Its physiological role for fish, bacterial cell or insect is not known. However, in ferns it is thought to offer protection from insects[9] while studies have shown that thiamine hydrolase (thiaminase type 2) which was originally thought to be involved solely in the degradation of thiamine has actually been identified as having a role in thiamine degradation with the salvage of the pyrimidine moiety where thiamin hydrolysis product N-formyl-4-amino-5-aminomethyl-2-methylpyrimidine is transported into the cell and deformylated by the ylmB-encoded amidohydrolase and hydrolyzed to 5-aminoimidazole ribotide.[10]
It was first described in 1941 as the cause of highly mortal ataxicneuropathy in fur-producing foxes eating raw entrails of river fish like carp.
It was once causing economical losses in raising fisheries, e.g. in yellowtail fed raw anchovy as a sole feed for a certain period, and also in sea bream and rainbow trout. The same problem is being studied in a natural food chain system.[13]
In 1860–61, Burke and Wills were the first Europeans to cross Australia south to north; on their return they subsisted primarily on raw nardoo-fern. It is possible that this led to their death due to the extremely high levels of thiaminase contained in nardoo. The Aborigines prepared nardoo by soaking the sporocarps in water for at least a day to avoid the effects of thiamine deficiency that would result from ingesting the leaves raw. In the explorers' journals they noted many symptoms of thiamine deficiency, so it is thought that they did not soak the nardoo long enough. Eventually thiamine deficiency could have led to their demise. It is noteworthy to mention that there are several other hypotheses regarding what may have killed Burke and Wills and it is widely disagreed upon by historians and scientists alike.[2]
References
^Fujita A, Nose Y, Kozuka S, Tashiro T, Ueda K, Sakamoto S (May 1952). "Studies on thiaminase. I. Activation of thiamine breakdown by organic bases". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 196 (1): 289–95. PMID 12980969.
^NcCleary BV, Chick BF (1977). "The purification and properties of a thiaminaseI from Nardoo (Marsilea drummondii)". Phytochemistry. 16 (2): 207–213. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86787-4.
^Boś M, Kozik A (February 2000). "Some molecular and enzymatic properties of a homogeneous preparation of thiaminase I purified from carp liver". Journal of Protein Chemistry. 19 (2): 75–84. doi:10.1023/A:1007043530616. PMID 10945431.
^Wittliff JL, Airth RL (February 1968). "The extracellular thiaminase I of Bacillus thiaminolyticus. I. Purification and physicochemical properties". Biochemistry. 7 (2): 736–44. doi:10.1021/bi00842a032. PMID 4966932.
^Nakatsuka T, Suzuki K, Nakano Y, Kitaoka S (1988). "Physicochemical properties of intracellular thiaminase II of Bacillus aneurinolyticus". Vitamins (Japan). 62: 15–22.
^Toms AV, Haas AL, Park JH, Begley TP, Ealick SE (February 2005). "Structural characterization of the regulatory proteins TenA and TenI from Bacillus subtilis and identification of TenA as a thiaminase II". Biochemistry. 44 (7): 2319–29. doi:10.1021/bi0478648. PMID 15709744.
^Nishimune T, Watanabe Y, Okazaki H, Akai H (2000). "Thiamin is decomposed due to Anaphe spp. entomophagy in seasonal ataxia patients in Nigeria". J. Nutr. 130: 1625–28.
^Vetter J (2010). "Toxicological and Medicinal Aspects of the Most Frequent Fern Species, Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn". Working with Ferns: Issues and Applications. pp. 361–375. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7162-3_25.
^Jenkins AH, Schyns G, Potot S, Sun G, Begley TP (August 2007). "A new thiamin salvage pathway". Nature Chemical Biology. 3 (8): 492–7. doi:10.1038/nchembio.2007.13. PMID 17618314.
^Ramos JJ, Marca C, Loste A, García de Jalón JA, Fernández A, Cubel T (February 2003). "Biochemical changes in apparently normal sheep from flocks affected by polioencephalomalacia". Veterinary Research Communications. 27 (2): 111–24. doi:10.1023/A:1022807119539. PMID 12718505.
