The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It is an 1857 book by Hinton Rowan Helper, who declares himself a proud Southerner.[1]: vi It was written mostly in Baltimore, but it would have been illegal to publish it there, as he pointed out.[1]: 360 It was a strong attack on slavery as inefficient and a barrier to the economic advancement of whites. The book was widely distributed by Horace Greeley and other antislavery leaders, and infuriated Southerners. According to historian George M. Fredrickson, "it would not be difficult to make a case for The Impending Crisis as the most important single book, in terms of its political impact, that has ever been published in the United States. Even more perhaps than Uncle Tom's Cabin, it fed the fires of sectional controversy leading up to the Civil War; for it had the distinction of being the only book in American history to become the center of bitter and prolonged Congressional debate".[2]: 542 [note 1] In the North it became "the book against slavery."[3]: 75 A book reviewer wrote, "Next to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), Hinton Helper's critique of slavery and the Southern class system, The Impending Crisis of the South (1857), was arguably the most important antislavery book of the 1850s."[4]
The book condemned slavery, but "not with reference, except in a very slight degree, to its humanitarian or religious aspects," which had already been dealt with at length by Northern writers.[1]: v Instead, Helper criticized slavery on economic grounds, appealing to whites' rational self-interest, rather than "any special friendliness or sympathy for the blacks."[1]: v Helper claimed that slavery hurt the Southern economy by preventing economic development and industrialization, and that it was the main reason why the South had fallen far behind the North, both economically and demographically. Helper tried to speak on behalf of the majority of Southern whites, poor or of moderate means — the plain folk of the Old South — whom he claimed were oppressed by a small aristocracy of wealthy slave owners.
Helper's tone was aggressive: "Freesoilers and abolitionists are the only true friends of the South; slaveholders and slave-breeders are downright enemies of their own section. Anti-slavery men are working for the Union and for the good of the whole world; proslavery men are working for the disunion of the States, and for the good of nothing except themselves."[1]: 363
The poverty of the slaveholding SouthEdit
According to a published summary of the book, the South, under slavery, is not doing well economically. Massachusetts produces sixteen bushels of wheat to the acre, while Virginia produces only seven. Iowa produces thirty-six bushels of oats to the acre; Mississippi produces only twelve. In 1790, at the time of the first census, the population of New York was 340,000 and that of Virginia 748,000; in 1850 the population of New York was 3,097,000, while that of Virginia was 1,421,000. Land in the North sells for much more than land in the South. These are only a few examples of the many statistics of this sort in the book.[5] Many draw on the U.S. Census, or other "confessedly authentic, and for the most part official, sources of information."[6]
Political impactEdit
A version of it was published in German translation in 1860.[7]
With the approach of the 1860 presidential election, to help the Republican Party a Compendium version appeared in July 1859; it was an abridgement that kept the statistics but watered down some of the confrontational rhetoric. It was endorsed by 68 Republican members of Congress. By December 1859, 500 copies a day were being sold.[8]
This version met with fierce opposition. Possession of a copy was treated as criminal offense in most of the South. Distributors of the book were arrested, and three men in Arkansas were hanged for possession of it.[3]: 77
Congress convened on December 5, 1859. The House of Representatives was unable to conduct any business until February 1, 1860, because the body was so divided that it was unable to elect a speaker. Helper's book was the only topic.[9] During the "ill-tempered and acrimonious election for Speaker of the House, the second longest in congressional history ... southern politicians refused to accept as Speaker anyone who had supported Helper".[2]: 542–543 Another source says it was the longest dispute, with 44 elections for speaker.[3]: 81
In rebuttal, Louis F. Schade published in 1860 A Book for the "Impending Crisis!" Appeal to the Common Sense and Patriotism of the People of the United States. "Helperism" Annihilated! The "Irrepressible Conflict" and Its Consequences! (80 pages).
Rowan's racismEdit
Although it was mostly ignored by the abolitionists, Helper was a rabid white supremacist.[10] His goal in writing the book, as he says, was to help Southern whites, not Blacks. According to him, Blacks were inferior to whites, and there was no place for them in the United States; after emancipation, they should be removed from the country, he said.[11] "A. B. Burdick, the publisher of The Impending Crisis, testified that Helper ... avoided all contacts with Negroes, refusing even to patronize hotels or restaurants which employed Negroes in menial capacities. Another man who knew Helper before the war recalled that 'he has always been inflexibly opposed to all the relations and conditions which have kept the two races close together; and this ... was one of the principal grounds of his opposition to slavery."[12]
NotesEdit
^Fredrickson edited and wrote a 55-page introduction to a 1968 edition of The Impending Crisis of the South, published by The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. The quoted language is on page ix of his introduction.
ReferencesEdit
^ abcdeHelper, Hinton Rowan (1857). The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It. New York: Burdick Brothers.
