Third Battle of Manzanillo

The Third Battle of Manzanillo was a naval engagement that occurred on July 18, 1898, between an American fleet commanded by Chapman C. Todd against a Spanish fleet led by Joaquín Gómez de Barreda, which occurred during the Spanish–American War. The significantly more powerful United States Navy squadron, consisting of four gunboats, two armed tugs and a patrol yacht, overpowered a Royal Spanish Navy squadron which consisted of four gunboats, three pontoon used as floating batteries and three transports, sinking or destroying all the Spanish ships present without losing a single ship of their own. The victory came on the heels of a more significant American success at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, and was the third largest naval engagement of the war after Santiago de Cuba and the Battle of Manila Bay.

Third Battle of Manzanillo
Part of the Spanish–American War
USS Helena lying at anchor, circa 1897-1901
Date July 18, 1898 Location Manzanillo, Cuba Result American victory
Belligerents
United States	Spain
Commanders and leaders
Chapman Todd Adolph Marix	Joaquín Barreda
Strength
4 gunboats 2 armed tugs 1 patrol yacht	4 gunboats 3 pontoons 3 transports 3 field guns 3 battalions of infantry
Casualties and losses
1 armed tug damaged	3 killed 14 wounded 4 gunboats destroyed 3 pontoons destroyed 3 transports destroyed

Tensions between Spain and the United States worsened over Spanish behavior during their efforts to quell a revolution in their colony of Cuba, with the American public being agitated by largely falsified reports of Spanish atrocities against the Cuban population. In January 1898, in the interest of safeguarding American interests in Cuba, the cruiser USS Maine was dispatched to the island. In February 1898, the Maine exploded while lying at anchor in Havana harbor, killing more than half her crew and inflaming American opinion against Spain, with the Spanish being portrayed as the culprit in the American media regardless of the actual source of the explosion. Two months later, war was declared.^[1]

After defeating the largest Spanish squadron stationed in Cuba, the United States Navy continued dispatching warships to defeat the remaining Spanish naval presence on the island, as they had done upon the outbreak of war. The port of Manzanillo contained a significant Spanish naval presence in addition to being a haven for Spanish blockade runners, and the Americans had attempted twice before to destroy the squadron lying at anchor, with both the first and second attempts having been repulsed. On the third attempt, all U.S. naval elements in the area, reinforced by two Wilmington-class gunboats combined forces under the command of Chapman C. Todd to destroy the Spanish vessels once and for all.

The seven-ship force split into three different groups and entered the harbor at the same time to ensure the Spanish vessels had no path of escape. They first targeted the three transports and destroyed them while they were lying at anchor, alongside repulsing several gunboats who moved to repulse the Americans. The seven ships then moved further in the harbor to engage the gunboats and the immobile pontoon. All gunboats and transports were quickly destroyed or sunk, with minimal casualties for the Americans, with the only casualty being damage incurred to the lone armed tug.^[2][3] Although the battle destroyed the small Spanish squadron in the harbor, the Spanish defenders inside the town refused to relinquish control of the city to the Americans, leading to the Fourth Battle of Manzanillo, resulting in the town falling into American hands.

Background

 

A Spanish gunboat during the Spanish-American War, similar to the kind utilised at Manzanillo.

Upon the outbreak of war, the United States Navy had placed a blockade around the island of Cuba, both to assist the local revolutionaries fighting against Spanish rule, and to hamper Spanish efforts to resist the American expeditionary forces by ensuring they could not move around men and supplies to areas which required them. Several ports in Cuba, such as Cárdenas and Cienfuegos had already seen several unsuccessful attempts by the Americans to attack the ports, with the Battle of Cárdenas proving to be the most costly American failure. Spanish blockade runners would move from port to port to skirt the American blockade, bringing vital men and material to Spanish soldiers engaged in combat with the Cubans. The port of Manzanillo had been a refuge for Spanish troop transports and blockade runners (many of which were requisitioned merchant steamships) since the outbreak of war, and the United States Navy had already dispatched two reconnaissance expeditions to the harbor to determine its defenses.^[4][5]

