fbpx
Wikipedia

Temür Qutlugh

March 08, 2023

Temür Qutlugh or Tīmūr Qutluq (c. 1370 – 1399) was a Khan of Golden Horde in 1397–1399.

Tīmūr Qutluq
Khan of the Golden Horde
Reign1397–1399
PredecessorTokhtamysh
SuccessorShādī Beg
Bornc. 1370
Died1399
IssueTīmūr, Pūlād
DynastyBorjigin
FatherTīmūr Beg
ReligionIslam

Ancestry

According to the detailed genealogies of the Muʿizz al-ansāb and the Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah, Tīmūr Qutluq was the son of Tīmūr Beg, the son of Qutluq Tīmūr, the son of Nūmqān, the son of Abāy, the son of Kay-Timur, the son of Tuqa-Timur, the son of Jochi, the son of Chinggis Khan.[1] Older scholarship and its derivatives, relying on the inaccurate information of Muʿīn-ad-Dīn Naṭanzī (previously known as the "Anonymous of Iskandar"), erroneously identified Tīmūr Qutluq's father as Tīmūr Malik, the son of Urus Khan.[2] The confusion seems to have arisen from the similarity of names, given that the elements compounded with "Tīmūr" in the personal names of these individuals are all princely titles (khan, malik, beg).

Life

It is possible that Tīmūr Qutluq's father, Tīmūr Beg, had ruled briefly in 1368 (if identical with the numismatically-attested Ūljāy Tīmūr),[3] and that his grandfather, Qutluq Tīmūr, had briefly contested the throne of Sarai with Mamai's protégé ʿAbdallāh sometime earlier in the 1360s (if identical with a like-named khan mentioned only by Ibn Khaldun).[4] Tīmūr Qutluq was a member of the court of his distant cousin, Tokhtamysh Khan, and supposedly desired to seize the throne. Tokhtamysh discovered Tīmūr Qutluq's designs and intended to kill him, but Tīmūr Qutluq fled to Timur (Tamerlane). This happened before 1388, when Tīmūr Qutluq participated in the Timurid invasion of Tokhtamysh's Khwarazm; Tīmūr Qutluq was one of the four captains of the Timurid vanguard. In 1391, Tīmūr Qutluq again participated in a Timurid campaign against Tokhtamysh and the Battle of the Kondurcha River. After the Timurid return home, Tīmūr Qutluq and his mother's brother Edigu remained behind in the Golden Horde, ostensibly to recruit additional troops for the Timurid army.[5]

Instead of returning to Timur (Tamerlane), however, Tīmūr Qutluq and Edigu sought to take over the Golden Horde for themselves, with Tīmūr Qutluq as khan and Edigu (a non-Jochid) as chief emir (beglerbeg). The ongoing war between Tokhtamysh and Timur (Tamerlane) allowed them to achieve this goal. The date of Tīmūr Qutluq's proclamation as khan is somewhat unclear, but may be as early as 1391. While they coordinated with each other, at times they divided their forces in pursuit of different objectives, demonstrating that Tīmūr Qutluq was more than a mere puppet of his uncle Edigu. Edigu appears to have come to terms with Tokhtamysh, finding a modus vivendi that left the territory west of the Volga to Tokhtamysh, and that east of the river to Edigu and Tīmūr Qutluq. By 1396, after another Timurid invasion of the Golden Horde, Tokhtamysh, had fled to Lithuania, Tīmūr Qutluq reigned in the east with (old) Astrakhan and Saray-Jük, and the Timurid protégé Quyurchuq, a son of Urus Khan, reigned at the traditional capital Sarai. Tīmūr Qutluq and Edigu expelled Quyurchuq and took over Sarai in 1396 or 1397. Now Tīmūr Qutluq had the additional prestige of possessing the traditional capital, Sarai, although the city was devastated by the Timurid invasion.[6]

