Theingapati (Burmese: သိင်္ဃပတိ, pronounced[θèiɴga̰pədḭ]; ultimately derived from Sanskrit Siṃhapati;[1] c. late 1270s – 10 May 1299) was heir-apparent of the Pagan Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) from 1289 to 1297. The crown prince is known for his mission to Beijing in which he sought and received the Mongol Empire's recognition of his father, Kyawswa, as King of Pagan in March 1297. The prince was arrested after his father was overthrown in December 1297 by the three brothers of Myinsaing. The brothers branded the father-son duo as traitors and executed them in May 1299.[2][3]
Theingapati (Singhapati) was born to Princess Saw of Thitmahti and Prince Kyawswa, Viceroy of Dala (modern Twante), during the last days of the Pagan Empire.[4] According to contemporary inscriptions, he had one younger full-brother named Kumara Kassapa.[note 1] He grew up in the south but in 1289, two years after the fall of the Pagan Empire, he moved to the capital Pagan (Bagan). His father had been hand-picked by the dowager queen Pwa Saw to succeed his grandfather King Narathihapate, who had been assassinated two years earlier. During the two-year interregnum (1287–89), his father had successfully fended off his half-uncle Thihathu, Viceroy of Prome.[5]
Heir-apparentedit
Theingapati became heir-apparent of a greatly shrunken kingdom. The Pagan Empire was no more. Kyawswa was king in name only: he barely controlled outside the capital, and may have at most controlled the Minbu granary. The kingdom's most important Kyaukse granary region was controlled by the three brothers of Myinsaing who led the defense of central Irrawaddy valley against the Mongol invaders in 1283–87. The Mongols were still stationed in Tagaung in northern Burma. In the following years, Kyawswa became concerned by the brothers' increasingly open consolidation of power in the central Irrawaddy valley. In 1295 and 1296, the youngest brother, Thihathu, the most ambitious and least diplomatic, proclaimed himself hsinbyushin (ဆင်ဖြူရှင်, "Lord of the White Elephant", white elephants being the symbol of sovereigns) and mingyi (မင်းကြီး, "Great Lord"), respectively.[6]
Kyawswa decided to seek protection from the Mongols. He reckoned that the Mongol Emperor's imprimatur would give him the necessary power to reestablish his rule at least in central Burma. In January 1297, he sent Theingapati to Tagaung. Unlike King Narathihapate in the ceasefire negotiations of 1285–86, Kyawswa did not ask the Mongol troops to withdraw from the upcountry this time; indeed, he was counting on the Mongols to stay around to give him protection. The Mongol commanders at Tagaung sent Theingapati to Beijing. On 20 March 1297, Emperor Temür Khan recognized Kyawswa and Theingapati as king and heir-apparent of Pagan, respectively.[7][8] The emperor also gave Yuan titles to the three brothers of Myinsaing as subordinates of Kyawswa.[9]
Fall from power and deathedit
Kyawswa's reign as vassal king was short. The brothers of Myinsaing ultimately decided to risk a Mongol intervention and overthrow Kyawswa. With the help of the dowager queen Pwa Saw, the brothers lured Kyawswa to attend a monastery dedication ceremony in Myinsaing. On 17 December 1297, Kyawswa was forced to become a monk at the monastery he had just dedicated.[4][9] Theingapati, too, was arrested later (though it is not clear if he was arrested on the same day alongside his father in Myinsaing, or in Pagan). The usurping brothers marched to Pagan and put Saw Hnit on the throne as their puppet king.[2]
Unfortunately for Kyawswa and Theingapati, the Mongols did not come to their rescue. The Mongols found out about the dethronement only in June/July 1298, as the brothers tried to conceal the news of the dethronement as much as possible.[2] It turned out that the Mongol command at Yunnan did not have enough manpower to undertake an expedition, and did not take any action. When they did not see a Mongol invasion in the following dry season of 1298–99, the brothers were emboldened and became convinced that the Mongols were unlikely to intervene. They allowed Saw Hnit to hold an audience for the first time on 8 May 1299. Two days later, they executed both Kyawswa and Theingapati as traitors.[2][10]
Aftermathedit
The execution of the Mongol-appointed king and heir did not result in any immediate Mongol reprisals. The Yunnan government, which did not have enough spare troops, initially ignored the pleas of Kumara Kassapa, who had somehow escaped the arrest, to intervene.[2][10] It was only after the brothers seized lightly-manned Mongol garrisons at Singu and Male in January 1300 that the Mongols took notice. They organized a small expedition to central Burma in the following dry season, but it failed.[2][11]
Notesedit
^(Ba Shin 1982: 47) includes a genealogy chart that shows Min Lulin (Saw Hnit) as a son of Kyawswa and Pwa Saw of Thitmathi. But it is most probably a mistake. A few pages earlier, (Ba Shin 1982: 42) says Saw Hnit made Pwa Saw of Thitmathi the chief queen, which means he was not Saw of Thitmathi's son. (Than Tun 1959: 120) and (Than Tun 1964: 137) suggest Saw Hnit was a half brother of his.
