fbpx
Wikipedia

Terrance Dicks

Terrance William Dicks (14 April 1935 – 29 August 2019)[1] was an English author and television screenwriter, script editor and producer. In television, he had a long association with the BBC science-fiction series Doctor Who, working as a writer and also serving as the programme's script editor from 1968 to 1974. The Doctor Who News Page described him as "arguably the most prolific contributor to Doctor Who".[2] He later became a script editor and producer of classic serials for the BBC.

Terrance Dicks
Born
Terrance William Dicks

(1935-04-14)14 April 1935
East Ham, Essex, England
Died29 August 2019(2019-08-29) (aged 84)
London, England
Alma materDowning College, Cambridge
Occupations
  • Television screenwriter
  • Script editor
  • Producer
  • Children's author
Years active1962–2019
Known forDoctor Who TV scripts, novelisations and novels
Spouse
Elsa Germaney
(m. 1963)
Children3

Dicks wrote many children's books during the 1970s and 1980s. He also maintained his association with Doctor Who by adapting televised stories into novelisations for Target Books and in later years contributing to many documentaries and DVD commentaries for the series.

Early career edit

Born in East Ham,[3] Essex (now part of Greater London), Dicks was the only son of William, a tailor's salesman and Nellie (née Ambler), a waitress. His parents later ran a pub, the Fox and Hounds, in Forest Gate.[4] He excelled in English at East Ham Grammar School and consumed literature ranging from classics to pulp thrillers and adventure stories. He won a scholarship to study English at Downing College, Cambridge, and later performed two years of National Service in the British Army with the Royal Fusiliers. Following his discharge from the armed forces, he worked for five years as an advertising copywriter, and started to write radio play scripts for the BBC in his spare time.[4]

His breakthrough into television came when friend Malcolm Hulke, whom he met when he rented a room from him,[4] asked for his help with the scripting of "The Mauritius Penny", an episode of the second series of ABC's action-adventure The Avengers, for which Dicks was awarded a co-writer's credit. Dicks went on to co-write a further two Avengers episodes with Hulke:[3] the second, "Intercrime", was later re-worked for the sixth and final series.

Doctor Who edit

In 1968, Dicks was hired as assistant script editor on the BBC science-fiction TV series Doctor Who.[5] He was appointed head script editor the following year and earned his first writing credit for the programme when he and Hulke co-wrote the 10-part serial The War Games, which concluded the series' sixth season and the Second Doctor's (Patrick Troughton) tenure. The serial introduced the concept of the Time Lords and initiated the Doctor's exile to Earth, which would be a major theme of the Third Doctor's tenure. Dicks had, however, been the uncredited co-writer of the earlier serial The Seeds of Death (1969), having extensively re-written Brian Hayles' original scripts.[6]

Dicks formed a highly productive working relationship with incoming Doctor Who producer Barry Letts, serving as script editor on all of Letts's five seasons as series producer from 1970 to 1974.[7] During his tenure as script editor on Doctor Who, Dicks oversaw a number of additions to the series' mythology that still exist in the modern era, including the following:[8]

  • The development of the Time Lords and their society.
  • The name Gallifrey (augmented from Doctor Who writer Robert Holmes' "Galfrey").
  • The creation of companions Liz Shaw, Jo Grant, and Sarah Jane Smith.
  • The term "regeneration". (Planet of the Spiders)
  • An established race of villainous monsters turn to the side of good. (the Ice Warriors in The Curse of Peladon by Brian Hayles)
  • Sontarans (from writer Robert Holmes).
  • The Dematerialisation Circuit is vital for the operation of the TARDIS.
  • The concept that the TARDIS is indestructible.
  • The TARDIS can be remote controlled.
  • The TARDIS has a Telepathic Circuit (in The Time Monster)
  • The TARDIS might be sentient (The Time Monster and Planet of the Spiders)
  • The Blinovitch Limitation Effect used as a plot device to explain away paradoxes. (Day of the Daleks)
  • Multi-Doctor stories. (The Three Doctors)

During Dicks' tenure, the series also delved into social and political concepts. Sometimes these were straightforward and other times they were metaphors. Concepts and topics included the respect for all life (The Silurians), Great Britain joining the European Economic Community (in metaphor in The Curse of Peladon),[9] apartheid (The Mutants),[10] global pollution (The Green Death) and equality for women (with the inclusion of Sarah Jane Smith as companion).

In 1972, Dicks embarked on a parallel career as an author with the publication of his first book, The Making of Doctor Who (a history of the production of the TV series), which was co-written by Hulke.[4]

After stepping down as script editor, Dicks continued his association with Doctor Who, writing four scripts for his successor, Robert Holmes: these were Robot (1975, Tom Baker's first outing as the Fourth Doctor), The Brain of Morbius (1976, for which Dicks was credited under the pseudonym Robin Bland after his displeasure at Holmes' re-writes prompted him to request that it be shown "under some bland pseudonym"),[11] Horror of Fang Rock (1977) and State of Decay (1980).

State of Decay was in fact a re-written version of a story originally titled The Vampire Mutations,[11] which had been due for production during season 15 until the BBC decided that the vampiric theme would clash with the plot of its new adaptation of Bram Stoker's Count Dracula, which was due for transmission at roughly the same time, and replaced it with Horror of Fang Rock. His final Doctor Who script was The Five Doctors (1983), a feature-length episode for the programme's 20th anniversary.

His other work for Doctor Who included two stage plays, Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday (1974) and Doctor Who - The Ultimate Adventure (1989), and an audio drama for Big Finish Productions titled Comeback (2002), which was the first to feature former Doctor's companion Sarah Jane Smith in a significant capacity. He went on to contribute several additional scripts to Big Finish including audio adaptations of his two-stage plays, a Sixth Doctor-era story for the "Companion Chronicle" range, and a Bernice Summerfield story, in 2011, which was the final script of his career.[12][13]

The first serial aired after his death, the 2020 Thirteenth Doctor-era story "Spyfall", was dedicated to him.[14]

Books edit

Dicks contributed heavily to Target Books' series of novelisations of the Doctor Who TV serials, writing 67 of the titles published by the company. As Dicks explains in an interview in the documentary Built for War (included on the 2006 DVD release of The Sontaran Experiment), he served as the unofficial editor of the Target Books range.[11] In this role, he would attempt to enlist the author of the original scripts to write the novelisation whenever possible, but if they refused or had other commitments, Dicks would usually undertake the work himself (although he also recruited other writers, including former Doctor Who actor Ian Marter and former series producer Philip Hinchcliffe).

