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Tax gene product

April 15, 2024

A Tax Gene Product (Tax) is a nuclear protein that has a molecular weight of about 37,000 to 40,000 daltons.

Tax gene edit

Tax is produced by members of the retroviral family primate T-lymphotropic virus, which are classified as Deltaretroviruses. This includes Human T-lymphotrophic viruses (HTLVs), bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) and simian T-lymphotropic viruses (STLVs). The tax protein produced from HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 have been most extensively studied.[1] The gene for Tax is found within the pX region between the env gene and one of the long terminal repeats of the viral genome; which is where the name Tax comes from (transactivator from the X-gene region). Tax acts as a transactivator, causing the transcription (production of mRNA from genetic code) of viral proteins in the long terminal repeat that are essential for replication.[2][3][4]

Role in disease edit

HTLV-1 causes an aggressive form of leukaemia: adult T cell leukaemia (ATL), and Tax has largely been implicated in the oncogenic potential of this virus. In addition to Tax's ability to promote the transcription of viral proteins in the nucleus, it also regulates many human genes. It does this by modulating the activity of several signaling pathways such as: CREB/ATF, NF-κB, AP-1 and SRF.[4] Tax modulates cellular processes by protein-protein interaction (binding with proteins), transcriptional activation (promoting the production of proteins) and transcriptional repression (inhibiting the production of proteins). Cellular processes that Tax dysregulates to produce cancerous cells include the cell cycle and the maintenance of genomic integrity. The cell cycle has four stages (G1, S, G2 and M) and Tax is known to accelerate the transition between G1 and S phase. Two DNA repair pathways (base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair) are affected by Tax, leading to mutations in DNA; a classical hallmark of cancer. Tax also causes aneuploidy (abnormal chromosome numbers), which is a possible cause of transformation (normal cells becoming cancer cells). Many proteins are involved in these processes, including cyclins and cell cycle checkpoint proteins (p53 and Rb).[4] Interesting, HTLV-1 Tax viral gene is known to dampen innate antiviral signaling pathways to avoid host detection and elimination, through SOCS1 and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Interacting Protein (AIP).[5][6]

Although Tax from HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 can cause cells to become cancerous experimentally, Tax produced by HTLV-2 is less oncogenic than that from HTLV-1 and therefore is thought to be the reason that HTLV-2 is not associated with ATL.[1]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Romanelli, MG; Diani, E; Bergamo, E; Casoli, C; Ciminale, V; Bex, F; Bertazzoni, U (Sep 9, 2013). "Highlights on distinctive structural and functional properties of HTLV Tax proteins". Frontiers in Microbiology. 4: 271. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00271. PMC 3766827. PMID 24058363.
  2. ^ Womack, edited by W. Jean Dodds, James E. (1997). Molecular genetics, gene transfer, and therapy. San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press. ISBN 0120392410. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Ross, TM; Pettiford, SM; Green, PL (Aug 1996). "The tax gene of human T-cell leukemia virus type 2 is essential for transformation of human T lymphocytes". Journal of Virology. 70 (8): 5194–202. doi:10.1128/JVI.70.8.5194-5202.1996. PMC 190475. PMID 8764028.
  4. ^ a b c Jeang, KT; Giam, CZ; Majone, F; Aboud, M (Jul 30, 2004). "Life, death, and tax: role of HTLV-I oncoprotein in genetic instability and cellular transformation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (31): 31991–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.r400009200. PMID 15090550.
  5. ^ Charoenthongtrakul, Soratree; Zhou, Qinjie; Shembade, Noula; Harhaj, Nicole S.; Harhaj, Edward W. (2011-07-15). "Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Inhibits Innate Antiviral Signaling via NF-κB-Dependent Induction of SOCS1". Journal of Virology. 85 (14): 6955–6962. doi:10.1128/JVI.00007-11. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 3126571. PMID 21593151.
  6. ^ Zhou, Qinjie; Lavorgna, Alfonso; Bowman, Melissa; Hiscott, John; Harhaj, Edward W. (2015-06-05). "Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Interacting Protein Targets IRF7 to Suppress Antiviral Signaling and the Induction of Type I Interferon". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (23): 14729–14739. doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.633065. ISSN 0021-9258. PMC 4505538. PMID 25911105.