Ba Shin, Bo-Hmu (1966). "The Pwa Saws of Bagan" (PDF). Burma Historical Research Department Silver Jublice Publication (in Burmese) (1982 ed.). Yangon: Historical Research Department.
Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN978-0-8248-0368-1.
Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.
theingapati, burmese, ဃပတ, pronounced, θèiɴga, pədḭ, ultimately, derived, from, sanskrit, siṃhapati, late, 1270s, 1299, heir, apparent, pagan, dynasty, burma, myanmar, from, 1289, 1297, crown, prince, known, mission, beijing, which, sought, received, mongol, e. Theingapati Burmese သ င ဃပတ pronounced 8eiɴga pedḭ ultimately derived from Sanskrit Siṃhapati 1 c late 1270s 10 May 1299 was heir apparent of the Pagan Dynasty of Burma Myanmar from 1289 to 1297 The crown prince is known for his mission to Beijing in which he sought and received the Mongol Empire s recognition of his father Kyawswa as King of Pagan in March 1297 The prince was arrested after his father was overthrown in December 1297 by the three brothers of Myinsaing The brothers branded the father son duo as traitors and executed them in May 1299 2 3 Theingapati သ င ဃပတ Heir apparent of PaganReign30 May 1289 17 December 1297PredecessorUzana of BasseinSuccessorUzana II of PaganBornc late 1270sDalaDied10 May 1299 Sunday 10th waxing of Nayon 661 MEMyinsaingHousePaganFatherKyawswaMotherPwa Saw of ThitmahtiReligionTheravada BuddhismThis article contains Burmese script Without proper rendering support you may see question marks boxes or other symbols instead of Burmese script Contents 1 Background 2 Heir apparent 3 Fall from power and death 4 Aftermath 5 Notes 6 References 7 BibliographyBackground editTheingapati Singhapati was born to Princess Saw of Thitmahti and Prince Kyawswa Viceroy of Dala modern Twante during the last days of the Pagan Empire 4 According to contemporary inscriptions he had one younger full brother named Kumara Kassapa note 1 He grew up in the south but in 1289 two years after the fall of the Pagan Empire he moved to the capital Pagan Bagan His father had been hand picked by the dowager queen Pwa Saw to succeed his grandfather King Narathihapate who had been assassinated two years earlier During the two year interregnum 1287 89 his father had successfully fended off his half uncle Thihathu Viceroy of Prome 5 Heir apparent editTheingapati became heir apparent of a greatly shrunken kingdom The Pagan Empire was no more Kyawswa was king in name only he barely controlled outside the capital and may have at most controlled the Minbu granary The kingdom s most important Kyaukse granary region was controlled by the three brothers of Myinsaing who led the defense of central Irrawaddy valley against the Mongol invaders in 1283 87 The Mongols were still stationed in Tagaung in northern Burma In the following years Kyawswa became concerned by the brothers increasingly open consolidation of power in the central Irrawaddy valley In 1295 and 1296 the youngest brother Thihathu the most ambitious and least diplomatic proclaimed himself hsinbyushin ဆင ဖ ရ င Lord of the White Elephant white elephants being the symbol of sovereigns and mingyi မင က Great Lord respectively 6 Kyawswa decided to seek protection from the Mongols He reckoned that the Mongol Emperor s imprimatur would give him the necessary power to reestablish his rule at least in central Burma In January 1297 he sent Theingapati to Tagaung Unlike King Narathihapate in the ceasefire negotiations of 1285 86 Kyawswa did not ask the Mongol troops to withdraw from the upcountry this time indeed he was counting on the Mongols to stay around to give him protection The Mongol commanders at Tagaung sent Theingapati to Beijing On 20 March 1297 Emperor Temur Khan recognized Kyawswa and Theingapati