On one occasion, he enlisted Robert Holmes to novelise his script for The Time Warrior, but when Holmes gave up after writing only one chapter, it was left to Dicks to complete the work. Dicks would have better success in recruiting the original writers for the later Doctor Who serials, and was required to adapt only one Sixth Doctor story himself (The Mysterious Planet; he again replaced Holmes, who had died in 1986). Dicks' name appears on the cover of no Seventh Doctor novelisations. His plans to publish a novelisation of his stage play Doctor Who - The Ultimate Adventure were not realised.

As of September, 1980, Terrance Dicks' Doctor Who novelisations had sold three-and-a-half million copies and had been translated into ten different languages.[15]

During the 1990s, Dicks contributed to Virgin Publishing's line of full-length, officially licensed, original Doctor Who novels, New Adventures, which continued the series' storyline following the TV cancellation in 1989. Dicks wrote three Doctor Who novels for Virgin, and continued to write occasionally for the franchise after BBC Books assumed the licence in 1997. He wrote the first of the Eighth Doctor Adventures, titled The Eight Doctors, which was, for a time, the best-selling original Doctor Who novel. World Game, featuring the Second Doctor, is set during the so-called "Season 6B". Later contributions to the range were the Quick Reads books Made of Steel[16] and Revenge of the Judoon, both featuring the Tenth Doctor and Martha Jones.

His final Doctor Who short story, "Save Yourself", was published posthumously by BBC Books in October 2019.[4]

A compilation of his work chosen by fans entitled The Essential Terrance Dicks Volumes 1 & 2 was published in August 2021.[17]

Other television work edit

Dicks also wrote for the ATV soap opera Crossroads.[11] He co-created and wrote for the short-lived BBC science-fiction TV series Moonbase 3 (1973),[18] and wrote for the ITC science-fiction series Space: 1999 (1976).[19] During the early 1980s, Dicks served once more as script editor to producer Barry Letts on the BBC's Sunday Classics strand of period dramas and literary adaptations.

When Letts returned to directing in 1985, Dicks succeeded him as the producer of the Sunday Classics, overseeing productions such as Oliver Twist, David Copperfield and Vanity Fair,[20] before retiring from the BBC in 1988 to resume his career as a novelist.

Children's fiction and non-fiction edit

It was through his work on Doctor Who books that Dicks became a writer of children's fiction, penning many successful titles during the 1970s and 1980s. In 1976, he wrote a trilogy for Target Books, The Mounties, concerning a Royal Canadian Mounted Police recruit. They were followed from 1979 to 1983 another trilogy, Star Quest, which was later re-printed by Big Finish Productions.

Beginning in 1978, Dicks penned The Baker Street Irregulars inspired by the Sherlock Holmes characters; the series eventually ran to 10 books,[3] the last published in 1987. In 1981, he commenced work on a series of six children's horror novels with Cry Vampire. In 1987, Dicks started a new series for very young children titled T. R. Bear, resulting in a further seven books. There followed the Sally Ann series, about a ragdoll, Magnificent Max, about a cat, and The Adventures of Goliath (Dicks' longest series, at 18 books), about a golden retriever. Another five books concerning a St. Bernard dog make up the Harvey series.

Jonathan's Ghost and its three sequels were published in 1988, and the three-part MacMagic series followed in 1990. The Littlest Dinosaur was published in 1993 and The Littlest on Guard in 1994. Other works that Dicks published in 1994 include Woof! The Never Ending Tale, the Cold Blood series and the Chronicles of a Computer Game Addict series (both in four parts). Between 1998 and 2000, Dicks penned Changing Universe trilogy. In 2000 and 2001, Dicks produced the 12-book series, The Unexplained.

As well as his numerous fictional works, Dicks also penned several non-fiction books for children,[20] including Europe United, A Riot of Writers, Uproar in the House, A Right Royal History and The Good, the Bad and the Ghastly.

Personal life edit

Dicks lived in Hampstead, London. In 1963, he married Elsa Germaney, a teacher and later a Quaker recording clerk.[4] They had three sons: Stephen, Jonathan and Oliver.[21] Also, three grandchildren: Amy, Nelly Rose, and Rufus. [22]

Dicks died in London on 29 August 2019 after a short illness.[4][23][24][25]