^Evans WC (1975). "Thiaminases and their effects on animals". Vitamins and Hormones. 33: 467–504. doi:10.1016/S0083-6729(08)60970-X. ISBN978-0-12-709833-3. PMID 779253.
^Fisher JP, Brown SB, Wooster GW, Bowser PR (December 1998). "Maternal blood, egg and larval thiamin levels correlate with larval survival in landlocked Atlantic salmon". The Journal of Nutrition. 128 (12): 2456–66. doi:10.1093/jn/128.12.2456. PMID 9868194.
^Adamolekun B, Adamolekun WE, Sonibare AD, Sofowora G (March 1994). "A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of thiamine hydrochloride in a seasonal ataxia in Nigerians". Neurology. 44 (3 Pt 1): 549–51. doi:10.1212/wnl.44.3_part_1.549. PMID 8145931.
thiaminase, enzyme, that, metabolizes, breaks, down, thiamine, into, molecular, parts, antinutrient, when, consumed, thiamine, pyridinylaseidentifiersec, 2cas, 9030, 7databasesintenzintenz, viewbrendabrenda, entryexpasynicezyme, viewkeggkegg, entrymetacycmetab. Thiaminase is an enzyme that metabolizes or breaks down thiamine into two molecular parts It is an antinutrient when consumed Thiamine pyridinylaseIdentifiersEC no 2 5 1 2CAS no 9030 35 7DatabasesIntEnzIntEnz viewBRENDABRENDA entryExPASyNiceZyme viewKEGGKEGG entryMetaCycmetabolic pathwayPRIAMprofilePDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsumSearchPMCarticlesPubMedarticlesNCBIproteinsAminopyrimidine aminohydrolaseIdentifiersEC no 3 5 99 2DatabasesIntEnzIntEnz viewBRENDABRENDA entryExPASyNiceZyme viewKEGGKEGG entryMetaCycmetabolic pathwayPRIAMprofilePDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsumGene OntologyAmiGO QuickGOSearchPMCarticlesPubMedarticlesNCBIproteinsThiamine The old name was aneurinase 1 There are two types 2 Thiamine pyridinylase Thiaminase I EC 2 5 1 2 InterPro IPR030901 Aminopyrimidine aminohydrolase Thinaminase II EC 3 5 99 2 InterPro IPR027574 IPR004305 Contents 1 Sources 2 Effects 3 References 4 External linksSources EditSource include Bracken brake nardoo horsetail and other plants 3 Some fish including carp and goldfish 4 A few strains of bacteria such as Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus Bacillus thiaminolyticus 5 Bacillus aneurinolyticus 6 or Bacillus subtilis 7 An African silk worm Anaphe venata 8 Effects EditIts physiological role for fish bacterial cell or insect is not known However in ferns it is thought to offer protection from insects 9 while studies have shown that thiamine hydrolase thiaminase type 2 which was originally thought to be involved solely in the degradation of thiamine has actually been identified as having a role in thiamine degradation with the salvage of the pyrimidine moiety where thiamin hydrolysis product N formyl 4 amino 5 aminomethyl 2 methylpyrimidine is transported into the cell and deformylated by the ylmB encoded amidohydrolase and hydrolyzed to 5 aminoimidazole ribotide 10 It was first described in 1941 as the cause of highly mortal ataxic neuropathy in fur producing foxes eating raw entrails of river fish like carp It is also known as the cause of cerebrocortical necrosis of cattle and polioencephalomalasia of sheep eating thiaminase containing plants 11 12 It was once causing economical losses in raising fisheries e g in yellowtail fed raw anchovy as a sole feed for a certain period and also in sea bream and rainbow trout The same problem is being studied in a natural food chain system 13 The larvae of a wild silk worm Anaphe venata are being consumed in a rain forest district of Nigeria as a supplemental protein nutrition and the heat resistant thiaminase in it is causing an acute seasonal cerebellar ataxia named African seasonal ataxia or Nigerian seasonal ataxia 14 In 1860 61 Burke and Wills were the first Europeans to