^ abBrown, David (2004). "Attacking Slavery from Within: The Making of The Impending Crisis of the South" (PDF). Journal of Southern History. 70 (3): 541–576. doi:10.2307/27648477. JSTOR 27648477.
^ abcNoble, William (1990). "The Most Dangerous Book in America". Bookbanning in America : Who Bans Books?—and Why. Middlebury, Vermont: Paul S. Eriksson. pp. 69–82. ISBN0839710801.
^Smith, David, Southern Outcast: Hinton Rowan Helper and The Impending Crisis of the South (review), Civil War History, vol. 55, no. 4, December 2009, pp. 531-532, The Kent State University Press.
^"Review of Compendium of the Impending Crisis of the South by Hinton Rowan Helper". The North American Review. 89 (185): 567–568. Oct 1859. JSTOR 25107548.
^Gittermann, J[ohann] Ch[ristoph] H[einrich] (1860). Revolution oder Abolition : frei bearbeitet nach H.R. Helper's Die dem Süden bevorstehende Crisis [Revolution or Abolition : loosely based on H.R. Helper's The Upcoming Crisis of the South]. Stuttgart, Germany.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Pierson, Parke (2010). "Blame the lazy, ignorant slave owners: a Southern journalist claims slavery stifles the South". America's Civil War. 23 (1). ISSN 1046-2899 – via Gale Academic OneFile.
^Cardoso, J. J. (1970). "Hinton Rowan Helper as a Racist in the Abolitionist Camp". The Journal of Negro History. 55 (4): 323–330. doi:10.2307/2716176. JSTOR 2716176. S2CID 150109899.
^Frederickson, George M., "Introduction" to The Impending Crisis of the South (1968), p. liv.
Bailey, Hugh C. (1965). Hinton Rowan Helper: Abolitionist-Racist. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. Review, pp. 410-411
Brown, David (2006). Southern Outcast: Hinton Rowan Helper and the Impending Crisis of the South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. Review
Compendium of the Impending Crisis of the South (1859 version online)
October 21, 2023
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The Impending Crisis of the South How to Meet It is an 1857 book by Hinton Rowan Helper who declares himself a proud Southerner 1 vi It was written mostly in Baltimore but it would have been illegal to publish it there as he pointed out 1 360 It was a strong attack on slavery as inefficient and a barrier to the economic advancement of whites The book was widely distributed by Horace Greeley and other antislavery leaders and infuriated Southerners According to historian George M Fredrickson it would not be difficult to make a case for The Impending Crisis as the most important single book in terms of its political impact that has ever been published in the United States Even more perhaps than Uncle Tom s Cabin it fed the fires of sectional controversy leading up to the Civil War for it had the distinction of being the only book in American history to become the center of bitter and prolonged Congressional debate 2 542 note 1 In the North it became the book against slavery 3 75 A book reviewer wrote Next to Uncle Tom s Cabin 1852 Hinton Helper s critique of slavery and the Southern class system The Impending Crisis of the South 1857 was arguably the most important antislavery book of the 1850s 4 The Impending Crisis of the South How to Meet ItAuthorHinton Rowan HelperPublisherBurdick BrothersPublication date1857OCLC226488928Websitehttps www gutenberg org ebooks 36055 Contents 1 Condemnation of slavery 1 1 The poverty of the slaveholding South 2 Political impact 3 Rowan s racism 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksCondemnation of slavery EditThe book condemned slavery but not with reference except in a very slight degree to its humanitarian or religious aspects which had already been dealt with at length by Northern writers 1 v Instead Helper criticized slavery on economic grounds appealing to whites rational self interest rather than any special friendliness or sympathy for the blacks 1 v Helper claimed that slavery hurt the Southern economy by preventing economic development and industrialization and that it was the main reason why the South had fallen far behind the North both economically and demographically Helper tried to speak on behalf of the majority of Southern whites poor or of moderate means the plain folk of the Old South whom he claimed were oppressed by a small aristocracy of wealthy slave owners Helper s tone was aggressive Freesoilers and abolitionists are the only true friends of the South slaveholders and slave breeders are downright enemies of their own section Anti slavery men are working for the Union and for the good of the whole world proslavery men are working for the disunion of the States and for the good of nothing except themselves 1 363 The poverty of the slaveholding South Edit According to a published summary of the book the South under slavery is not doing well economically Massachusetts produces sixteen bushels of wheat to the acre while Virginia produces only seven Iowa produces thirty six bushels of oats to the acre Mississippi produces only twelve In 1790 at the time of the first census the population of New York was 340 000 and that of Virginia 748 000 in 1850 the population of New York was 3 097 000 while that of Virginia was 1 421 000 Land in the North sells for much more than land in the South These are only a few examples of the many statistics of this sort in the book 5 