The Temple of Augustus (Croatian: Augustov hram; Italian: Tempio di Augusto)[a] is a well-preserved[4]Roman temple in the city of Pula, Croatia (known in Roman times as Pietas Iulia). Dedicated to the first Roman emperor, Augustus, it was probably built during the emperor's lifetime at some point between 27 BC and his death in AD 14.[5] It was built on a podium with a tetrastyleprostyle porch of Corinthian columns and measures about 8 by 17.3 m (26 by 57 ft), and 14 m (46 ft) high.[6] The richly decorated frieze is similar to that of a somewhat larger and more recent temple, the Maison Carrée in Nîmes, France.[7] These two temples are considered the two best complete Roman monuments outside Italy.[8]
The temple was part of a triad consisting of three temples. The Temple of Augustus stood at the left side of the central temple, and the similar temple of the goddess Diana stood on the other side of the main temple. Although the larger central temple has not survived, the whole back side of the Temple of Diana is still clearly visible due to its incorporation into the Communal Palace, built in 1296.
If still in use by the 4th-century, the temple would have been closed during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire. Under Byzantine rule, the temple was converted into a church, accounting for its survival to modern times, and was later used as a granary.
By the late 19th century, the temple stood at the corner of the marketplace of Pula and was partly concealed by houses, "so that the visitor cannot obtain a view till he is close to it."[2]
It was struck by a bomb during an Allied air raid in 1944, almost totally destroying it, but was reconstructed in 1947.[8] It is today used as a lapidarium to display items of Roman sculpture.[9][10]
Dedicationedit
The temple's dedication originally consisted of bronze letters affixed by nails to the stones of the architrave.[11] Only the attachment holes now remain and much of the text has been destroyed over time. However, it consisted of a standard dedication also found on other Augustan temples, which read:
To Roma and Augustus Caesar, son of the deity, father of the fatherland
or
In honour of Rome and Augustus Caesar, son of the deified [Julius], father of his country.[11]
This indicates that the temple was originally also co-dedicated to the goddess Roma, the personification of the city of Rome.[13] Unlike later temples, such as the Temple of Divus Augustus in Rome, the temple was not dedicated to divus (the deified) Augustus - a title only given to the emperor after his death. This, the title Pater Patriae that was voted to Augustus in 2 BC., and the temple's architectural style, have allowed archaeologists to date the temple to the late Augustan period, prior to Augustus' death in AD 14.[14]
^Curtis, Benjamin (2010). A Traveller's History of Croatia. Interlink Books. p. 33. ISBN9781566568081. ...including several temples (one of which, the first-century Temple of Augustus, is magnificently preserved)...
^Radovan Radovinovic (ed.), The Croatian Adriatic, pp. 48-49. Naklada Naprijed, 1999. ISBN953-178-097-8
^Duncan Fishwick, The Imperial Cult in the Latin West, p. 437. BRILL, 1990. ISBN90-04-07105-9
^Ittai Gradel, Emperor Worship and Roman Religion, pp. 92-93. Oxford Classical Monographs, Clarendon Press, 2002. ISBN0-19-815275-2
Bibliographyedit
Džin, Kristina (2012). "Roman Forum Temples in Pula - Religious and Public Use". Hortus Artium Medievalium. 18 (2). Brepols: 389–394. doi:10.1484/J.HAM.1.102823.
