AK Steel
AK Steel Holdings Corporation was a steelmaking company headquartered in West Chester Township, Ohio. The company, whose name was derived from the initials of Armco, its predecessor company, and Kawasaki Steel Corporation, was acquired by Cleveland-Cliffs in 2020.
| Company type | Public |
|---|---|
| NYSE: AKS | |
| Industry | Steel |
| Founded | 1899 (as The American Rolling Mill Company - Armco) |
| Defunct | March 13, 2020 |
| Fate | Acquired by Cleveland-Cliffs |
| Headquarters | West Chester Township, Ohio, U.S. |
Area served | Worldwide |
Key people | Roger K. Newport (CEO) Kirk W. Reich (president & COO) James A. Thomson (chairman) |
| Products | Carbon steel Stainless steel Electrical steel Tubular products |
Production output | 5,596,200 tons |
| Revenue | $6.818 billion (2018)[1] |
| $384 million (2018)[1] | |
| $186 million (2018)[1] | |
| Total assets | $4.515 billion (2018)[1] |
| Total equity | $429 million (2018)[1] |
Number of employees | 9,500[1] (2018) |
| Parent | Cleveland-Cliffs |
| Subsidiaries | AK Tube AK Coal |
| Website | www |
| Footnotes / references [2] | |
AK Steel operated eight steel plants and two tube manufacturing plants in Ashland, Kentucky, Butler, Pennsylvania, Coshocton, Ohio, Dearborn, Michigan, Mansfield, Ohio, Middletown, Ohio, Rockport, Indiana, and Zanesville, Ohio. [2] The company had manufacturing operations in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, and facilities in Western Europe. AK Steel produced flat-rolled carbon, stainless and electrical steel products, primarily for the automotive, infrastructure and manufacturing sectors, including electrical power, and distributors and converters markets. The company also provided carbon and stainless steel tubing products, die design and tooling, and hot- and cold-stamped components. Of AK Steel's 2018 sales, 63% went to the automotive industry, 15% to infrastructure and manufacturing industry and 22% to distributors and converters.[2]
The company was criticized for its record regarding pollution and worker safety.
In 2019, AK Steel was named GM Supplier of the Year for Non Fabricated Steel by General Motors for the second consecutive year. [3] AK Steel was also presented with a Smart Pillar Award from Ford, as a top-performing global supplier at the 21st annual Ford World Excellence Awards. [4]
History edit
The company was founded in 1899 as The American Rolling Mill Company (ARMCO) in Middletown, Ohio, where it operated a production facility.[5] George Matthew Verity (1865–1942) was a founder and its first president.[6]
In 1914, the company began publishing the monthly ARMCO bulletin "to facilitate an interchange of thought and suggestion, and to create a better understanding of the activities and problems of the Operating Department employees."[7]
In 1922, it opened a second production facility, Ashland Works in Ashland, Kentucky.
In 1971, Armco Steel purchased Kansas City-based engineering firm Burns & McDonnell; however, in 1985, employees of Burns & McDonnell secured a loan to buy the company from Armco.[8] In 1978, Armco Steel was renamed Armco, Inc. It moved its headquarters to New Jersey in 1985.