The first expedition, consisting of the gunboats USS Hist and USS Hornet, alongside the armed tug USS Wompatuck under the command of Lucien Young, attempted to clear the harbor of the Spanish vessels. Accurate fire from the four Spanish gunboats in the harbor, Estrella, Guantánamo, Centinela and the Delgado Parejo forced an American withdrawal, with only three casualties and damaged vessels to show for their efforts.^[6][7] The second expedition, led by Adolph Marix and consisting of the USS Scorpion and Osceola, launched their attack unaware of the fate of the first expedition, and were similarly repulsed by the Parrott guns of the Spanish gunboats.^[8][9][10] Wrote one American sailor:^[11]

We have been in two of the bombardments off Santiago and helped clear the way for the troops at Daiquiri, yet we had seen nothing before to equal the accuracy, rapidity, and uniformity of the fire that the Spanish forces gave us at Manzanillo. And we give them credit for it.

Although a number of awards were given for these actions, they proved that the presence of the Spanish vessels and shore batteries were not going to be easy to overcome, and two gunboats were accordingly dispatched to aid the American vessels, the two being the USS Wilmington and USS Helena. The commanding officer of the Wilmington, Chapman C. Todd, became commander of the now seven-vessel strong American force, and moved to clear the harbor of Spanish vessels.^[12] Todd ordered his vessels to be split up into three groups, with the two gunboats Wilmington and Helena being ordered to enter the harbor via a channel on the northern side of the bay and attacking from the left, Osceola and Scorpion being ordered to attack from a channel directly opposite the city, and the Wompatuck, Hist and Hornet being ordered to move in from the right through one of the bays southern channels. All three of the American squadrons were instructed to time their passages through the channels to enter the bay concurrently. The reason behind the division of the squadron was to prevent any Spanish vessels from escaping by blocking their escape routes.^[13][14]

Battle

 

USS Wilmington on the Orinoco River in Venezuela.

At 07:00am, the seven American warships began to approach the harbor of Manzanillo, having rendezvoused at Guayabal the night before.^[15][16] Just four minutes later the battle began when Spanish shore batteries noticed the approaching Americans and began firing at them, although they scored no hits. Some fifteen minutes later, the Scorpion and Osceola replied by opening fire on the shore batteries, although they likewise were unable to score any hits. At 07:50am, the Americans sighted the three Spanish transports lying at anchor, these being the El Gloria, Jose Garcia and El Purísima Concepción.^[17][18] El Gloria and Jose Garcia were merchant steamers used for transporting troops while the El Purísima Concepción was a blockade runner. All three vessels were destroyed over a two and a half hour period by the Americans, who were careful to remain out of the range of the Spanish batteries.^{[19][20][21][22][23]}

Upon seeing the plight of their fellow vessels, several Spanish gunboats set sail and moved to repulse the American warships, however they found themselves being repulsed and forced to retreat further inside the harbor due to being outgunned. Hist, Hornet, and Wompatuck pursued the gunboats to their moorings and engaged them. The American vessels continued their advance into the harbor, but they soon ran into issues with the shallow depth of Manzanillo's bay, forcing them to reconnoiter passages so that the deeper-drafted gunboats, the Wilmington and the Helena, would not beach themselves accidentally.^[24] Advancing upon the Spanish positions, Todd realised that his forces were focusing too much of their fire upon transports taking refuge in the harbor alongside the immobile pontoon present, the hulk and storeship Maria, and ordered the Helena to switch to targeting the cornered gunboats instead of assisting the Willmington with finishing the transports and pontoon off.^[25]

With the transports and pontoons destroyed, all the American efforts were switched to finishing off the badly damaged gunboats. One by one, the four gunboats were finished off, with three being destroyed, one being sunk and another beaching itself before sinking later.^[26] At 10:22am, just three hours after initiating the engagement, Todd gave the order to withdraw from the harbor. On their way out, much as they had done on their way in, they made sure to keep out of the range of the Spanish batteries, who had helplessly watched the battle unfold.^[27][28][29] During the battle, Todd had noted the good performance of the officers serving under him, and stated as such in his battle report to Sampson:^[30]

All of our vessels were handled with sound discretion and excellent judgment by the several commanding officers, which was to have been expected from the men commanding the vessels of this force.

Aftermath

 

The USS Wompatuck underway, 20 April 1899.