Many draw on the U S Census or other confessedly authentic and for the most part official sources of information 6 Political impact EditA version of it was published in German translation in 1860 7 With the approach of the 1860 presidential election to help the Republican Party a Compendium version appeared in July 1859 it was an abridgement that kept the statistics but watered down some of the confrontational rhetoric It was endorsed by 68 Republican members of Congress By December 1859 500 copies a day were being sold 8 This version met with fierce opposition Possession of a copy was treated as criminal offense in most of the South Distributors of the book were arrested and three men in Arkansas were hanged for possession of it 3 77 Congress convened on December 5 1859 The House of Representatives was unable to conduct any business until February 1 1860 because the body was so divided that it was unable to elect a speaker Helper s book was the only topic 9 During the ill tempered and acrimonious election for Speaker of the House the second longest in congressional history southern politicians refused to accept as Speaker anyone who had supported Helper 2 542 543 Another source says it was the longest dispute with 44 elections for speaker 3 81 In rebuttal Louis F Schade published in 1860 A Book for the Impending Crisis Appeal to the Common Sense and Patriotism of the People of the United States Helperism Annihilated The Irrepressible Conflict and Its Consequences 80 pages Rowan s racism EditAlthough it was mostly ignored by the abolitionists Helper was a rabid white supremacist 10 His goal in writing the book as he says was to help Southern whites not Blacks According to him Blacks were inferior to whites and there was no place for them in the United States after emancipation they should be removed from the country he said 11 A B Burdick the publisher of The Impending Crisis testified that Helper avoided all contacts with Negroes refusing even to patronize hotels or restaurants which employed Negroes in menial capacities Another man who knew Helper before the war recalled that he has always been inflexibly opposed to all the relations and conditions which have kept the two races close together and this was one of the principal grounds of his opposition to slavery 12 Notes Edit Fredrickson edited and wrote a 55 page introduction to a 1968 edition of The Impending Crisis of the South published by The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press The quoted language is on page ix of his introduction References Edit a b c d e Helper Hinton Rowan 1857 The Impending Crisis of the South How to Meet It New York Burdick Brothers a b Brown David 2004 Attacking Slavery from Within The Making of The Impending Crisis of the South PDF Journal of Southern History 70 3 541 576 doi 10 2307 27648477 JSTOR 27648477 a b c Noble William 1990 The Most Dangerous Book in America Bookbanning in America Who Bans Books and Why Middlebury Vermont Paul S Eriksson pp 69 82 ISBN 0839710801 Smith David Southern Outcast Hinton Rowan Helper and The Impending Crisis of the South review Civil War History vol 55 no 4 December 2009 pp 531 532 The Kent State University Press The Impending Crisis of the South An abstract of Helper s book Portage County Democrat Ravenna Ohio 21 Dec 1859 p 1 Review of Compendium of the Impending Crisis of the South by Hinton Rowan Helper The North American Review 89 185 567 568 Oct 1859 JSTOR 25107548 Gittermann J ohann Ch ristoph H einrich 1860 Revolution oder Abolition frei bearbeitet nach H R Helper sDie dem Suden bevorstehende Crisis Revolution or Abolition loosely based on H R Helper sThe Upcoming Crisis of the South Stuttgart Germany a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Kendi Ibram X Jun 26 2017 Confederate Statues and History s Warning of Southern Crisis Time Magazine Who Are the Agitators Chicago Tribune 9 Dec 1859 p 1 Pierson Parke 2010 Blame the lazy ignorant slave owners a Southern journalist claims slavery stifles the South America s Civil War 23 1 ISSN 1046 2899 via Gale Academic OneFile Cardoso J J 1970 Hinton Rowan Helper as a Racist in the Abolitionist Camp The Journal of Negro History 55 4 323 330 doi 10 2307 2716176 JSTOR 2716176 S2CID 150109899 Frederickson George M Introduction to The Impending Crisis of the South 1968 p liv Further reading EditFredrickson George M 1988 Antislavery Racist Hinton Rowan Helper The Arrogance of Race Historical Perspectives on Slavery Racism and Social Inequality Hanover New Hampshire University Press of New England pp 28 53 ISBN 0 8195 5177 5 Wilson Edmund 1962 Patriotic Gore Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War New York Oxford University Press pp 364 379 OCLC 34962267 Bailey Hugh C 1965 Hinton Rowan Helper Abolitionist Racist Tuscaloosa Alabama University of Alabama Press Review pp 410 411 Brown David 2006 Southern Outcast Hinton Rowan Helper and the Impending Crisis of the South Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press ReviewExternal links Edit1857 text of The Impending Crisis at the University of North Carolina Compendium of the Impending Crisis of the South 1859 version online Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title The Impending Crisis of the South amp oldid 1180017646, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