In 1982, a recession threatened the U.S. steel industry.[9] Several of the nation’s steel companies reported losses for the first half of the year, while other companies, like Armco, were barely breaking even.[10] In 1989, it entered into a limited partnership with Kawasaki Steel Corporation, which contributed several of its production facilities to the company.[11]
While the company achieved over $1 billion in annual sales in the early 1990s, it was not profitable. The company then hired the 65 year old Tom Graham and Richard M. Wardrop, Jr. to improve its finances. These executives divested unprofitable operations and replaced most of the company's executives and managers.[12] In 1993, the company moved its headquarters to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and renamed itself AK Steel Holdings reflecting its Armco roots and sizable investment by Kawasaki. The same year, the company sold the Kansas City Bolt and Nut Company plant to Bain Capital to avoid its shutdown.[13] In March 1994, the company became a public company via an initial public offering,[14] using the proceeds to pay down its unmanageable debt load. In 1995, the company moved its headquarters back to Middletown.[15] In 1996, Graham made the decision to spend $1.1 billion to construct a new steel production facility in Rockport, Indiana.[16] Rifts with its unions and its safety record, including 10 fatalities at its plants in 4 years, resulted in fines and scrutiny from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ih 1996 as well.[17] In 1999, the company acquired Armco Inc., its former parent company, for $1.3 billion.[18] There was a lock-out at the Mansfield, Ohio plant after a disagreement on a three-year labor contract with 620 USWA employees.[19]
In 2003, the bitter labor dispute in Mansfield ended, the union workers returning to work alongside those who'd replaced them.[20] In 2006, there was another lockout of 2,700 workers in Middletown, Ohio about another contract renewal.[21] In 2007, the company moved its headquarters to West Chester Township, Butler County, Ohio.[22]
In 2014, the company acquired steel-making assets, including a coke-making facility and interests in 3 joint ventures that process flat-rolled steel products in Dearborn, Michigan, from Severstal for $700 million.[23] In August 2017, the company acquired Precision Partners Holding Company for $360 million.[24][25]
On March 13, 2020, the company was acquired by Cleveland-Cliffs for $1.1 billion.[26][27][28]
Inclusion in the S&P 500 (2008–2011) edit
In 2008, the company was added to the S&P 500.[29] In 2011, it was removed from the S&P 500 and added to the S&P 600.[30]
In popular culture edit
The 2016 bestselling book, Hillbilly Elegy, focuses on life in Middletown, Ohio and makes many references to the town's dependence on AK Steel's Middletown Works facility.[31]
Working, by Studs Terkel, includes an interview with millworker Grace Clements, who worked at ARMCO making luggage components. Her story was the basis for the James Taylor song "Millwork" in the Broadway musical of the same name.
Legal record edit
Environmental record edit
On June 27, 2000, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued an Emergency Order pursuant to the Safe Drinking Water Act, Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act to AK Steel's Butler Works in Butler, Pennsylvania concerning the nitrate/nitrite compounds being released into the Connoquenessing Creek, an occasional water source for the Borough of Zelienople, alleging that AK Steel had failed to properly dispose of hexavalent chromium.[32] The issue was settled in 2004, with AK Steel agreeing to pay a total of $1.2 million.[33]
In 2006, AK Steel reached a settlement to compensate for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) contamination in Middletown, Ohio. The settlement included cleanup work estimated to cost $12–13 million.[34]
AK Steel was listed #1 on the Mother Jones Top 20 polluters of 2010; dumping over 12,000 tons of toxic chemicals into Ohio waterways.[35]
Based on 2014 data, the Political Economy Research Institute ranked AK Steel 53rd among corporations emitting airborne pollutants in the United States. The ranking is based on the quantity (343,000 pounds) and toxicity of the emissions. At the same time, it scored well in terms of environmental justice, affecting smaller percentages of the poor and minorities than their respective percentages of the total population.[36]
In early 2015, the EPA listed the Ohio River as the most contaminated body of water in the U.S. According to the EPA's Annual Toxics Release Inventory, of the 23 million pounds of chemicals discharged into the river in 2013, more than 70 percent came from AK Steel.[37]
In 2018, AK Steel had an air and water compliance rate of over 99.99%. [38]
Middletown Works lockout edit
Armco and the Armco Employees Independent Federation (AEIF), a labor union, had a collective bargaining agreement in place in 2004 that required AK Steel to employ 3,114 workers, a "minimum base force guarantee". The agreement also authorized AK Steel to suspend the minimum number. On January 13, 2004, AK Steel informed the AEIF that it was suspending the minimum. The union then filed a grievance contesting the suspension. An arbitrator upheld the decision by AK Steel on July 1, 2004, subject to certain limitations, through at least May 10, 2005. The union sought and was granted a new hearing, and on July 1, 2005 the arbitrator issued a comprise total workforce. As part of the agreement the arbitrator allowed AK Steel to set aside financial payments to a fund, in lieu of hiring to the minimum, the amount of which was set by the arbitrator on October 7, 2005. On September 29, 2005, the AEIF filed a lawsuit against AK Steel in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio (AEIF v. AK Steel Corp.; Case No. 1:05-CV-639), in which the AEIF sought to vacate that portion of the July 1, 2005 Award. AK Steel answered the complaint and filed counterclaims (AK Steel Corp. v. AEIF, Case No. 1:05-CV-531) on November 2, 2005.[39]
On March 1, 2006, AK Steel began a lockout of about 2,700 workers at the Middletown Works plant in Middletown, Ohio.[40] By the next day, the mill was operated by 1,800 salaried and temporary replacement workers.