Although Tīmūr Qutluq had ostensibly triumphed, Tokhtamysh regrouped and invaded from Lithuania. In 1397, he besieged Genoese Kaffa in the Crimea, and in 1398 he recovered possession of Sarai in Edigu's absence, gleefully advertising his apparent success through his emissaries. However, he was quickly defeated by Tīmūr Qutluq and Edigu, and fled once more to Lithuania. Tīmūr Qutluq and Edigu now re-established their control over the southwest, besieging Kaffa in their turn, and receiving the submission of the local population. When Tīmūr Qutluq demanded that the Lithuanian Grand Prince Vytautas extradite Tokhtamysh, he received an ominous refusal: "I will not give up Tsar Tokhtamysh, but wish to meet Tsar Temir-Kutlu in person."[7] In the summer of 1399, Vytautas and Tokhtamysh set out to invade the Golden Horde with a large army. On the Vorskla River they encountered the forces of Tīmūr Qutluq, who opened negotiations, intending to delay the engagement until Edigu could arrive with sizable reinforcements. In the process, Tīmūr Qutluq pretended to agree to submit to Vytautas and pay him annual tribute, but requested a three-day delay to consider Vytautas' further demands. This was sufficient for Edigu to arrive with his reinforcements. Edigu could not resist the temptation to bandy words with the Lithuanian ruler himself, and arranged a meeting, separated by the course of the river. Edigu declared that he approved of his khan's concessions, given that Vytautas was more aged than him, but that since Edigu was older than Vytautas, he was owed Vytautas' submission and annual tribute. Negotiations having proven pointless, the two forces engaged in the Battle of the Vorskla River on 12 August 1399. Using a feigned retreat tactic, Tīmūr Qutluq and Edigu were able to envelop the forces of Vytautas and Tokhtamysh, inflicting a serious defeat on them. Tokhtamysh fled the battlefield and made his way east to Sibir; Vytautas survived the battle, although two of his cousins fell in the fight. With the enemy in retreat, Tīmūr Qutluq and Edigu ravaged the country far and wide as far as Lutsk, receiving ransoms from the fortified towns, most notably Tīmūr Qutluq extorted 3000 rubles from Kiev. Shortly after contributing to this victory, Tīmūr Qutluq died, allegedly of drunkenness, in late 1399 or possibly 1400.[8]

Descendants

According to the Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah (the Muʿizz al-ansāb accidentally misplaces the genealogical connections), Tīmūr Qutluq had four sons and two daughters.[9]

  • Tīmūr, khan in 1410–1412, father of Küchük Muḥammad Khan
  • Pūlād, khan in 1407–1410
  • Nāṣir
  • Yādigār
  • Makhdūm-Sulṭān
  • Bardar-Sulṭān (or Sarwar-Sulṭān)

Genealogy

See also

References

  1. ^ Gaev 2002: 22-24, 54; Sagdeeva 2005: 71; Sabitov 2008: 59; Seleznëv 2009: 174; Počekaev 2010: 332 n. 534, 372; May 2018: 364; for the primary sources, see Vohidov 2006: 46 and Tizengauzen 2006: 436.
  2. ^ E.g., Howorth 1880: 259; Bosworth 1996: 252; the primary source in Tizengauzen 2006: 262.
  3. ^ Gaev 2002: 22-23, 54; Sabitov 2008: 59, 284.
  4. ^ Sabitov 2008: 58-59, 284, 286; the primary source in Tizengauzen 2005: 276.
  5. ^ Seleznëv 2009: 174; Počekaev 2010: 180-181.
  6. ^ Seleznëv 174; Počekaev 2010: 181-187; Reva 2016: 704; May 2018: 307-308 considers Tīmūr Qutluq to be a Timurid protégé, but this is unlikely, given his desertion and his opposition to Quyurchuq.
  7. ^ Seleznëv 2006: 174-175.
  8. ^ Howorth 1880: 259-262; Seleznëv 2006: 175; Počekaev 2010: 187-189; Reva 2016: 705.
  9. ^ Tizengauzen 2006: 436; Vohidov 2006: 46.
  • Bosworth, C. E., The New Islamic Dynasties, New York, 1996.
  • Gaev, A. G., "Genealogija i hronologija Džučidov," Numizmatičeskij sbornik 3 (2002) 9-55.
  • Howorth, H. H., History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part II.1. London, 1880.
  • May, T., The Mongol Empire. Edinburgh, 2018.
  • Počekaev, R. J., Cari ordynskie: Biografii hanov i pravitelej Zolotoj Ordy. Saint Petersburg, 2010.
  • Reva, R., "Borba za vlast' v pervoj polovine XV v.," in Zolotaja Orda v mirovoj istorii, Kazan', 2016: 704-729.
  • Sabitov, Ž. M., Genealogija "Tore", Astana, 2008.
  • Sagdeeva, R. Z., Serebrjannye monety hanov Zolotoj Ordy, Moscow, 2005.
  • Seleznëv, J. V., Èlita Zolotoj Ordy: Naučno-spravočnoe izdanie, Kazan', 2009.
  • Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.), Sbornik materialov, otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. Izvlečenija iz arabskih sočinenii, republished as Istorija Kazahstana v arabskih istočnikah. 1. Almaty, 2005.
  • Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.), Sbornik materialov otnosjaščihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. Izvlečenija iz persidskih sočinenii, republished as Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah. 4. Almaty, 2006.
  • Vohidov, Š. H. (trans.), Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istočnikah. 3. Muʿizz al-ansāb. Almaty, 2006.
  • "Тимер Котлыгъ". Tatar Encyclopaedia (in Tatar). Kazan: The Republic of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences. Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia. 2002.
Preceded by Khan of the Golden Horde
1397–1399 		Succeeded by