cross Australia south to north on their return they subsisted primarily on raw nardoo fern It is possible that this led to their death due to the extremely high levels of thiaminase contained in nardoo The Aborigines prepared nardoo by soaking the sporocarps in water for at least a day to avoid the effects of thiamine deficiency that would result from ingesting the leaves raw In the explorers journals they noted many symptoms of thiamine deficiency so it is thought that they did not soak the nardoo long enough Eventually thiamine deficiency could have led to their demise It is noteworthy to mention that there are several other hypotheses regarding what may have killed Burke and Wills and it is widely disagreed upon by historians and scientists alike 2 References Edit Fujita A Nose Y Kozuka S Tashiro T Ueda K Sakamoto S May 1952 Studies on thiaminase I Activation of thiamine breakdown by organic bases The Journal of Biological Chemistry 196 1 289 95 PMID 12980969 a b Thiaminases NcCleary BV Chick BF 1977 The purification and properties of a thiaminaseI from Nardoo Marsilea drummondii Phytochemistry 16 2 207 213 doi 10 1016 S0031 9422 00 86787 4 Bos M Kozik A February 2000 Some molecular and enzymatic properties of a homogeneous preparation of thiaminase I purified from carp liver Journal of Protein Chemistry 19 2 75 84 doi 10 1023 A 1007043530616 PMID 10945431 Wittliff JL Airth RL February 1968 The extracellular thiaminase I of Bacillus thiaminolyticus I Purification and physicochemical properties Biochemistry 7 2 736 44 doi 10 1021 bi00842a032 PMID 4966932 Nakatsuka T Suzuki K Nakano Y Kitaoka S 1988 Physicochemical properties of intracellular thiaminase II of Bacillus aneurinolyticus Vitamins Japan 62 15 22 Toms AV Haas AL Park JH Begley TP Ealick SE February 2005 Structural characterization of the regulatory proteins TenA and TenI from Bacillus subtilis and identification of TenA as a thiaminase II Biochemistry 44 7 2319 29 doi 10 1021 bi0478648 PMID 15709744 Nishimune T Watanabe Y Okazaki H Akai H 2000 Thiamin is decomposed due to Anaphe spp entomophagy in seasonal ataxia patients in Nigeria J Nutr 130 1625 28 Vetter J 2010 Toxicological and Medicinal Aspects of the Most Frequent Fern Species Pteridium aquilinum L Kuhn Working with Ferns Issues and Applications pp 361 375 doi 10 1007 978 1 4419 7162 3 25 Jenkins AH Schyns G Potot S Sun G Begley TP August 2007 A new thiamin salvage pathway Nature Chemical Biology 3 8 492 7 doi 10 1038 nchembio 2007 13 PMID 17618314 Ramos JJ Marca C Loste A Garcia de Jalon JA Fernandez A Cubel T February 2003 Biochemical changes in apparently normal sheep from flocks affected by polioencephalomalacia Veterinary Research Communications 27 2 111 24 doi 10 1023 A 1022807119539 PMID 12718505 Evans WC 1975 Thiaminases and their effects on animals Vitamins and Hormones 33 467 504 doi 10 1016 S0083 6729 08 60970 X ISBN 978 0 12 709833 3 PMID 779253 Fisher JP Brown SB Wooster GW Bowser PR December 1998 Maternal blood egg and larval thiamin levels correlate with larval survival in landlocked Atlantic salmon The Journal of Nutrition 128 12 2456 66 doi 10 1093 jn 128 12 2456 PMID 9868194 Adamolekun B Adamolekun WE Sonibare AD Sofowora G March 1994 A double blind placebo controlled study of the efficacy of thiamine hydrochloride in a seasonal ataxia in Nigerians Neurology 44 3 Pt 1 549 51 doi 10 1212 wnl 44 3 part 1 549 PMID 8145931 External links Editthiaminase I at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH thiaminase II at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH Portal Biology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Thiaminase amp oldid 1135223737, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