By 10:35am, the battle had been concluded. The Spanish squadron had been entirely destroyed, suffering casualties of three men killed, fourteen men wounded, four gunboats sunk or destroyed and three transports and pontoons burned to the waterline, while the Americans, on the other hand, had suffered no casualties. The only significant damage incurred by the American force was a three-pounder gun that broke loose from its rivets on the Wompatuck, though one of USS Wilmington's guns was disabled due to Spanish gunfire for a few minutes.^[31] The threat posed by the Spanish flotilla was eliminated, and the American squadron returned victorious to the main fleet. The Wompatuck, however, left the rest of the warships and instead sailed towards at Guantánamo Bay where the Americans had established a base after their victory at the Battle of Guantánamo Bay to bring Admiral William T. Sampson news of the latest American victory.^[32]

During the battle, the Americans took great care to ensure that their gunfire did not target the city, and in the words of Todd, "so far as could be observed, little, if any, was done."^[33] Although the Spanish naval presence in Manzanillo was eliminated, the Spanish defenders in the town stubbornly refused to relinquish control to either the Americans or the Cubans, and even without a naval presence, it took a U.S. Navy bombardment of the town combined with Cuban rebels storming the town for the Spanish to finally surrender the town, when they learnt of the ceasefire that resulted in the end of the war.^[34] Manzanillo would be the last town to surrender in Cuba during the war and the last engagement which took place on the island.^[35][36] Four days after the battle, on the 22nd of July, the New York Times published news of the victory to the American public.^[37]

References

1. Knight, pg. 709
2. Keenan, pg. 238
3. Everett, pg. 143
4. Naval Operations Manzanillo, Naval History and Heritage Command
5. Tucker, pg. 377
6. Tucker, pg. 377
7. Villafaña, 2012
8. Naval Operations Manzanillo, Naval History and Heritage Command
9. Villafaña, 2012
10. "Marix at Manzanillo", New York Times
11. "Marix at Manzanillo", New York Times
12. McKinley, pg. 261
13. "How Todd Sunk Seven Ships", New York Times
14. Naval Operations Manzanillo, Naval History and Heritage Command
15. McKinley, pg. 261
16. "How Todd Sunk Seven Ships", New York Times
17. McKinley, pg. 262
18. "How Todd Sunk Seven Ships", New York Times
19. Tucker, pg. 377
20. Villafaña, 2012
21. "How Todd Sunk Seven Ships", New York Times
22. Naval Operations Manzanillo, Naval History and Heritage Command
23. McKinley, pg. 262
24. Dyal, pg. 206
25. Naval Operations Manzanillo, Naval History and Heritage Command
26. Dyal, pg. 206
27. Tucker, pg. 377
28. Naval Operations Manzanillo, Naval History and Heritage Command
29. "How Todd Sunk Seven Ships", New York Times
30. "How Todd Sunk Seven Ships", New York Times
31. McKinley, pg. 262
32. Naval Operations Manzanillo, Naval History and Heritage Command
33. "How Todd Sunk Seven Ships", New York Times
34. Tucker, pg. 377
35. Villafaña, 2012
36. Naval Operations Manzanillo, Naval History and Heritage Command
37. "How Todd Sunk Seven Ships", New York Times

Bibliography

• Everett, Marshall (1899). Exciting Experiences in Our Wars with Spain and the Filipinos. Book Publishers Union. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
• "Naval Operations Manzanillo". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
• How Todd Sunk Seven Ships (PDF). The New York Times. July 22, 1898. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
• Marix at Manzanillo (PDF). The New York Times. July 25, 1898. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
• McKinley, William (1899). The Abridgement. United States Government Publishing Office. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
• Sigsbee, Charles Dwight (1899). The United States Navy in the Spanish-American War of 1898, Vol. 1: Narratives of the Chief Events by U. S. Naval Officers. Forgotten Books. ISBN 978-0267964383. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
• Villafaña, Frank R. (2012). Expansionism: Its Effects on Cuba's Independence. Routledge. ISBN 978-1412843089. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
• Dyal, Donald H. (1996). Historical Dictionary of the Spanish American War. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0313288524. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
• Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1851099511. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
• Knight, Peter (2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia: Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1576078129. Retrieved 2020-07-18.