March 08, 2023
temür, qutlugh, tīmūr, qutluq, 1370, 1399, khan, golden, horde, 1397, 1399, tīmūr, qutluqkhan, golden, hordereign1397, 1399predecessortokhtamyshsuccessorshādī, begbornc, 1370died1399issuetīmūr, pūlāddynastyborjiginfathertīmūr, begreligionislam, contents, ances. Temur Qutlugh or Timur Qutluq c 1370 1399 was a Khan of Golden Horde in 1397 1399 Timur QutluqKhan of the Golden HordeReign1397 1399PredecessorTokhtamyshSuccessorShadi BegBornc 1370Died1399IssueTimur PuladDynastyBorjiginFatherTimur BegReligionIslam Contents 1 Ancestry 2 Life 3 Descendants 4 Genealogy 5 See also 6 ReferencesAncestry EditAccording to the detailed genealogies of the Muʿizz al ansab and the Tawariḫ i guzidah i nuṣrat namah Timur Qutluq was the son of Timur Beg the son of Qutluq Timur the son of Numqan the son of Abay the son of Kay Timur the son of Tuqa Timur the son of Jochi the son of Chinggis Khan 1 Older scholarship and its derivatives relying on the inaccurate information of Muʿin ad Din Naṭanzi previously known as the Anonymous of Iskandar erroneously identified Timur Qutluq s father as Timur Malik the son of Urus Khan 2 The confusion seems to have arisen from the similarity of names given that the elements compounded with Timur in the personal names of these individuals are all princely titles khan malik beg Life EditIt is possible that Timur Qutluq s father Timur Beg had ruled briefly in 1368 if identical with the numismatically attested uljay Timur 3 and that his grandfather Qutluq Timur had briefly contested the throne of Sarai with Mamai s protege ʿAbdallah sometime earlier in the 1360s if identical with a like named khan mentioned only by Ibn Khaldun 4 Timur Qutluq was a member of the court of his distant cousin Tokhtamysh Khan and supposedly desired to seize the throne Tokhtamysh discovered Timur Qutluq s designs and intended to kill him but Timur Qutluq fled to Timur Tamerlane This happened before 1388 when Timur Qutluq participated in the Timurid invasion of Tokhtamysh s Khwarazm Timur Qutluq was one of the four captains of the Timurid vanguard In 1391 Timur Qutluq again participated in a Timurid campaign against Tokhtamysh and the Battle of the Kondurcha River After the Timurid return home Timur Qutluq and his mother s brother Edigu remained behind in the Golden Horde ostensibly to recruit additional troops for the Timurid army 5 Instead of returning to Timur Tamerlane however Timur Qutluq and Edigu sought to take over the Golden Horde for themselves with Timur Qutluq as khan and Edigu a non Jochid as chief emir beglerbeg The ongoing war between Tokhtamysh and Timur Tamerlane allowed them to achieve this goal The date of Timur Qutluq s proclamation as khan is somewhat unclear but may be as early as 1391 While they coordinated with each other at times they divided their forces in pursuit of different objectives demonstrating that Timur Qutluq was more than a mere puppet of his uncle Edigu Edigu appears to have come to terms with Tokhtamysh finding a modus vivendi that left the territory west of the Volga to Tokhtamysh and that east of the river to Edigu and Timur Qutluq By 1396 after another Timurid invasion of the Golden Horde Tokhtamysh had fled to Lithuania Timur Qutluq reigned in the east with old Astrakhan and Saray Juk and the Timurid protege Quyurchuq a son of Urus Khan reigned at the traditional capital Sarai Timur Qutluq and Edigu expelled Quyurchuq and took over Sarai in 1396 or 1397 Now Timur Qutluq had the additional prestige of possessing the traditional capital Sarai although the city was devastated by the Timurid invasion 6 Although Timur Qutluq had ostensibly triumphed Tokhtamysh regrouped and invaded from Lithuania In 1397 he besieged Genoese Kaffa in the Crimea and in 1398 he recovered possession of Sarai in Edigu s absence gleefully advertising his apparent success through his emissaries However he was quickly defeated by Timur Qutluq and Edigu and fled once more to Lithuania Timur Qutluq and Edigu now re established their control over the southwest besieging Kaffa in their turn and receiving the submission of the local population When Timur Qutluq demanded that the Lithuanian Grand Prince Vytautas extradite Tokhtamysh he received an ominous refusal I will not give up Tsar Tokhtamysh but wish to meet Tsar Temir Kutlu in person 7 In the summer of 