On July 27, 2006, the AEIF affiliated with the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers.[41] In late October, AK offered a so-called final contract, which was rejected by the union by a vote of 2 to 1.[42]
One year after the lockout started, on February 28, 2007, AK Steel reached an agreement with the labor union.[43]
The union members ratified the proposed contract on March 14, 2007.[44]
As part of the agreement, the AEIF and AK Steel reached a joint settlement of their 5 counter lawsuits, with AK Steel paying $7,702,301. A third of the amount was for profit sharing, a third for an assistance fund for employee benefits of employees not recalled to work, and a third an escrow account to settle employee disputes and claims as a result of the lockout. The Employment Security Plan and the Trade and Craft Quota and Service/Support Group Quota (the "minimum base force guarantees") were completely terminated.[39]
This lockout was the longest labor stalemate in the 105-year history of the Middletown Works. The previous longest stalemate had been a six-day company lockout in 1986. Prior to that lockout, Armco's Middletown works never lost one minute of production due to a labor issue.
Pittsburgh Logistics Systems Lawsuit edit
In late 2016, AK Steel notified Pittsburgh Logistics Systems, Inc. (D/b/a PLS Logistics), a company which had been managing all of AK's truck dispatch and rail operations since 1995, that it was being replaced by Ryder as of January 18, 2017.[45] At the time, AK Steel constituted 32% of the PLS' revenue base, according to court filings. PLS battled both Ryder and AK Steel in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio, arguing that Ryder should not be able to use the list of trucking companies that PLS had used while servicing AK. However, U.S. District Court Judge Michael R. Barrett rejected PLS's contention and cleared Ryder and AK to proceed with the use of these carriers.[45]
Historical films edit
- [1] The Romance of Iron and Steel (1938) is a 21-minute, black and white film sponsored by the American Rolling Mill Company (ARMCO) and produced by Cinécraft Productions. The title of the film comes from a theme of the steel exhibit at the Great Lakes Exposition held in Cleveland, Ohio in 1936-37. The film opens with an overview of the ARMCO Research Lab followed by a series of tracking shots taken from overhead cranes in an ARMCO plant that offer a unique perspective into the process of making rolled steel. George M. Verity, ARMCO founder, ends the film with a message about “ARMCO men” and the company culture.
- Making Steel is a 47-minute film made in the mid-1990s. Introduced by CEO Richard M. Wardrop, Jr., who introduces himself as "Dick" Wardrop, it tells the story of the manufacture of steel in the AK Steel plants. [46]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f "AK Steel Financials". Yahoo Finance. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
- ^ a b c "AK Steel Holding Corporation 2019 Form 10-K Annual Report". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
- ^ . 20 May 2019. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
- ^ . 29 May 2019. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
- ^ "History of AK Steel Holding Corporation – FundingUniverse". www.fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 2019-09-20.
- ^ "Armco Inc". Britannica. 1998.
- ^ American Rolling Mill Company. Armco Bulletin, July 1914. Middletown (Ohio).
- ^ Eaton, Collin (November 3, 2016). "At Burns & McDonnell, employees feel like owners -- because they are". Times Union.
- ^ Chavez, Lydia (1982-06-20). "The Year the Bottom Fell Out for Steel". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
- ^ Chavez, Lydia (1982-06-20). "The Year the Bottom Fell Out for Steel". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-11-26.
- ^ Hicks, Jonathan P. (April 6, 1989). "Talking Deals; Armco's Accord With Kawasaki". The New York Times.
- ^ HOLUSHA, JOHN (February 12, 1995). "Profile; Having Done It All in Steel, He's on Top at Last". The New York Times.
- ^ BARCLAY JR., JOHN P. (September 22, 2012). "Trade policies destroyed steel industry". News-Press NOW.
