuicatl-Tetlaliloc
  • Ilhuicatl-Cintlalco
 "Where the stars move"
Here the stars are in motion.
3
  • Ilhuicatl-Tonatiuh
 "Where the Sun moves"
  • Tonatiuh, god of the Fifth Sun.
  • Nanahuatzin, another god of the sun, constantly sacrificing himself in a burning fire so that the sun could continue to shine around the world, with Tonatiuh taking his place.
Western abode of the yellow god, to where the sun travels before submerging into the Mictlan underworld.
4
  • Ilhuicatl-Huitztlan
 "The sky of the Big Star"
The way of Venus.
5
  • Ilhuicatl-Mamaloaco
 "Sky that is sinking or being drilled"
Here the comets (called citlallinpopoca or also citlalmina or xihuitl, depending on their shape) are in motion.
6
  • Ilhuicatl-Yayauhco
 "Dark green space"
  • Tezcatlipoca, god of providence, of the material, of the intangible and ubiquity, patron of Ursa major and the night, ruler of the North.
Place from where the night comes and spreads.
7
  • Ilhuicatl-Xoxoauhco
  • Ilhuicatl-Xoxoco
  • Ilhuicatl-Xoxoauhqui
 "Region of blue"
  • Huitzilopochtli, god of the sun and will, patron of war and its tactics, of battles and fire, ruler of the South.
Here the sun shows its face at dawn. Sky that is seeing during the day.
8
  • Ilhuicatl-Nanatzcayan
  • Ilhuicatl-Itzapan-Nanatzcayan
 "Where the obsidian knives are creaking"
Place of storms. Heavenly abode of the god of death from where the darkness comes.
9
  • Ilhuicatl-Teoiztac
  • Ilhuicatl-Teoixtac
 "Region of white"
  • Quetzalcoatl, god of life, of light, of wisdom, of fertility and knowledge, patron of the winds and the day, ruler of the West.
  • Tzitzimime, stellar spirits.
Abode of the white god and stellar spirits.
10
  • Ilhuicatl-Teocozauhco
 "Region of yellow"
Eastern abode of the Yellow God where he comes from and goes to the west.
11
  • Ilhuicatl-Teotlatlauhco
  • Ilhuicatl-Teotlauhco
 "Region of red"
  • Xiuhtecuhtli, god of fire.
  • Chantico, goddess of fire, homes and volcanoes.
  • The Xiuhtotontli, gods of fire (alternative manifestations or states of Xiuhtecuhtli).
    • Xiuhiztacuhqui, god of the white fire.
    • Xiuhtlatlauhqui, god of the red fire.
    • Xiuhcozauhqui, god of the yellow fire.
    • Xiuhxoxoauhqui, god of the blue fire.
Abode of the red god. Red sky with rays of light to express that the first creation of the world was the earthly fire.
12
  • Ilhuicatl-Teteocan
 "Sky that is the place of the gods"
Abode of the gods. Ruled by the Four Creator Lords or Tezcatlipocas.

Eminently divine place where the deities remain and project themselves to be in other places. Where the gods take on faces, and where they put on masks to become others while still being themselves. Where they are born, reborn and feed in their quality of eternal and mutating beings.[1]

13 "Place of Two", "Place of Duality"
  • Ometeotl, gods of duality.
    • Ometecuhtli, originating god of sustenance, of the furtive, of the inert and the inherent, patron of maintenance and ruler of the cycle of life.
    • Omecihuatl, originating goddess of sustenance, of the furtive, of the inert and the inherent, patron of maintenance and ruler of the cycle of life.
    • The alternatives
Residence or mansion of the creator couple; source of the gods and the creation of the universe, where the generating principle of all that exists is conceived.

See also edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b Adela Fernández (1 January 1992). Dioses prehispánicos de México: mitos y deidades del panteón náhuatl. Panorama Editorial. pp. 30, 33, 34. ISBN 978-968-38-0306-1.