1399 Vytautas and Tokhtamysh set out to invade the Golden Horde with a large army On the Vorskla River they encountered the forces of Timur Qutluq who opened negotiations intending to delay the engagement until Edigu could arrive with sizable reinforcements In the process Timur Qutluq pretended to agree to submit to Vytautas and pay him annual tribute but requested a three day delay to consider Vytautas further demands This was sufficient for Edigu to arrive with his reinforcements Edigu could not resist the temptation to bandy words with the Lithuanian ruler himself and arranged a meeting separated by the course of the river Edigu declared that he approved of his khan s concessions given that Vytautas was more aged than him but that since Edigu was older than Vytautas he was owed Vytautas submission and annual tribute Negotiations having proven pointless the two forces engaged in the Battle of the Vorskla River on 12 August 1399 Using a feigned retreat tactic Timur Qutluq and Edigu were able to envelop the forces of Vytautas and Tokhtamysh inflicting a serious defeat on them Tokhtamysh fled the battlefield and made his way east to Sibir Vytautas survived the battle although two of his cousins fell in the fight With the enemy in retreat Timur Qutluq and Edigu ravaged the country far and wide as far as Lutsk receiving ransoms from the fortified towns most notably Timur Qutluq extorted 3000 rubles from Kiev Shortly after contributing to this victory Timur Qutluq died allegedly of drunkenness in late 1399 or possibly 1400 8 Descendants EditAccording to the Tawariḫ i guzidah i nuṣrat namah the Muʿizz al ansab accidentally misplaces the genealogical connections Timur Qutluq had four sons and two daughters 9 Timur khan in 1410 1412 father of Kuchuk Muḥammad Khan Pulad khan in 1407 1410 Naṣir Yadigar Makhdum Sulṭan Bardar Sulṭan or Sarwar Sulṭan Genealogy EditGenghis Khan Jochi Tuqa Timur Kay Timur Abay Numqan Qutluq Timur Timur Beg Timur QutluqSee also EditList of Khans of the Golden HordeReferences Edit Gaev 2002 22 24 54 Sagdeeva 2005 71 Sabitov 2008 59 Seleznev 2009 174 Pocekaev 2010 332 n 534 372 May 2018 364 for the primary sources see Vohidov 2006 46 and Tizengauzen 2006 436 E g Howorth 1880 259 Bosworth 1996 252 the primary source in Tizengauzen 2006 262 Gaev 2002 22 23 54 Sabitov 2008 59 284 Sabitov 2008 58 59 284 286 the primary source in Tizengauzen 2005 276 Seleznev 2009 174 Pocekaev 2010 180 181 Seleznev 174 Pocekaev 2010 181 187 Reva 2016 704 May 2018 307 308 considers Timur Qutluq to be a Timurid protege but this is unlikely given his desertion and his opposition to Quyurchuq Seleznev 2006 174 175 Howorth 1880 259 262 Seleznev 2006 175 Pocekaev 2010 187 189 Reva 2016 705 Tizengauzen 2006 436 Vohidov 2006 46 Bosworth C E The New Islamic Dynasties New York 1996 Gaev A G Genealogija i hronologija Dzucidov Numizmaticeskij sbornik 3 2002 9 55 Howorth H H History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century Part II 1 London 1880 May T The Mongol Empire Edinburgh 2018 Pocekaev R J Cari ordynskie Biografii hanov i pravitelej Zolotoj Ordy Saint Petersburg 2010 Reva R Borba za vlast v pervoj polovine XV v in Zolotaja Orda v mirovoj istorii Kazan 2016 704 729 Sabitov Z M Genealogija Tore Astana 2008 Sagdeeva R Z Serebrjannye monety hanov Zolotoj Ordy Moscow 2005 Seleznev J V Elita Zolotoj Ordy Naucno spravocnoe izdanie Kazan 2009 Tizengauzen V G trans Sbornik materialov otnosjascihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy Izvlecenija iz arabskih socinenii republished as Istorija Kazahstana v arabskih istocnikah 1 Almaty 2005 Tizengauzen V G trans Sbornik materialov otnosjascihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy Izvlecenija iz persidskih socinenii republished as Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istocnikah 4 Almaty 2006 Vohidov S H trans Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istocnikah 3 Muʿizz al ansab Almaty 2006 Timer Kotlyg Tatar Encyclopaedia in Tatar Kazan The Republic of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences Institution of the Tatar Encyclopaedia 2002 Preceded byTokhtamysh Khan of the Golden Horde1397 1399 Succeeded byShadi Beg Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Temur Qutlugh amp oldid 1117035361, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.