Bibliography edit

  • Great March West (1976)
  • Massacre in the Hills (1976)
  • War Drums of the Blackfoot (1976)
  • The Case of the Missing Masterpiece (1978)
  • Spacejack (1978)
  • The Case of the Blackmail Boys (1979)
  • Roboworld (1979)
  • The Case of the Cinema Swindle (1980)
  • The Case of the Crooked Kids (1980)
  • The Case of the Ghost Grabbers (1980)
  • Cry Vampire! (1981)
  • The Case of the Cop Catchers (1981)
  • Terrorsaur! (1981)
  • Ask Oliver (1982)
  • Marvin's Monster (1982)
  • Wereboy! (1982)
  • The Mystery of the Missing Diamond (1983)
  • Demon of the Dark (1983)
  • The Fireworks Mystery (1984)
  • The Mystery of the Missing Train (1984)
  • Goliath and the Dognappers (1984)
  • Ghosts of Gallows Cross (1984)
  • Gupta's Christmas (1985)
  • Goliath on Holiday (1985)
  • Goliath at the Dog Show (1986)
  • Goliath's Christmas (1986)
  • T.R. Afloat (1986)
  • T.R.'s Hallowe'en (1986)
  • In the Money (1986)
  • The Disappearing Diplomat (1986)
  • The Case of the Fagin File (1987)
  • Goliath and the Burglar (1987)
  • Goliath and the Buried Treasure (1987)
  • Goliath Goes to Summer School (1987)
  • Goliath on Vacation (1987)
  • Goliath's Easter Parade (1987)
  • Goliath at the Seaside (1988)
  • T.R's Big Game (1987)
  • T.R.'s Festival (1987)
  • Sally Ann, on Her Own (1987)
  • By the Sea (1987)
  • School Fair (1987)
  • The Criminal Computer (1988)
  • The Haunted Holiday (1988)
  • Goliath Cub Scouts (1989)
  • Enter T.R. (1988)
  • T.R. Bear: Enter T.R., T.R. Goes to School, T.R.'s Day Out, T.R.'s Halloween (1988)
  • T.R. Goes Skiing (1988)
  • T.R. Goes to Hollywood (1988)
  • T.R. Goes to School (1988)
  • T.R.'s Day Out (1988)
  • The Picnic (1988)
  • Sally Ann Goes to Hospital (1988)
  • Sally Ann's School Play (1988)
  • In Trouble (1988)
  • A New Beginning (1988)
  • Goliath's Sports Day (1989)
  • T.R. Down Under (1989)
  • T.R. in New York (1989)
  • At the Ballet (1989)
  • The River Rats (1989)
  • The School Spirit (1989)
  • Spitfire Summer (1989)
  • Magnificent Max (1989)
  • Goliath and the Cub Scouts (1990)
  • Goliath's Birthday (1990)
  • Teacher's Pet (1990)
  • T.R. Bear at the Zoo (1990)
  • The Pony (1990)
  • Majestic Max (1990)
  • Max and the Quiz Kids (1990)
  • Meet the MacMagics (1990)
  • My Brother the Vampire (1990)
  • Lost Property (1990)
  • Prisoners of War (1990)
  • The Winjin' Pom (1991)
  • The Big Match (1991)
  • Goliath Gets a Job (1991)
  • Jonathan and the Superstar (1991)
  • Jonathan's Ghost (1991)
  • Max's Amazing Summer (1991)
  • A Spell for My Sister (1991)
  • George and the Dragon (1991)
  • What's Going On William (1991)
  • The Comic Capers (1992)
  • Sally Ann and the School Show (1992)
  • Max and the Cat Burglar (1992)
  • Max and the Missing Megastar (1992)
  • Steaming Sam (1992)
  • Knightschool (1992)
  • War of the Witches (1992)
  • On Their Own (1993)
  • Goliath and the School Bully (1993)
  • Sally Ann and the Mystery Picnic (1993)
  • Max's Old-fashioned Christmas (1993)
  • The Littlest Dinosaur (1993)
  • Nurse Sally Ann (1994)
  • The Ultimate Game (1994)
  • Killing Time: Cold Blood 2 (1994)
  • Littlest on Guard (1994)
  • Cyberspace Adventure (1994)
  • Woof! the Never Ending Tale (1994)
  • Terror in the Swamp (1994)
  • World War Two (1995)
  • Harvey to the Rescue (1995)
  • Escape from Everytown (1995)
  • Littlest Disappears (1995)
  • Virtual Unreality (1995)
  • The Wild West (1996)
  • World War One (1996)
  • Harvey and the Beast of Bodmin (1996)
  • Harvey on Holiday (1996)
  • The Wollagong Incident (1996)
  • Murder on the Net (1996)
  • Jonathan's Ghost: Spitfire Summer, The School Spirit and Jonathan and the Superstar: A Spine-chilling Trilogy (1997)
  • Harvey and the Swindlers (1997)
  • Harvey Goes to School (1997)
  • The Bermuda Triangle Incident (1997)
  • The Circle of Death Incident (1997)
  • Stella's Wedding (1990)
  • Internet Danger (1998)
  • The Transylvanian Incident (1998)
  • SS World (1998)
  • Mets O Hyd (1998)
  • The Borley Rectory Incident (1998)
  • The Easter Island Incident (1999)
  • Mafia Incident (1999)
  • The Pyramid Incident (1999)
  • Eco Crash (1999)
  • Sam the Detective (1999)
  • The Chinese Ghost Incident (2000)
  • The Mars Project (2000)
  • Cassie and the Devil's Charm (2000)
  • Sci-Fi Danger: Set of 6 (2000)
  • Endgame (2000)
  • The Bombay Deaths Incident (2001)
  • The Inca Alien Incident (2001)
  • The Nazi Dagger Incident (2001)
  • Cassie and the Conway Curse: Second Sight II (2001)
  • Cassie and the Cornish Ghost: Second Sight III (2001)
  • Cassie and the Riviera Crime (2002)
  • Nikki and the Drugs Queen Murder (2002)
  • Star Quest (2003)

Doctor Who edit

Novelisations edit

Most of Dicks' Doctor Who novelisations incorporated the prefix "Doctor Who and..." before the title, as did most of the series' novelisations prior to 1981. Several of his novels were subsequently re-printed in omnibus editions, such as The Adventures of Doctor Who and The Dalek Omnibus. In the late 1980s, Star Books issued "2-in-1" collections of selected Target Books novelisations, which included several of Dicks' works.

Original novels edit

Original short story edit

  • "Save Yourself" in Doctor Who: The Target Storybook (2019)

Non-fiction edit

  • The Making of Doctor Who (1972; co-written with Malcolm Hulke; updated and re-issued in 1976)[16]

Stage plays edit

Big Finish audio productions edit

  • Sarah Jane Smith audio series
    • Comeback (2002)
  • Big Finish stage play adaptations
    • Seven Keys to Doomsday (2008)
    • The Ultimate Adventure (2008)
  • Companion Chronicles
    • Beyond the Ultimate Adventure (2010)
  • Bernice Summerfield Short Stories
    • A Mutual Friend (2011)

Writing credits edit

Production Notes Broadcaster
The Avengers

Writer, 5 episodes:

  • "The Mauritius Penny" (co-written with Malcolm Hulke, 1962)
  • "Intercrime" (co-written with Malcolm Hulke, 1963)
  • "Concerto" (co-written with Malcolm Hulke, 1964)
  • "The Great, Great Britain Crime" (co-written with Malcolm Hulke, 1967; unreleased; some filmed material subsequently re-worked into the below episode)
  • "Homicide and Old Lace" (contains material co-written with Malcolm Hulke, 1969; uncredited additional framing material by Brian Clemens)
ITV
Crossroads
  • Writer, unknown episodes
ITV
Doctor Who

Writer, 35 episodes (1968–1969; 1974–1977; 1980, 1983):

Script Editor, 156 episodes (1968–74):