April 15, 2024
gene, product, gene, product, nuclear, protein, that, molecular, weight, about, daltons, gene, edittax, produced, members, retroviral, family, primate, lymphotropic, virus, which, classified, deltaretroviruses, this, includes, human, lymphotrophic, viruses, ht. A Tax Gene Product Tax is a nuclear protein that has a molecular weight of about 37 000 to 40 000 daltons Tax gene editTax is produced by members of the retroviral family primate T lymphotropic virus which are classified as Deltaretroviruses This includes Human T lymphotrophic viruses HTLVs bovine leukaemia virus BLV and simian T lymphotropic viruses STLVs The tax protein produced from HTLV 1 and HTLV 2 have been most extensively studied 1 The gene for Tax is found within the pX region between the env gene and one of the long terminal repeats of the viral genome which is where the name Tax comes from transactivator from the X gene region Tax acts as a transactivator causing the transcription production of mRNA from genetic code of viral proteins in the long terminal repeat that are essential for replication 2 3 4 Role in disease editHTLV 1 causes an aggressive form of leukaemia adult T cell leukaemia ATL and Tax has largely been implicated in the oncogenic potential of this virus In addition to Tax s ability to promote the transcription of viral proteins in the nucleus it also regulates many human genes It does this by modulating the activity of several signaling pathways such as CREB ATF NF kB AP 1 and SRF 4 Tax modulates cellular processes by protein protein interaction binding with proteins transcriptional activation promoting the production of proteins and transcriptional repression inhibiting the production of proteins Cellular processes that Tax dysregulates to produce cancerous cells include the cell cycle and the maintenance of genomic integrity The cell cycle has four stages G1 S G2 and M and Tax is known to accelerate the transition between G1 and S phase Two DNA repair pathways base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair are affected by Tax leading to mutations in DNA a classical hallmark of cancer Tax also causes aneuploidy abnormal chromosome numbers which is a possible cause of transformation normal cells becoming cancer cells Many proteins are involved in these processes including cyclins and cell cycle checkpoint proteins p53 and Rb 4 Interesting HTLV 1 Tax viral gene is known to dampen innate antiviral signaling pathways to avoid host detection and elimination through SOCS1 and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Interacting Protein AIP 5 6 Although Tax from HTLV 1 and HTLV 2 can cause cells to become cancerous experimentally Tax produced by HTLV 2 is less oncogenic than that from HTLV 1 and therefore is thought to be the reason that HTLV 2 is not associated with ATL 1 References edit a b Romanelli MG Diani E Bergamo E Casoli C Ciminale V Bex F Bertazzoni U Sep 9 2013 Highlights on distinctive structural and functional properties of HTLV Tax proteins Frontiers in Microbiology 4 271 doi 10 3389 fmicb 2013 00271 PMC 3766827 PMID 24058363 Womack edited by W Jean Dodds James E 1997 Molecular genetics gene transfer and therapy San Diego Calif Academic Press ISBN 0120392410 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a first has generic name help CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Ross TM Pettiford SM Green PL Aug 1996 The tax gene of human T cell leukemia virus type 2 is essential for transformation of human T lymphocytes Journal of Virology 70 8 5194 202 doi 10 1128 JVI 70 8 5194 5202 1996 PMC 190475 PMID 8764028 a b c Jeang KT Giam CZ Majone F Aboud M Jul 30 2004 Life death and tax role of HTLV I oncoprotein in genetic instability and cellular transformation The Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 31 31991 4 doi 10 1074 jbc r400009200 PMID 15090550 Charoenthongtrakul Soratree Zhou Qinjie Shembade Noula Harhaj Nicole S Harhaj Edward W 2011 07 15 Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Inhibits Innate Antiviral Signaling via NF kB Dependent Induction of SOCS1 Journal of Virology 85 14 6955 6962 doi 10 1128 JVI 00007 11 ISSN 0022 538X PMC 3126571 PMID 21593151 Zhou Qinjie Lavorgna Alfonso Bowman Melissa Hiscott John Harhaj Edward W 2015 06 05 Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Interacting Protein Targets IRF7 to Suppress Antiviral Signaling and the Induction of Type I Interferon Journal of Biological Chemistry 290 23 14729 14739 doi 10 1074 jbc M114 633065 ISSN 0021 9258 PMC 4505538 PMID 25911105 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tax gene product amp oldid 1093349598, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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