General and cited references edit

Cecilio Agustín Robelo (1905). Diccionario de Mitología Nahua (in Spanish). México: Biblioteca Porrúa. Imprenta del Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnología. p. 851. ISBN 978-9684327955.

January 04, 2024
thirteen, heavens, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, november. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Thirteen Heavens news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Nahua people such as the Aztecs Chichimecs and the Toltecs believed that the heavens were constructed and separated into 13 levels usually called Topan or simply each one Ilhuicatl iohhui Ilhuicatl iohtlatoquiliz Each level had from one to many Lords gods living in and ruling them Contents 1 Aztec mythology 2 See also 3 Citations 4 General and cited referencesAztec mythology editMain article Aztec mythology In Aztec mythology the Thirteen Heavens were formed out of Cipactli s head when the gods made creation out of its body whereas Tlalticpac the earth was made from its center and the nine levels of the underworld Mictlan from its tail 1 The most important of these heavens was Omeyocan Place of Two where Ometeotl the dual Lord Lady creator of the Dual Genesis who as male takes the name Ometecuhtli Two Lord and as female is named Omecihuatl Two Lady resided nbsp Tlahuiztlampa East hemisphere with its respective trees temples patron deities and divinatory signs nbsp Mictlampa North hemisphere with its respective trees temples patron deities and divinatory signs nbsp Cihuatlampa West hemisphere with its respective trees temples patron deities and divinatory signs nbsp Huitztlampa South hemisphere with its respective trees temples patron deities and divinatory signs Thirteen HeavensName Dwellers1 Ilhuicatl Meztli Ilhuicatl Tlalocan Meztli Ilhuicatl Tlaloc Meztli Ilhuicatl Tlalocan Sky where the moon moves Meztli moon goddess Moon As lunar phases Tlazolteotl goddess of lust and illicit affairs patron of sexual incontinence adultery sex passions carnality and moral transgressions Tiacapan one of the goddesses of sex Ixcuina one of the goddesses of sex Tecotzin or Teicu one of the goddesses of sex Tlaloc god of thunder rain and the earth In this layer he pierces the clouds bellies to make them rain Ehecatl god of the wind In this layer he blows the clouds with his breath breezes to make them move The Ehecatotontli gods of the breezes Mictlanpachecatl god of the north wind Cihuatecayotl god of the west wind Tlalocayotl god of the east wind Huitztlampaehecatl god of the south wind Here the moon and the clouds are in motion 2 Ilhuicatl Tetlaliloc Ilhuicatl Cintlalco Where the stars move Citlalicue goddess who created the stars along with her husband Milky Way Citlalatonac god who created the stars along with his wife Milky Way Constellations Citlaxonecuilli Ursa Major Citlaltlachtli Orion Citlalcolotl Scorpius Citlalozomahtli Cepheus Ursa Minor and Draco Citlalmiquiztli Sagittarius and Corona Australis Citlalhuitzitzilin Columba and Lepus Citlalmazatl Eridanus and Fornax Citlalolli Leo Citlalcuetzpalli Andromeda and Pegasus Citlaltecpatl Piscis Austrinus and Crane Citlalxonecuilli Auriga and Perseus Tianquiztli Pleiades The two armies of stars Centzon Mimixcoa gods of the northern stars Centzon Huitznahuac gods of the southern stars Here the stars are in motion 3 Ilhuicatl Tonatiuh Where the Sun moves Tonatiuh god of the Fifth Sun Nanahuatzin another god of the sun constantly sacrificing himself in a burning fire so that the sun could continue to shine around the world with Tonatiuh taking his place Western abode of the yellow god to where the sun travels before submerging into the Mictlan underworld 4 Ilhuicatl Huitztlan The sky of the Big Star Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli god of dawn and the morning star Citlalpol or Hueycitlalin Venus Associated with Quetzalcoatl