BBC1
Moonbase 3

Co-Creator and uncredited Script Editor, 6 episodes:

  • "Departure and Arrival" (also co-writer, with Barry Letts, 1973)
  • "Behemoth" (1973)
  • "Achilles Heel" (1973)
  • "Outsiders" (1973)
  • "Castor and Pollux" (1973)
  • "View of a Dead Planet" (1973)
BBC1
Space: 1999

Writer, 1 episode:

  • "The Lambda Factor" (1976)
ITV
The Classic Serial

Script Editor, 134 episodes (1981-8):

BBC1
Doctor Who: Shakedown: Return of the Sontarans
  • Feature film (1994)
N/A
Doctor Who: Mindgame
  • Short film (1998)
N/A
Doctor Who: Mindgame Trilogy
  • Feature film (1999) (segment: "Battlefield")
N/A

Awards and nominations edit

Year Award Work Category Result Reference
1987 British Academy Television Awards David Copperfield (shared with Barry Letts) Best Children's Programme (Entertainment/Drama) Nominated
1988 CableACE Award The Diary of Anne Frank Children's Entertainment Special or Series - 9 and Older Nominated

References edit

  1. ^ "Terrance Dicks 14th April 1935 – 29th August 2019". The Agency. 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  2. ^ "Terrance Dicks at 80". Doctor Who News Page. 10 May 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  3. ^ a b c Russell, Steven (20 February 2008). "Daleks, doctors and a dog called Goliath". Ipswich Star.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Hadoke, Tony (3 September 2019). "Terrance Dicks obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  5. ^ Leach, Jim (1 April 2009). Doctor Who: TV Milestones Series (Illustrated ed.). Detroit, Michigan, United States: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 9780814333082. OCLC 768120206. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  6. ^ "Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide - The Seeds of Death - Details". BBC.
  7. ^ "Authors : Dicks, Terrance". Science Fiction Encyclopedia.
  8. ^ Howe, David J.; Walker, Stephen James (1996). Doctor Who The Handbook: The Third Doctor. Virgin Publishing LTD.
  9. ^ "The Curse of Peladon ★★★★".
  10. ^ "The Mutants ★★★".
  11. ^ a b c d "Terrance Dicks". Doctor Who Interview Archive.
  12. ^ "Terrance Dicks 1935-2019 - News - Big Finish".
  13. ^ "Terrance Dicks - Contributions - Big Finish".
  14. ^ "Spyfall, Part One". Doctor Who. Season 12. Episode 1. 1 January 2020. Event occurs at 0:59:35. BBC.
  15. ^ Bromley, Michael (29 September 1980). "Inside Dr. Who and the Wombles". Belfast Telegraph.
  16. ^ a b c d "Ten of the Best: Terrance Dicks » We Are Cult". 6 September 2019.
  17. ^ "Read an exclusive extract from Doctor Who: The Essential Terrance Dicks Volumes 1 & 2".
  18. ^ "Scribe Award Nominees". 24 June 2013.
  19. ^ "Space 1999 Remembered". catacombs.space1999.net.
  20. ^ a b "Terrance Dicks obituary". TheGuardian.com. 3 September 2019.
  21. ^ "Doctor Who Guide: Terrance Dicks". Doctor Who News.
  22. ^ "Guardian Obituary".
  23. ^ "Doctor Who writer Terrance Dicks dies aged 84". The Mirror. 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  24. ^ Ling, Thomas (2 September 2019). "Veteran Doctor Who writer Terrance Dicks dies aged 84". Radio Times. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  25. ^ "Terrance Dicks 14th April 1935 – 29th August 2019". The Agency. 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  26. ^ a b . Radio Times. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  27. ^ Dicks, Terrance (1993). Doctor Who, Terror of the Zygons. Target. ISBN 9780426203919.
  28. ^ Invasion of the Bane (The Sarah Jane Adventures). ASIN 140590397X.
  29. ^ "BBC - Cult - Doctor Who - Books - The Eight Doctors".
  30. ^ "BBC - Cult - Doctor Who - Books - Endgame".
  31. ^ "BBC - Cult - Doctor Who - Books - Catastrophea".
  32. ^ "BBC - Cult - Doctor Who - Books - Players".
  33. ^ "BBC - Cult - Doctor Who - Books - Warmonger".
  34. ^ "BBC - Cult - Doctor Who - Books - Deadly Reunion".
  35. ^ Dicks, Terrance (2007). Made of Steel. ISBN 9781846072048.

External links edit

Preceded by Doctor Who Script Editor
1968–69
Succeeded by
Preceded by Doctor Who Script Editor
1969–74
Succeeded by