- ^ "Equity Issues This Week". The New York Times. March 14, 1994.
- ^ "AK Steel Holding Corporation History". FundingUniverse.com.
- ^ "COMPANY BRIEFS". The New York Times. November 22, 1996.
- ^ "AK Steel Holding to Pay Fines Tied to Mill Mishaps". The Wall Street Journal. May 6, 1996.
- ^ "AK Steel buys former parent". CNN. May 21, 1999.
- ^ "AK Steel ends Mansfield lockout". American City Business Journals.
- ^ "AK Steel workers unhappy with return from three-year lockout". Cleveland19.
- ^ "Workers Locked Out By AK Steel". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
- ^ Levingston, Chelsey (November 13, 2010). "Former AK Steel HQ reduced to rubble". PR Newswire.
- ^ "AK Steel Completes Acquisition of Severstal Dearborn" (Press release). PR Newswire. September 16, 2014.
- ^ "AK Steel Completes Acquisition of Precision Partners Holding Company" (Press release). Globe Newswire. August 7, 2017.
- ^ Navera, Tristan (July 3, 2017). "AK Steel to make $360M acquisition". American City Business Journals.
- ^ "Cleveland-Cliffs Completes Acquisition of AK Steel" (Press release). Business Wire. March 13, 2020.
- ^ "Cleveland-Cliffs Completes Acquisition of AK Steel". IndustryWeek. March 13, 2020.
- ^ "AK Steel now part of North America's largest steel producer: What the deal means". www.msn.com. Retrieved 2020-10-05.
- ^ "AK Steel Named To S&P 500" (Press release). PR Newswire. June 30, 2008.
- ^ "S&P Indices Announces Changes to U.S. Indices" (Press release). PR Newswire. December 8, 2011.
- ^ Ferguson, Mark Lynn (September 12, 2016). "Commentary: For Appalachia's hillbillies, more than an elegy". Chicago Tribune.
- ^ "EPA Orders AK Steel to Reduce Nitrate Discharges, Provide Safe Drinking Water for Zelienople" (Press release). United States Environmental Protection Agency. June 7, 2000.
- ^ "AK Steel Settles Lawsuit Over Environmental Violations at Butler Mill - Steelmaker to Pay $300,000 Penalty and $900,000 in Pollution Reduction Projects to Settle Hazardous Waste, Air and Water Pollution Violations" (Press release). United States Environmental Protection Agency. December 2, 2004.
- ^ "Settlement with AK Steel Will Require Cleanup and Investigation of Contamination of Middletown Plant" (Press release). United States Department of Justice. December 2, 2004.
- ^ BUTLER, KIERA (April 2, 2012). "America's Top 10 Most-Polluted Waterways". Mother Jones.
- ^ "Toxic 100". Political Economy Research Institute.
- ^ "EPA Reports Ohio River Most Contaminated Body Of Water In The Country". Nexstar Media Group. February 28, 2015.
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-06-07. Retrieved 2019-06-06.
- ^ a b "Settlement Agreement" Archived 2008-11-01 at the Library of Congress Web Archives. - International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers
- ^ VRIES, LLOYD (March 1, 2006). "Workers Locked Out By AK Steel". CBS News. Associated Press.
- ^ "IAMAW LOCAL LODGE 1943 MIDDLETOWN, OHIO". IAMAW Local Lodge 1943. IAMAW Local Lodge 1943. Retrieved April 23, 2022.
- ^ "AK Steel Union Workers Reject Contract". The Oklahoman. Associated Press. September 26, 2006.
- ^ "AK Steel, union reach tentative pact to end lockout". Reuters. March 1, 2007.
- ^ "IAM Members Overwhelmingly Ratify New-Era Labor Accord For AK Steel's Middletown Works" (Press release). PR Newswire. March 14, 2007.
- ^ a b Boselovic, Len (January 20, 2017). "Pennsylvania Logistics Company Battles Ryder in Court Over Trade Secrets". American Trucking Associations.
- ^ https://youtube.com/9AMbKpeJRoU
External links edit
- Business data for AK Steel Holding Corporation:
- Bloomberg
- SEC filings
- Yahoo!