Huixtocihuatl goddess of salt The way of Venus 5 Ilhuicatl Mamaloaco Sky that is sinking or being drilled Citlalicue goddess of female stars Milky Way Citlalatonac god of female stars Milky Way Here the comets called citlallinpopoca or also citlalmina or xihuitl depending on their shape are in motion 6 Ilhuicatl Yayauhco Dark green space Tezcatlipoca god of providence of the material of the intangible and ubiquity patron of Ursa major and the night ruler of the North Place from where the night comes and spreads 7 Ilhuicatl Xoxoauhco Ilhuicatl Xoxoco Ilhuicatl Xoxoauhqui Region of blue Huitzilopochtli god of the sun and will patron of war and its tactics of battles and fire ruler of the South Here the sun shows its face at dawn Sky that is seeing during the day 8 Ilhuicatl Nanatzcayan Ilhuicatl Itzapan Nanatzcayan Where the obsidian knives are creaking Mictlantecuhtli god of death and ruler of Mictlan the Underworld Mictecacihuatl goddess of death and ruler of Mictlan the Underworld Itztlacoliuhqui god of darkness storms disasters and frost Sacrifice gods Itzpapalotltotec god of sacrifice Itzpapalotlcihuatl goddess of sacrifice Tlaloc god of thunder rain and the earth He is also a fertility god Place of storms Heavenly abode of the god of death from where the darkness comes 9 Ilhuicatl Teoiztac Ilhuicatl Teoixtac Region of white Quetzalcoatl god of life of light of wisdom of fertility and knowledge patron of the winds and the day ruler of the West Tzitzimime stellar spirits Abode of the white god and stellar spirits 10 Ilhuicatl Teocozauhco Region of yellow Tonatiuh god of the Fifth Sun Eastern abode of the Yellow God where he comes from and goes to the west 11 Ilhuicatl Teotlatlauhco Ilhuicatl Teotlauhco Region of red Xiuhtecuhtli god of fire Chantico goddess of fire homes and volcanoes The Xiuhtotontli gods of fire alternative manifestations or states of Xiuhtecuhtli Xiuhiztacuhqui god of the white fire Xiuhtlatlauhqui god of the red fire Xiuhcozauhqui god of the yellow fire Xiuhxoxoauhqui god of the blue fire Abode of the red god Red sky with rays of light to express that the first creation of the world was the earthly fire 12 Ilhuicatl Teteocan Sky that is the place of the gods Quetzalcoatl East Xipe Totec West Tezcatlipoca North Huitzilopochtli South Abode of the gods Ruled by the Four Creator Lords or Tezcatlipocas Eminently divine place where the deities remain and project themselves to be in other places Where the gods take on faces and where they put on masks to become others while still being themselves Where they are born reborn and feed in their quality of eternal and mutating beings 1 13 Ilhuicatl Omeyocan Place of Two Place of Duality Ometeotl gods of duality Ometecuhtli originating god of sustenance of the furtive of the inert and the inherent patron of maintenance and ruler of the cycle of life Omecihuatl originating goddess of sustenance of the furtive of the inert and the inherent patron of maintenance and ruler of the cycle of life The alternatives Tonacatecuhtli Ometecuhtli Tonacacihuatl Omecihuatl Residence or mansion of the creator couple source of the gods and the creation of the universe where the generating principle of all that exists is conceived See also editAztec mythology Aztec philosophy List of Aztec gods and supernatural beingsCitations edit a b Adela Fernandez 1 January 1992 Dioses prehispanicos de Mexico mitos y deidades del panteon nahuatl Panorama Editorial pp 30 33 34 ISBN 978 968 38 0306 1 General and cited references editCecilio Agustin Robelo 1905 Diccionario de Mitologia Nahua in Spanish Mexico Biblioteca Porrua Imprenta del Museo Nacional de Arqueologia Historia y Etnologia p 851 ISBN 978 9684327955 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Thirteen Heavens amp oldid 1191447994, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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