terrance, dicks, politician, terry, dicks, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, . For the politician see Terry Dicks This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Terrance Dicks news newspapers books scholar JSTOR September 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message Terrance William Dicks 14 April 1935 29 August 2019 1 was an English author and television screenwriter script editor and producer In television he had a long association with the BBC science fiction series Doctor Who working as a writer and also serving as the programme s script editor from 1968 to 1974 The Doctor Who News Page described him as arguably the most prolific contributor to Doctor Who 2 He later became a script editor and producer of classic serials for the BBC Terrance DicksBornTerrance William Dicks 1935 04 14 14 April 1935East Ham Essex EnglandDied29 August 2019 2019 08 29 aged 84 London EnglandAlma materDowning College CambridgeOccupationsTelevision screenwriter Script editor Producer Children s authorYears active1962 2019Known forDoctor Who TV scripts novelisations and novelsSpouseElsa Germaney m 1963 wbr Children3Dicks wrote many children s books during the 1970s and 1980s He also maintained his association with Doctor Who by adapting televised stories into novelisations for Target Books and in later years contributing to many documentaries and DVD commentaries for the series Contents 1 Early career 2 Doctor Who 2 1 Books 3 Other television work 4 Children s fiction and non fiction 5 Personal life 6 Bibliography 6 1 Doctor Who 6 1 1 Novelisations 6 1 2 Original novels 6 1 3 Original short story 6 2 Non fiction 6 3 Stage plays 6 4 Big Finish audio productions 7 Writing credits 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 External linksEarly career editBorn in East Ham 3 Essex now part of Greater London Dicks was the only son of William a tailor s salesman and Nellie nee Ambler a waitress His parents later ran a pub the Fox and Hounds in Forest Gate 4 He excelled in English at East Ham Grammar School and consumed literature ranging from classics to pulp thrillers and adventure stories He won a scholarship to study English at Downing College Cambridge and later performed two years of National Service in the British Army with the Royal Fusiliers Following his discharge from the armed forces he worked for five years as an advertising copywriter and started to write radio play scripts for the BBC in his spare time 4 His breakthrough into television came when friend Malcolm Hulke whom he met when he rented a room from him 4 asked for his help with the scripting of The Mauritius Penny an episode of the second series of ABC s action adventure The Avengers for which Dicks was awarded a co writer s credit Dicks went on to co write a further two Avengers episodes with Hulke 3 the second Intercrime was later re worked for the sixth and final series Doctor Who editIn 1968 Dicks was hired as assistant script editor on the BBC science fiction TV series Doctor Who 5 He was appointed head script editor the following year and earned his first writing credit for the programme when he and Hulke co wrote the 10 part serial The War Games which concluded the series sixth season and the Second Doctor s Patrick Troughton tenure The serial introduced the concept of the Time Lords and initiated the Doctor s exile to Earth which would be a major theme of the Third Doctor s tenure Dicks had however been the uncredited co writer of the earlier serial The Seeds of Death 1969 having extensively re written Brian Hayles original scripts 6 Dicks formed a highly productive working relationship with incoming Doctor Who producer Barry Letts serving as script editor on all of Letts s five seasons as series producer from 1970 to 1974 7 During his tenure as script editor on Doctor Who Dicks oversaw a number of additions to the series mythology that still exist in the modern era including the following 8 The development of the Time Lords and their society The name Gallifrey augmented from Doctor Who writer Robert Holmes Galfrey The creation of companions Liz Shaw Jo Grant and Sarah Jane Smith The term regeneration Planet of the Spiders An established race of villainous monsters turn to the side of good the Ice Warriors in The Curse of Peladon by Brian Hayles Sontarans from writer Robert Holmes The Dematerialisation Circuit is vital for the operation of the TARDIS The concept that the TARDIS is indestructible The TARDIS can be remote controlled The TARDIS has a Telepathic Circuit in The Time Monster The TARDIS might be sentient The Time Monster and Planet of the Spiders The Blinovitch Limitation Effect used as a plot device to explain away paradoxes Day of the Daleks Multi Doctor stories The Three Doctors During Dicks tenure the series also delved into social and political concepts Sometimes these were straightforward and other times they were metaphors Concepts and topics included the respect for all life The Silurians Great Britain joining the European Economic Community in metaphor in The Curse of Peladon 9 apartheid The Mutants 10 global pollution The Green Death and equality for women with the inclusion of Sarah Jane Smith as companion In 1972 Dicks embarked on a parallel career as an author with the publication of his first book The Making of Doctor Who a history of the production of the TV series which was co written by Hulke 4 After stepping down as script editor Dicks continued his association with Doctor Who writing four scripts for his successor Robert Holmes these were Robot 1975 Tom Baker s first outing as the Fourth Doctor The Brain of Morbius 1976 for which Dicks was credited under the pseudonym Robin Bland after his displeasure at Holmes re writes prompted him to request that it be shown under some bland pseudonym 11 Horror of Fang Rock 1977 and State of Decay 1980 State of Decay was in fact a re written version of a story originally titled The Vampire Mutations 11 which had been due for production during season 15 until the BBC decided that the vampiric theme would clash with the plot of its new adaptation of Bram Stoker s Count Dracula which was due for transmission at roughly the same time and replaced it with Horror of Fang Rock His final Doctor Who script was The Five Doctors 1983 a feature length episode for the programme s 20th anniversary His other work for Doctor Who included two stage plays Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday 1974 and Doctor Who The Ultimate Adventure 1989 and