as king and heir apparent of Pagan respectively 7 8 The emperor also gave Yuan titles to the three brothers of Myinsaing as subordinates of Kyawswa 9 Fall from power and death editKyawswa s reign as vassal king was short The brothers of Myinsaing ultimately decided to risk a Mongol intervention and overthrow Kyawswa With the help of the dowager queen Pwa Saw the brothers lured Kyawswa to attend a monastery dedication ceremony in Myinsaing On 17 December 1297 Kyawswa was forced to become a monk at the monastery he had just dedicated 4 9 Theingapati too was arrested later though it is not clear if he was arrested on the same day alongside his father in Myinsaing or in Pagan The usurping brothers marched to Pagan and put Saw Hnit on the throne as their puppet king 2 Unfortunately for Kyawswa and Theingapati the Mongols did not come to their rescue The Mongols found out about the dethronement only in June July 1298 as the brothers tried to conceal the news of the dethronement as much as possible 2 It turned out that the Mongol command at Yunnan did not have enough manpower to undertake an expedition and did not take any action When they did not see a Mongol invasion in the following dry season of 1298 99 the brothers were emboldened and became convinced that the Mongols were unlikely to intervene They allowed Saw Hnit to hold an audience for the first time on 8 May 1299 Two days later they executed both Kyawswa and Theingapati as traitors 2 10 Aftermath editThe execution of the Mongol appointed king and heir did not result in any immediate Mongol reprisals The Yunnan government which did not have enough spare troops initially ignored the pleas of Kumara Kassapa who had somehow escaped the arrest to intervene 2 10 It was only after the brothers seized lightly manned Mongol garrisons at Singu and Male in January 1300 that the Mongols took notice They organized a small expedition to central Burma in the following dry season but it failed 2 11 Notes edit Ba Shin 1982 47 includes a genealogy chart that shows Min Lulin Saw Hnit as a son of Kyawswa and Pwa Saw of Thitmathi But it is most probably a mistake A few pages earlier Ba Shin 1982 42 says Saw Hnit made Pwa Saw of Thitmathi the chief queen which means he was not Saw of Thitmathi s son Than Tun 1959 120 and Than Tun 1964 137 suggest Saw Hnit was a half brother of his References edit Coedes 1968 210 211 a b c d e f Than Tun 1959 120 121 Than Tun 1964 136 137 a b Than Tun 1959 119 Hmannan Vol 1 2003 359 Than Tun 1959 122 Wade 2009 22 Than Tun 1959 119 120 a b Htin Aung 1967 74 a b Than Tun 1964 137 Htin Aung 1967 75Bibliography editBa Shin Bo Hmu 1966 The Pwa Saws of Bagan PDF Burma Historical Research Department Silver Jublice Publication in Burmese 1982 ed Yangon Historical Research Department Coedes George 1968 Walter F Vella ed The Indianized States of Southeast Asia trans Susan Brown Cowing University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 0368 1 Htin Aung Maung 1967 A History of Burma New York and London Cambridge University Press Royal Historical Commission of Burma 2003 1832 Hmannan Yazawin in Burmese Vol 1 3 Yangon Ministry of Information Myanmar Than Tun December 1959 History of Burma A D 1300 1400 Journal of Burma Research Society XLII II Than Tun 1964 Studies in Burmese History in Burmese Vol 1 Yangon Maha Dagon Wade Geoff 2009 Eugene Perry Link ed The Scholar s Mind Essays in Honor of Frederick W Mote Chinese University Press ISBN 9789629964030 TheingapatiPagan DynastyBorn c 1270s Died 10 May 1299Royal titlesPreceded byUzana of Bassein Heir apparent of Pagan1289 1297 Succeeded byUzana II of Pagan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Theingapati amp oldid 1172451808, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