Urošević, Nataša (2012). (PDF). European Journal of Applied Economics. 9 (1). Singidunum University: 67–76. Archived from the original on 2016-07-16.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Media related to Temple of Roma and Augustus (Pula) at Wikimedia Commons
January 01, 1970
temple, augustus, pula, other, places, with, same, name, temple, augustus, temple, augustus, croatian, augustov, hram, italian, tempio, augusto, well, preserved, roman, temple, city, pula, croatia, known, roman, times, pietas, iulia, dedicated, first, roman, e. For other places with the same name see Temple of Augustus The Temple of Augustus Croatian Augustov hram Italian Tempio di Augusto a is a well preserved 4 Roman temple in the city of Pula Croatia known in Roman times as Pietas Iulia Dedicated to the first Roman emperor Augustus it was probably built during the emperor s lifetime at some point between 27 BC and his death in AD 14 5 It was built on a podium with a tetrastyle prostyle porch of Corinthian columns and measures about 8 by 17 3 m 26 by 57 ft and 14 m 46 ft high 6 The richly decorated frieze is similar to that of a somewhat larger and more recent temple the Maison Carree in Nimes France 7 These two temples are considered the two best complete Roman monuments outside Italy 8 Temple of Augustus44 52 13 N 13 50 30 E 44 8702 N 13 8418 E 44 8702 13 8418LocationPula Istria CroatiaTypeRoman templeLength17 85 metres 58 6 ft 1 Width8 05 metres 26 4 ft 1 Height14 metres 46 ft 2 Beginning datec 2 BCCompletion datec 14 ADDedicated toAugustus Contents 1 History 1 1 Dedication 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External linksHistory editThe temple was part of a triad consisting of three temples The Temple of Augustus stood at the left side of the central temple and the similar temple of the goddess Diana stood on the other side of the main temple Although the larger central temple has not survived the whole back side of the Temple of Diana is still clearly visible due to its incorporation into the Communal Palace built in 1296 If still in use by the 4th century the temple would have been closed during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire Under Byzantine rule the temple was converted into a church accounting for its survival to modern times and was later used as a granary In the 16th century Andrea Palladio included the description of the temple in his I quattro libri dell architettura a highly influential book on the principles of Classical architecture By the late 19th century the temple stood at the corner of the marketplace of Pula and was partly concealed by houses so that the visitor cannot obtain a view till he is close to it 2 It was struck by a bomb during an Allied air raid in 1944 almost totally destroying it but was reconstructed in 1947 8 It is today used as a lapidarium to display items of Roman sculpture 9 10 Dedication edit The temple s dedication originally consisted of bronze letters affixed by nails to the stones of the architrave 11 Only the attachment holes now remain and much of the text has been destroyed over time However it consisted of a standard dedication also found on other Augustan temples which read ROMAE ET AVGVSTO CAESARI DIVI F PATRI PATRIAE 12 11 To Roma and Augustus Caesar son of the deity father of the fatherlandor dd In honour of Rome and Augustus Caesar son of the deified Julius father of his country 11 This indicates that the temple was originally also co dedicated to the goddess Roma the personification of the city of Rome 13 Unlike later temples such as the Temple of Divus Augustus in Rome the temple was not dedicated to divus the deified Augustus a title only given to the emperor after his death This the title Pater Patriae that was voted to Augustus in 2 BC and the temple s architectural style have allowed archaeologists to date the temple to the late Augustan period prior to Augustus death in AD 14 14 Gallery edit nbsp Back view nbsp nbsp The temple in 2021 nbsp A 1924 painting by Enrico Fonda nbsp An engraving from the 1760sSee also editList of Ancient Roman temples Pula Arena Temple of Augustus in Barcelona Monumentum Ancyranum Temple of Divus AugustusReferences editnotes Also known as the Temple of Augustus and Roma 1 or the Temple of Rome and Augustus 3 references a b c Dzin 2012 p 389 a b Lewis 1892 p 243 Lewis 1892 p 241 Curtis Benjamin 2010 A Traveller s History of Croatia Interlink Books p 33 ISBN 9781566568081 including several temples one of which the first century Temple of Augustus is magnificently preserved Radovan Radovinovic ed The Croatian Adriatic pp 48 49 Naklada Naprijed 1999 ISBN 953 178 097 8 Lewis 1892 pp 242 243 Donald S Robertson Greek and Roman Architecture p 214 Cambridge University Press 1969 ISBN 0 521 09452 6 a b Letcher Piers 2013 Croatia Bradt Travel Guides p 214 ISBN 9781841624532 Jane Foster Footprint Croatia p 106 Footprint Travel Guides 2004 ISBN 1 903471 79 6 Jeanne Oliver Croatia Lonely Planet 2005 ISBN 1 74059 487 8 a b c Lewis 1892 pp 241 242 CIL V 00018 Duncan Fishwick The Imperial Cult in the Latin West p 437 BRILL 1990 ISBN 90 04 07105 9 Ittai Gradel Emperor Worship and Roman Religion pp 92 93 Oxford Classical Monographs Clarendon Press 2002 ISBN 0 19 815275 2Bibliography editDzin Kristina 2012 Roman Forum Temples in Pula Religious and Public Use Hortus Artium Medievalium 18 2 Brepols 389 394 doi 10 1484 J HAM 1 102823 Urosevic Natasa 2012 Cultural identity and cultural tourism between the local and the global a case study of Pula Croatia PDF European Journal of Applied Economics 9 1 Singidunum University 67 76 Archived from the original on 2016 07 16 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Lewis Bunnell 1892 The Antiquities of Pola and Aquileia The Archaeological Journal 44 234 396 Archived from the original on 2016 07 18 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link External links edit nbsp Media related to Temple of Roma and Augustus Pula at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Temple of Augustus Pula amp oldid 1181580972, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