an audio drama for Big Finish Productions titled Comeback 2002 which was the first to feature former Doctor s companion Sarah Jane Smith in a significant capacity He went on to contribute several additional scripts to Big Finish including audio adaptations of his two stage plays a Sixth Doctor era story for the Companion Chronicle range and a Bernice Summerfield story in 2011 which was the final script of his career 12 13 The first serial aired after his death the 2020 Thirteenth Doctor era story Spyfall was dedicated to him 14 Books edit Dicks contributed heavily to Target Books series of novelisations of the Doctor Who TV serials writing 67 of the titles published by the company As Dicks explains in an interview in the documentary Built for War included on the 2006 DVD release of The Sontaran Experiment he served as the unofficial editor of the Target Books range 11 In this role he would attempt to enlist the author of the original scripts to write the novelisation whenever possible but if they refused or had other commitments Dicks would usually undertake the work himself although he also recruited other writers including former Doctor Who actor Ian Marter and former series producer Philip Hinchcliffe On one occasion he enlisted Robert Holmes to novelise his script for The Time Warrior but when Holmes gave up after writing only one chapter it was left to Dicks to complete the work Dicks would have better success in recruiting the original writers for the later Doctor Who serials and was required to adapt only one Sixth Doctor story himself The Mysterious Planet he again replaced Holmes who had died in 1986 Dicks name appears on the cover of no Seventh Doctor novelisations His plans to publish a novelisation of his stage play Doctor Who The Ultimate Adventure were not realised As of September 1980 Terrance Dicks Doctor Who novelisations had sold three and a half million copies and had been translated into ten different languages 15 During the 1990s Dicks contributed to Virgin Publishing s line of full length officially licensed original Doctor Who novels New Adventures which continued the series storyline following the TV cancellation in 1989 Dicks wrote three Doctor Who novels for Virgin and continued to write occasionally for the franchise after BBC Books assumed the licence in 1997 He wrote the first of the Eighth Doctor Adventures titled The Eight Doctors which was for a time the best selling original Doctor Who novel World Game featuring the Second Doctor is set during the so called Season 6B Later contributions to the range were the Quick Reads books Made of Steel 16 and Revenge of the Judoon both featuring the Tenth Doctor and Martha Jones His final Doctor Who short story Save Yourself was published posthumously by BBC Books in October 2019 4 A compilation of his work chosen by fans entitled The Essential Terrance Dicks Volumes 1 amp 2 was published in August 2021 17 Other television work editDicks also wrote for the ATV soap opera Crossroads 11 He co created and wrote for the short lived BBC science fiction TV series Moonbase 3 1973 18 and wrote for the ITC science fiction series Space 1999 1976 19 During the early 1980s Dicks served once more as script editor to producer Barry Letts on the BBC s Sunday Classics strand of period dramas and literary adaptations When Letts returned to directing in 1985 Dicks succeeded him as the producer of the Sunday Classics overseeing productions such as Oliver Twist David Copperfield and Vanity Fair 20 before retiring from the BBC in 1988 to resume his career as a novelist Children s fiction and non fiction editIt was through his work on Doctor Who books that Dicks became a writer of children s fiction penning many successful titles during the 1970s and 1980s In 1976 he wrote a trilogy for Target Books The Mounties concerning a Royal Canadian Mounted Police recruit They were followed from 1979 to 1983 another trilogy Star Quest which was later re printed by Big Finish Productions Beginning in 1978 Dicks penned The Baker Street Irregulars inspired by the Sherlock Holmes characters the series eventually ran to 10 books 3 the last published in 1987 In 1981 he commenced work on a series of six children s horror novels with Cry Vampire In 1987 Dicks started a new series for very young children titled T R Bear resulting in a further seven books There followed the Sally Ann series about a ragdoll Magnificent Max about a cat and The Adventures of Goliath Dicks longest series at 18 books about a golden retriever Another five books concerning a St Bernard dog make up the Harvey series Jonathan s Ghost and its three sequels were published in 1988 and the three part MacMagic series followed in 1990 The Littlest Dinosaur was published in 1993 and The Littlest on Guard in 1994 Other works that Dicks published in 1994 include Woof The Never Ending Tale the Cold Blood series and the Chronicles of a Computer Game Addict series both in four parts Between 1998 and 2000 Dicks penned Changing Universe trilogy In 2000 and 2001 Dicks produced the 12 book series The Unexplained As well as his numerous fictional works Dicks also penned several non fiction books for children 20 including Europe United A Riot of Writers Uproar in the House A Right Royal History and The Good the Bad and the Ghastly Personal life editDicks lived in Hampstead London In 1963 he married Elsa Germaney a teacher and later a Quaker recording clerk 4 They had three sons Stephen Jonathan and Oliver 21 Also three grandchildren Amy Nelly Rose and Rufus 22 Dicks died in London on 29 August 2019 after a short illness 4 23 24 25 Bibliography editGreat March West 1976 Massacre in the Hills 1976 War Drums of the Blackfoot 1976 The Case of the Missing Masterpiece 1978 Spacejack 1978 The Case of the Blackmail Boys 1979 Roboworld 1979 The Case of the Cinema Swindle 1980 The Case of the Crooked Kids 1980 The Case of the Ghost Grabbers 1980 Cry Vampire 1981 The Case of the Cop Catchers 1981 Terrorsaur 1981 Ask Oliver 1982 Marvin s Monster 1982 Wereboy 1982 The Mystery of the Missing Diamond 1983 Demon of the Dark 1983 The Fireworks Mystery 1984 The Mystery of the Missing Train 1984 Goliath and the Dognappers 1984 Ghosts of Gallows Cross 1984 Gupta s Christmas 1985 Goliath on Holiday 1985 Goliath at the Dog Show 1986 Goliath s Christmas 1986 T R Afloat 1986 T R s Hallowe en 1986 In the Money 1986 The Disappearing Diplomat 1986 The Case of the Fagin File 1987 Goliath and the Burglar 1987 Goliath and the Buried Treasure 1987 Goliath Goes to Summer School 1987 Goliath on Vacation 1987 Goliath s Easter Parade 1987 Goliath at the Seaside 1988 T R s Big Game 1987 T R s Festival 1987 Sally Ann on Her Own 1987 By the Sea 1987 School Fair 1987 The Criminal Computer 1988 The Haunted Holiday 1988 Goliath Cub Scouts 1989 Enter T R 1988 T R Bear Enter T R T R Goes to School T R s Day Out T R s Halloween 1988 T R Goes Skiing 1988 T R Goes to Hollywood 1988 T R Goes to School 1988 T R s Day Out 1988 The Picnic 1988 Sally Ann Goes to Hospital 1988 Sally Ann s School Play 1988 In Trouble 1988 A New Beginning 1988 Goliath s Sports Day 1989 T R Down Under 1989 T R in New York 1989 At the Ballet 1989 The River Rats 1989 The School Spirit 1989 Spitfire Summer 1989 Magnificent Max 1989 Goliath and the Cub Scouts 1990 Goliath s Birthday 1990 Teacher s Pet 1990 T R Bear at the Zoo 1990 The Pony 1990 Majestic Max 1990 Max and the Quiz Kids 1990 Meet the MacMagics 1990 My Brother the Vampire 1990 Lost Property 1990 Prisoners of War 1990 The Winjin Pom 1991 The Big Match 1991 Goliath Gets a Job 1991 Jonathan and the Superstar 1991 Jonathan s Ghost 1991 Max s Amazing Summer 1991 A Spell for My Sister 1991 George and the Dragon 1991 What s Going On William 1991 The Comic Capers 1992 Sally Ann and the School Show 1992 Max and the Cat Burglar 1992 Max and the Missing Megastar 1992 Steaming Sam 1992 Knightschool 1992 War of the Witches 1992 On Their Own 1993 Goliath and the School Bully 1993 Sally Ann and the Mystery Picnic 1993 Max s Old fashioned Christmas 1993 The Littlest Dinosaur 1993 Nurse Sally Ann 1994 The Ultimate Game 1994 Killing Time Cold Blood 2 1994 Littlest on Guard 1994 Cyberspace Adventure 1994 Woof the Never Ending Tale 1994 Terror in the Swamp 1994 World War Two 1995 Harvey to the Rescue 1995 Escape from Everytown 1995 Littlest Disappears 1995 Virtual Unreality 1995 The Wild West 1996 World War One 1996 Harvey and the Beast of Bodmin 1996 Harvey on Holiday 1996 The Wollagong Incident 1996 Murder on the Net 1996 Jonathan s Ghost Spitfire Summer The School Spirit and Jonathan and the Superstar A Spine chilling Trilogy 1997 Harvey and the Swindlers 1997 Harvey Goes to School 1997 The Bermuda Triangle Incident 1997 The Circle of Death Incident 1997 Stella s Wedding 1990 Internet Danger 1998 The Transylvanian Incident 1998 SS World 1998 Mets O Hyd 1998 The Borley Rectory Incident 1998 The Easter Island Incident 1999 Mafia Incident 1999 The Pyramid Incident 1999 Eco Crash 1999 Sam the Detective 1999 The Chinese Ghost Incident 2000 The Mars Project 2000 Cassie and the Devil s Charm 2000 Sci Fi Danger Set of 6 2000 Endgame 2000 The Bombay Deaths Incident 2001 The Inca Alien Incident 2001 The Nazi Dagger Incident 2001 Cassie and the Conway Curse Second Sight II 2001 Cassie and the Cornish Ghost Second Sight III 2001 Cassie and the Riviera Crime 2002 Nikki and the Drugs Queen Murder 2002 Star Quest 2003 Doctor Who edit Novelisations edit Most of Dicks Doctor Who novelisations incorporated the prefix Doctor Who and before the title as did most of the series novelisations prior to 1981 Several of his novels were subsequently re printed in omnibus editions such as The Adventures of Doctor Who and The Dalek Omnibus In the late 1980s Star Books issued 2 in 1 collections of selected Target Books novelisations which included several of Dicks works The Auton Invasion 1974 The Day of the Daleks 1974 Terror of the Autons 1975 The Planet of the Spiders 1975 The Three Doctors 1975 The Planet of the Daleks 1976 The Carnival of Monsters 1977 The Claws of Axos 1977 The Mutants 1977 The Time Warrior 1978 with Robert Holmes who is uncredited Death to the Daleks 1978 The Monster of Peladon 1980 Inferno 1984 The Mind of Evil 1985 The Time Monster 1985 Ambassadors of Death 1987 The Abominable Snowmen 1974 The Web of Fear 1976 26 The Krotons 1985 The Faceless Ones 1986 The Seeds of Death 1986 The Wheel in Space 1988 The Space Pirates 1990 The Giant Robot 1975 re titled Robot for the 1992 edition Dicks also wrote a version for younger readers Junior Doctor Who and the Giant Robot which was published in 1980 The Loch Ness Monster 1976 re titled Terror of the Zygons for the 1993 edition 27 The Pyramids of Mars 1976 The Revenge of the Cybermen 1976 The Genesis of the Daleks 1976 26 The Face of Evil 1977 The Brain of Morbius 1977 Dicks also wrote a version for younger readers Junior Doctor Who and the Brain of Morbius which was published in 1980 16 The Planet of Evil 1977 The Deadly Assassin 1977 The Talons of Weng Chiang 1977 The Horror of Fang Rock 1978 The Android Invasion 1978 The Hand of Fear 1979 The Invisible Enemy 1979 The Robots of Death 1979 The Image of the Fendahl 1979 The Destiny of the Daleks 1979 Underworld 1980 The Invasion of Time 1980 The Stones of Blood 1980 The Androids of Tara 1980 The Power of Kroll 1980 The Armageddon Factor 1980 The Nightmare of Eden 1980 The Horns of Nimon 1980 The State of Decay 1981 The Keeper of Traken 1982 The Sun Makers 1982 Meglos 1983 The Dalek Invasion of Earth 1977 16 An Unearthly Child 1981 The Smugglers 1988 Planet of Giants 1990 Four to Doomsday 1983 Arc of Infinity 1983 The Five Doctors 1983 Kinda 1983 Snakedance 1984 Warriors of the Deep 1984 The Caves of Androzani 1984 The Trial of a Time Lord The Mysterious Planet 1987 The Sarah Jane Adventures Invasion of the Bane 2007 28 Original novels edit Virgin New Adventures the Doctor Timewyrm Exodus 1991 Blood Harvest 1994 Shakedown 1995 Virgin New Adventures Bernice Summerfield Mean Streets 1997 Eighth Doctor Adventures The Eight Doctors 1997 29 Endgame 2000 30 Past Doctor Adventures Catastrophea 1998 31 Players 1999 32 Warmonger 2002 33 Deadly Reunion 2003 with Barry Letts 34 World Game 2005 New Series Adventures Quick Reads Made of Steel 2007 35 Revenge of the Judoon 2008 Original short story edit Save Yourself in Doctor Who The Target Storybook 2019 Non fiction edit The Making of Doctor Who 1972 co written with Malcolm Hulke updated and re issued in 1976 16 Stage plays edit Doctor Who and the Daleks in Seven Keys to Doomsday 1974 Doctor Who The Ultimate Adventure 1989 Big Finish audio productions edit Sarah Jane Smith audio series Comeback 2002 Big Finish stage play adaptations Seven Keys to Doomsday 2008 The Ultimate Adventure 2008 Companion Chronicles Beyond the Ultimate Adventure 2010 Bernice Summerfield Short Stories A Mutual Friend 2011 Writing credits editProduction Notes BroadcasterThe Avengers Writer 5 episodes The Mauritius Penny co written with Malcolm Hulke 1962 Intercrime co written with Malcolm Hulke 1963 Concerto co written with Malcolm Hulke 1964 The Great Great Britain Crime co written with Malcolm Hulke 1967 unreleased some filmed material subsequently re worked into the below episode Homicide and Old Lace contains material co written with Malcolm Hulke 1969 uncredited additional framing material by Brian Clemens ITVCrossroads Writer unknown episodes ITVDoctor Who Writer 35 episodes 1968 1969 1974 1977 1980 1983 The Dominators 1968 episodes 4 5 of 5 uncredited The Seeds of Death 1969 episodes 3 6 of 6 uncredited The War Games 10 episodes co written with Malcolm Hulke 1969 Robot 4 episodes 1974 The Brain of Morbius 4 episodes 1976 Horror of Fang Rock 4 episodes 1977 State of Decay 4 episodes 1980 The Five Doctors feature length subsequently re edited as 4 episodes 1983 Script Editor 156 episodes 1968 74 The Invasion 8 episodes 1968 The Krotons 4 episodes 1968 1969 The Seeds of Death 6 episodes 1969 The War Games 10 episodes co written with Malcolm Hulke 1969 Spearhead from Space 4 episodes 1970 Doctor Who and the Silurians 7 episodes 1970 The Ambassadors of Death 7 episodes 1970 Inferno Doctor Who 7 episodes 1970 Terror of the Autons 4 episodes 1971 The Mind of Evil 6 episodes 1971 The Claws of Axos 4 episodes 1971 Colony in Space 6 episodes 1971 The Daemons 5 episodes 1971 Day of the Daleks 4 episodes 1972 The Curse of Peladon 4 episodes 1972 The Sea Devils 6 episodes 1972 The Mutants 6 episodes 1972 The Time Monster 6 episodes 1972 The Three Doctors 4 episodes 1973 Carnival of Monsters 4 episodes 1973 Frontier in Space 6 episodes 1973 Planet of the Daleks 6 episodes 1973 The Green Death 6 episodes 1973 The Time Warrior 4 episodes 1974 Invasion of the Dinosaurs 6 episodes 1974 Death to the Daleks 4 episodes 1974 The Monster of Peladon 6 episodes 1974 Planet of the Spiders 6 episodes 1974 BBC1Moonbase 3 Co Creator and uncredited Script Editor 6 episodes Departure and Arrival also co writer with Barry Letts 1973 Behemoth 1973 Achilles Heel 1973 Outsiders 1973 Castor and Pollux 1973 View of a Dead Planet 1973 BBC1Space 1999 Writer 1 episode The Lambda Factor 1976 ITVThe Classic Serial Script Editor 134 episodes 1981 8 Great Expectations 12 episodes 1981 Beau Geste 8 episodes 1981 2 also co writer with Alistair Bell Stalky amp Co 6 episodes 1982 The Hound of the Baskervilles 4 episodes 1982 Dombey and Son 1 episode of 10 1983 Jane Eyre 11 episodes 1983 Goodbye Mr Chips 6 episodes 1984 The Invisible Man 6 episodes 1984 The Prisoner of Zenda 4 episodes 1984 The Pickwick Papers 12 episodes 1985 Oliver Twist 12 episodes 1985 uncredited Script Editor credited Producer Alice in Wonderland 4 episodes 1986 uncredited Script Editor credited Producer Brat Farrar 6 episodes 1986 uncredited Script Editor credited Producer David Copperfield 10 episodes 1986 uncredited Script Editor credited Producer The Diary of Anne Frank 4 episodes 1987 uncredited Script Editor credited Producer Vanity Fair 16 episodes 1987 8 uncredited Script Editor credited Producer The Franchise Affair 6 episodes 1988 uncredited Script Editor credited Producer BBC1Doctor Who Shakedown Return of the Sontarans Feature film 1994 N ADoctor Who Mindgame Short film 1998 N ADoctor Who Mindgame Trilogy Feature film 1999 segment Battlefield N AAwards and nominations editYear Award Work Category Result Reference1987 British Academy Television Awards David Copperfield shared with Barry Letts Best Children s Programme Entertainment Drama Nominated1988 CableACE Award The Diary of Anne Frank Children s Entertainment Special or Series 9 and Older NominatedReferences edit Terrance Dicks 14th April 1935 29th August 2019 The Agency 2 September 2019 Retrieved 2 September 2019 Terrance Dicks at 80 Doctor Who News Page 10 May 2015 Retrieved 10 August 2017 a b c Russell Steven 20 February 2008 Daleks doctors and a dog called Goliath Ipswich Star a b c d e f g Hadoke Tony 3 September 2019 Terrance Dicks obituary The Guardian Retrieved 4 September 2019 Leach Jim 1 April 2009 Doctor Who TV Milestones Series Illustrated ed Detroit Michigan United States Wayne State University Press ISBN 9780814333082 OCLC 768120206 Retrieved 9 January 2013 Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide The Seeds of Death Details BBC Authors Dicks Terrance Science Fiction Encyclopedia Howe David J Walker Stephen James 1996 Doctor Who The Handbook The Third Doctor Virgin Publishing LTD The Curse of Peladon The Mutants a b c d Terrance Dicks Doctor Who Interview Archive Terrance Dicks 1935 2019 News Big Finish Terrance Dicks Contributions Big Finish Spyfall Part One Doctor Who Season 12 Episode 1 1 January 2020 Event occurs at 0 59 35 BBC Bromley Michael 29 September 1980 Inside Dr Who and the Wombles Belfast Telegraph a b c d Ten of the Best Terrance Dicks We Are Cult 6 September 2019 Read an exclusive extract from Doctor Who The Essential Terrance Dicks Volumes 1 amp 2 Scribe Award Nominees 24 June 2013 Space 1999 Remembered catacombs space1999 net a b Terrance Dicks obituary TheGuardian com 3 September 2019 Doctor Who Guide Terrance Dicks Doctor Who News Guardian Obituary Doctor Who writer Terrance Dicks dies aged 84 The Mirror 2 September 2019 Retrieved 2 September 2019 Ling Thomas 2 September 2019 Veteran Doctor Who writer Terrance Dicks dies aged 84 Radio Times Retrieved 2 September 2019 Terrance Dicks 14th April 1935 29th August 2019 The Agency 2 September 2019 Retrieved 2 September 2019 a b The BBC is reissuing seven classic Doctor Who novels Radio Times Archived from the original on 14 September 2018 Retrieved 13 September 2018 Dicks Terrance 1993 Doctor Who Terror of the Zygons Target ISBN 9780426203919 Invasion of the Bane The Sarah Jane Adventures ASIN 140590397X BBC Cult Doctor Who Books The Eight Doctors BBC Cult Doctor Who Books Endgame BBC Cult Doctor Who Books Catastrophea BBC Cult Doctor Who Books Players BBC Cult Doctor Who Books Warmonger BBC Cult Doctor Who Books Deadly Reunion Dicks Terrance 2007 Made of Steel ISBN 9781846072048 External links edit nbsp Children s literature portalTerrance Dicks at IMDb Terrance Dicks at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Biography and Interview at BBC Online Biography at on TargetPreceded byDerrick Sherwin Doctor Who Script Editor1968 69 Succeeded byDerrick SherwinPreceded byDerrick Sherwin Doctor Who Script Editor1969 74 Succeeded byRobert Holmes Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Terrance Dicks amp oldid 1183952531, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.